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Catalogue of the coins of the Vandals, 0
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olin Overs
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FRONTISPIECE.
JN
I
E
vi-
v-
**s
^^^
GOLD COIN OF THEODORIC ENLARGED IN THE COLLECTION OF
COM. F, GNECCHI, MILAN.
CATALOGUE OF THE COINS
OF THE
VANDALS, OSTROGOTHS
AND LOMBARDS
AND OF THE EMPIRES OF
THESSALONICA, NICAEA AND TEEBIZOND
l?
IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM
BY
WARWICK WROTH
ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE COINS AND MEDALS
WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND 43 PLATES
LONDON
PEINTED BY OEDEE OF THE TEUSTEES
SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND BY
LONGMANS & CO., 39 Paternoster Row ; BERNARD QUARITCH, 11 Grafton
Street, Bond Street, W. ; ASHER & CO., 14 Bedford Street, Coyent
Garden ; HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press, Amen
Corner, E.C ; and ROLLIN & FEUARDENT, 66 Great Russell
Street, W.C., and 4 Rue de Louvois, Paris
[All rights reserved]
OOkNt t-U
UN I VI: usn Y
'l-IIsKAUY
OXFORD
LETTERPRESS AND PLATES
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY HORACE HART
PREFACE BY THE KEEPER OF COINS
The present Catalogue is intended to supplement the two
volumes of the Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British
Museum published by the Trustees in 1908, and contains a de-
scription of the coins of the Vandals and Ostrogoths and of the
Lombard Kingdom and Lombard Duchy of Beneventum. The
coinages r the so-called Empires which arose after the Latin
conquest of Constantinople in 1204, namely Thessalonica, Nicaea,
and Trebizond, are included in the volume, and the coins of the
despots of Epirus and of the Duchy of Neopatras are also briefly
noticed.
The size of the coins is given in inches and tenths and the
weight in English Troy grains. Tables for converting grains into
grammes and inches into millimetres, as well as into the measures
of Mionnet's scale, are placed at the end of the volume. At the
end of the Indexes chronological lists of Kings and Dynasts will
be found.
The whole work has been written by Mr. Warwick Wroth,
Assistant-Keeper of the Coins and Medals, and the proof-sheets
have been read by myself and by Mr. G. F. Hill, Senior Assistant
in the Department.
H. A. GRUEBER.
British Museum,
May, 1911.
CONTENTS
PEEFACE
LIST OF PLATES .
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
PAGE
iii
xn
xiv
INTRODUCTION
§1-
§2.
Coinage op the Vandals : —
The earliest Vandal coinages .....
Vandalic coinages not inscribed with the kings' names
Roman bronze coins, apparently countermarked by the Vandals
Small bronze coins of the Vandal kings and the Mauri ?
General view of Vandal coinage in gold, silver, and bronze
Vandal coinage and Vandal civilization .
Coinage of Gaiseric
Of Huneric
Of Gunthamund
Of Trasamund
OfHilderic .
Of Gelimer .
xv
XV
xvi
xviii
xviii
xxi
xxiv
xx vi
xxvi
xxvii
xxvii
xxvii
xxviii
Coinage op the Ostrogoths: —
Study of the Ostrogothic coinage ...... xxix
Odovacar .......... xxix
Theodoric .......... xxxi
Amalasuntha ......... xxxiii
Athalaric xxxiii
Theodahad .......... xxxiii
Witigis xxxv
Matasuntha .......... xxxvi
Ildibad xxxvii
Eraric xxxvii
Baduila (Totila) . . . . . . . ... xxxvii
Theia xxxviii
Denominations and Weights xxxix
Inscriptions ........ . . xlii
Types xliii
vi CONTENTS
Coinage of the Ostrogoths (continued) : — page
Portraiture ......•••• xlin
Reverse types .....-••■ xliv
Table of Mints xliv
On the attribution of Italian coins with Imperial names (Period
of the Ostrogoths) . . . ■ • • • . xlv
Gold coins .......•■• xlv
Silver coins xlviii
Bronze coins ......•••• «
§ 3. Coinage op the Lombard Kings : —
Attribution of the anonymous coins lv
Alboin, Cleph, and the Interregnum ..... lvi
Authari ; Agilulf lvi
Adalwald — Grimwald ........ lvi
Perctarit lvii
Cunincpert .......... lvii
Eude character of the Lombard coinage : its types . . . lvii
Legends .......... lviii
Weights and metals ........ lis
Mints ........... lx
§ 4. Coinage or the Duchy and Principality of Beneventum : —
The four great Lombard Duchies ...... lxi
Duchy of Beneventum : its earliest coinages .... lxii
Denominations and weights ....... lxiii
Types, &c. .......... lxiv
Bomoald II ......... . Ixv
Successors of Bomoald II ...... . lxv
Arichis II . lxv
Portraiture on Beneventan coins ...... lxvi
Grimoald III ......... lxvi
Grimoald IV ......... . lxvii
Sico ........... lxvii
Sicardus .......... lxvii
Badelchis I ......... . lxvii
Siconulf .......... Ixviii
Adelchis and successors ....... Ixviii
§ 5. Coinage of the Empire of Thessalonica : —
Theodore Angelus ......... lxix
Manuel Angelus ......... lxix
John Angelus ......... lxix
Demetrius, despot ......... lxix
Metals and types ......... lxx
CONTENTS
VII
§ 6. Coinage of the Empire op Nicaea : —
Theodore I Lascaris
Nicaean gold coinage
Titles of Theodore I
John I (' III ') Vatatzes
Theodore II Lascaris
John II (' IV ') Lascaris .
Michael VIII Palaeologus
page
lxxi
Ixxi
lxxi
lxxi
lxxii
Ixxii
lxxiii
§ 7. Coinage op the Despots of Epirus:
Michael I
Theodore Angelus
lxxiii
lxxiii
§ 8. Coinage op the Duchy op Neopatras : —
John I Angelus Comnenus .
Constantine Angelus ....
John II Angelus Comnenus .
Ixxiv
Ixxiv
lxxiv
§ 9. Coinage op the Empire of Trebizond : —
1. The coinage and its arrangement : —
Writers on the coinage' . ...... lxxiv
Attribution of the silver coins ..... lxxv
Bronze coinage ........ lxxvii
2. The Emperors and their coinage : —
Alexius I lxxvii
Andronicus I Gidos . Ixxviii
John I Ixxviii
Manuel I Ixxviii
Andronicus II ....... Ixxix
George Ixxix
John II . Ixxix
Theodora ......... lxxx
Alexius II lxxx
Andronicus III ........ lxxxi
Manuel II ........ . lxxxi
Basil .......... lxxxi
Irene ; Anna . . . lxxxi
John III ......... lxxxi
Michael .......... lxxxi
Alexius III ......... Ixxxii
Manuel III Ixxxii
Alexius IV . . . . . . . . . Ixxxii
John IV . Ixxxiii
David . . . . . . Ixxxiii
Vlll
CONTENTS
Coinage op the Empire of Trebizond (continued) :
3. Metals and weight : —
Silver coinage .
Origin of the asper
The nomisma .
Bronze coinage .
4. Types and inscriptions : —
St. Eugenius .
Miscellaneous reverse types .
Eepresentations of the emperor
Inscriptions . ■ • •
Forms of letters
5. Symbols and letters .
CATALOGUE OF COINS :—
I. Vandals : —
PAGE
. lxxxiii
. lxxxv
. lxxxvi
. lxxxvi
. lxxxvi
lxxxvii
lxxxviii
lxxxix
lxxxix
xc
Gaiseric ....••
1
Huneric . . . • •
5
Gunthamund ......
8
Trasamund .......
10
Hilderic ....•••
13
Gelimer ......
15
Small bronze coins of the Vandalic period
17
II. Ostrogoths : —
Odovacar ......
43
Theodoric ....
46
Athalaric ......
60
Amalasuntha ....
71
Theodahad .....
72
Witigis
77
Matasuntha .....
80
Ildibad ; Eraric ....
82
Baduila (Totila) ....
83
Theia
95
Quasi-autonomous bronze coins of Kome and Ravenna .
98
Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Rome and Ravenna
108
Imperial coins of Justin II struck at Ravenna
120
Imperial coins of Tiberius II struck at Rome and Ravenna
122
Imperial coins of Maurice Tiberius struck at Rome an(
1
122
[II. Lombard Kings: —
Alboin ; Cleph ; Interregnum
123
Adalwald ; Ariwald ; Rothari
.
• 130
CONTENTS
IX
III. Lombard Kings (continued): —
Kodwald ; Aripert I
Perctarit and Godepert ; Grimwald
Perctarit
Cunincpert
Liutpert
Eaginpert
Aripert II
Ansprand
Liutprand
Hildeprand
Batchis
Aistulf .
Desiderius
Quasi-autonomous coins of Lucca
Italian tremisses of Charlemagne
Uncertain of Lombardic series
IV.
PAGE
133
133
134
138
140
140
141
142
143
145
146
147
149
150
152
153
Duchy, etc., of : —
Eomoald I ; G-rimoald II
155
155
155
158
Besteventum,
Grimoald I ;
Gisulf I
Eomoald II
Audelais
Gregorius .......... 159
Gottschalk 161
Gisulfll 162
Liutprand .......... 164
167
170
174
176
179
181
Arichis II ........ .
Grimoald III ........
Grimoald IV
Sico ..........
Sicardus .........
Eadelchis I
Eadelgarius .......... 183
Adelchis 183
Gaideris 187
Eadelchis II 187, 188
Aio 187
Interregnum . . . . . . . . . . 188
Uncertain Beneventan coinages ...... 189
Thessalonica, Empire op : —
Theodore Angelus ........ 193
Manuel Angelus 197
John Angelus 200, 202
Demetrius 202
Coinage of Thessalonica ?....... 202
VI.
CONTENTS
Nicaea, Empire or : —
PAGE
Theodore I Lascaris .....
204
John I (' III ') Ducas Vatatzes
. 210
Theodore II Ducas Lascaris ....
. 220
John II ('TV') Lascaris ....
. 224
Michael VIII Palaeologus ....
. 224
VII. Epirus, Despots of : — •
Michael I 226
VIII. Neopatras, Duchy of : —
John I Angelus Comnenus ....... 227
Constantine Angelus ........ 229
John II Angelus Comnenus ....... 229
IX. Trebizond, Empire of : —
Alexius I Comnenus 230
Andronieus I Gidos . • . . . .231
John I Axuchos 232
Manuel I ......... 236
Andronieus II ........ 258
George 258
John II 259
John II and Alexius ........ 276
Theodora ........ 277
Alexius II ..... 278
Andronieus III . . . . . . . 284
Manuel II 284
Basil 285
Irene 288
Anna 288
John III • 289
Michael ....... 291
Alexius III ........ 293
Manuel III gQ2
Alexius IV ...... oQg
JohnIV '. 308
Davld 308
Uncertain bronze coins of Trebizond . . . 309
INDEXES :—
I. Kings, Emperors, &c gig
II. Geographical (Mints, &c.) .... oig
III. General Index (including types) . . . gig
IV. Eemarkable Inscriptions ogQ
CONTENTS xi
CHKONOLOGICAL LISTS:— page
I. Vandal Kings 339
II. Ostrogothic Kings 339
III. Lombard Kings 339
IV. Dukes and Princes of Beneventum ..... 340
V. Emperors of Thessalonica ...... 340
VI. Emperors of Nicaea ........ 340
VII. Despots of Epirus 340
VIII. Dukes and Sebastocrators of Neopatras .... 341
IX. Emperors of Trebizond ....... 341
TABLE for converting English Inches into Millimetres and the measures
of Mionnet's scale ........ 342
TABLE of the Kelative Weights of English Grains and French Grammes 343
LIST OF PLATES
Frontispiece. Gold coin (triple Solidus) of Theodoric (described p. 54 and p. xxxi).
I. Vandals : — Gaiseric. Huneric.
II. Vandals : — Gunthamund. Trasamund. Hilderic. Gelimer.
III-IV. Small bronze coins of the Vandalic period.
V. Ostrogoths : — Odovacar. Theodoric (Eavenna).
VI. Ostrogoths : — Theodoric (Eavenna ; Eome).
VII. Ostrogoths : — Theodoric (Eome, &c). Athalaric (Eavenna).
VIII. Ostrogoths : — Athalaric (Eavenna ; Eome).
IX. Ostrogoths : — Theodahad (Eavenna ; Eome).
X. Ostrogoths : — Witigis. Matasuntha. Baduila (Ticinuni).
XL Ostrogoths : — Baduila (Ticinum ; Eome).
XII. Ostrogoths : — Baduila (Eome). Theia. Quasi-autonomous bronze
of Eome.
XIII. Ostrogoths : — Quasi-autonomous bronze of Eome.
XIV. Ostrogoths : — Quasi-autonomous bronze of Eome and Eavenna.
XV. Imperial coins of Justinian I (Eome, bronze).
XVI. Imperial coins of Justinian I (Eome ; Eavenna).
XVII. Imperial coins: — Justinian I (Eavenna). Justin II (Eavenna).
Maurice Tiberius.
XVIII. Lombards: — Alboin — Interregnum. Authari. Agilulf. Adal-
wald — Eothari.
XIX. Lombards: — Adalwald — Eothari. Eodwald — Grimwald. Perc-
tarit.
XX. Lombards : — Cunincpert. Aripert II. Liutprand. Aistulf. Desi-
derius. Coins of Lucca. Charlemagne.
XXI. Lombard (Uncertain). Beneventum : — Eomoald II. Gregorius.
Gisulf II.
XXII. Beneventum : — Liutprand. Arichis II.
XXIII. Beneventum : — Grimoald III. Grimoald IV.
XXIV. Beneventum: — Sico. Sicardus.
XXV. Beneventum : — Eadelchis I. Adelchis. Uncertain.
XXVI. Thessalonica : — Theodore Angelus. Manuel Angelus.
XXVII. Coinage of Thessalonica ?
LIST OF PLATES xiii
XXVIII. Nicaea : — Theodore I. Lascaris.
XXIX. Nicaea : — Theodore I Lascaris. John I Vatatzes.
XXX. Nicaea : — John I Vatatzes.
XXXI. Nicaea : — John I Vatatzes. Theodore II. Neopatras : — John I.
XXXII. Trebizond :— John I. Manuel I.
XXXIII. Trebizond :— Manuel I.
XXXIV. Trebizond :— Manuel I.
XXXV. Trebizond :— Manuel I ? (Silver). Manuel I (Bronze). George.
John II.
XXXVI. Trebizond :— John II.
XXXVII. Trebizond :— John II.
XXXVIII. Trebizond :— Theodora. Alexius II. Basil.
XXXIX. Trebizond :— John III. Michael. Alexius III.
XL. Trebizond : — Alexius III.
XLI. Trebizond :— Alexius III. Manuel III.
XLII. Trebizond : — Alexius IV. Uncertain.
ADDITIONS AND COKRECTIONS
P. 104, notes, line 6, for Fostulus read Fostlus.
P. 155 and p. 167, for Beneventine read, Beneventan.
P. 206. The weight of Professor Oman's coin is 34*7 grain.
INTRODUCTION
§ 1. Coinage of the Vandals.
The first coinages of the Vandals can hardly have originated in the
period of their early wanderings in Europe, but at some time in the first
half of the fifth century a.d., when their settlement in the m,
Tri© ©nrlicst
territory of the Empire had begun to acquire something of
a permanent character.1
In the year 406 the Vandals, under their king Gun-
deric, first entered Gaul : in 409 they passed into Spain, where they
settled, but after a lapse of about twenty years, under pressure from their
powerful rivals and neighbours the Visigoths, they crossed over to Africa
(May, A. D. 429),2 where, under Gaiseric (who had succeeded his half-brother
Gunderic in 428), the Vandal kingdom was established and organized.
It is possible that during their stay in Gaul and their still longer
sojourn in Spain they may have minted money imitated from Roman
prototypes; but no such coins can be identified with certainty, and the
earliest currency that can make anything like a certain claim to be Vandalic
is probably not anterior to the migration to Africa in A. D. 429. Nor is it
quite certain that coinage began even in 429, because the kingdom was
organized only by degrees, and at that time not even the town of Hippo
Regius had fallen into Vandal hands, while the great city of Carthage, the
usual African mint-centre, did not become Vandal till ten years later.
The difficulty of determining the date of issue of the earliest coins is
further increased by the circumstance that of the six kings who occupied
the Vandal throne till its overthrow by the Emperor Justinian in A. D. 533,
the last four only (Gunthamund, Trasamund, Hilderic, and Gelimer) are
known to have put forth money inscribed with their names. Yet it would
be strange if the founder Gaiseric during his long reign of nearly fifty
years, or his son and successor Huneric, made no attempt to institute
a currency ; and there is, in fact, a mass of extant coinage which, though
1 On the history of the Vandals see chiefly Ludwig Schmidt, Geschkhte der
Wandalen, Leipzig, 1901 ; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vol. ii, 2nd ed., 1892.
On the Vandal coinage, J. Friedlaender, Die Munzen der Vandalen, Leipzig, 1849 ;
C. F. Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, London, 1879, pp. 30-42.
2 So L. Schmidt (pp. 36, 37), Gibbon, Clinton, &c. ; Mr. Hodgkin {Italy, &c, ii,
pp. 230, 290 f.) argues in favour of May, 428.
xvi INTRODUCTION
not inscribed with the name of any Vandal king, is clearly, from its style,
types, and provenance, of the Vandalic period and, at least in part, of
Vandalic origin. It is therefore necessary, at the outset, to examine with
some care these Anonymous Coinages,1 which are as follows : —
I. GOLD.
(Solidus and Tremissis.)
(a) With name of Valentinian III, A.D. 425-455.
(/}) With name of Anastasius I, a.d. 491-518.
These are imitative coins— copied from Imperial prototypes — which
the late Count de Salis has pronounced to be Vandal on grounds of style
(and probably of provenance).2 Those of Class a
(PI. I. 1, 2) may be conjectured to have provided the
gold coinage of Gaiseric (a.d. 428-477); those of
the kings' names. ckgg ^ n th(j coinage of Trasamund
1. In gold. (ad 496_523)
There is also, of course, the possibility that these coins may have been
in circulation in reigns other than those of Gaiseric and Trasamund ; thus,
some of the Valentinian coins (a) assigned to Gaiseric may belong to his son
Huneric (a.d. 477-484), and the Anastasius coinage (/8) may have begun
under Trasamund's predecessor Gunthamund (a.d. 484-496).
2. SILVER.
(a) de Salis has classed as Vandalic some rather rude silver coins with
the name of Honorius (a.d. 395-423) and rev. Soma seated (PI. I. 3-6).
(/3) Silver with name of Honorius. Rev. Carthage
standing, holding ears of corn (PI. I. 12), dated Anno IIII
and Anno V.
(y) Silver with name of Justin I (a.d. 518-527). Rev. FELIX CARTA
Carthage holding ears of corn (PI. II. 12, 13).
Classes a and /3, being imitations of coins of Honorius, who died
a.d. 423, will be most naturally assigned to the earliest Vandal kings.
It is possible that both types belong to the first king, Gaiseric, years
IIII and V being reckoned from the capture of Carthage in 439 (a date
regarded as the Vandal : Era ' 3). But as we need a silver coinage for his
successor Huneric, a (Roma seated) may be assigned to Gaiseric, and y3
(Carthage holding ears of corn) to Huneric, Anno IIII and Anno V being
regarded as regnal years of Huneric.4
1 That is, not bearing the names of Vandal rulers, though in some cases the names
of emperors are inscribed.
2 Cp. Keary, Coinages of W. Em:, pp. 19, 20.
3 Schmidt, Gesch. d. Wand., p. 76.
4 Friedlaender (M. d. Vand., p. 21) had already assigned /3 to Huneric, though on the
§ 1. VANDALS. ANONYMOUS COINAGES xvii
Class y, with the name of the Emperor Justin I (a.d. 518-527), cannot
be earlier than the reign of Trasamund (a.d. 496-523), though it may
belong to that of his successor, Hilderic (a.d. 523-530). The claim of
Hilderic seems preferable because he has the 'Carthage' type on his
named silver coins (PI. II. 14, 15), and we know that he was in friendly
relations with Justin and the Byzantine court.1
3. LARGE BRONZE COINS.
These are of two types : —
(a) Obv. KARTHA^O The Vandal king (?), standing. Rev. Horse's
head (PI. I. 7-11).
(/?) Obv. Carthage holding ears of corn. Rev. Mark of value in wreath
(PI. I. 13-16). (Also a smaller denomination (y) with
rev. N Mil (PI. I. 17, 18).)
Keary (pp. cit., p. 40), by making a comparison between the marks of
value found on these coins with those found on the silver coins of Van-
dalic kings,2 has shown that it is unlikely that these bronze and silver
coins were in circulation concurrently. The bronze coins, then, must be
earlier than Gunthamund (the first king who issued named silver money)
or later than Gelimer, the last of the Vandal kings. They do not seem
to be later than Gelimer, because they bear no trace of the new Imperial
sway.3 The alternative remains that they were issued in the period before
Gunthamund, a period when it had not yet become customary to inscribe
the regal coins with the regal name.
Type a (PI. I. 7-11), which makes such pointed allusion to Carthage,4
may well have been issued by Gaiseric immediately after his capture of
that important city (October 19, 439).
Type /? (PI. I. 13-16), Carthage holding ears of corn, may have been
introduced by his successor Huneric, to whom we have already assigned
imitative silver coins with a similar type (PI. I. 12).
Type y (PL I. 17, 18) is akin to a and /3, but it is difficult to decide
whether it belongs to Gaiseric or Huneric, and there is even a possibility
that it may belong to a later period (see infra, p. 7).
mistaken supposition that the obv. inscription was a blundered form of the name
' Huneric '. Cp. Keary, op. cit., pp. 33-5.
1 See also p. 13, infra.
2 i. e. those found on silver coins inscribed with the names of the kings and there-
fore of certain attribution. Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 12 : ' The marks of value
on the silver and the bronze coins clearly indicate that these coinages are not based on
the same unit of value.'
3 The marks of value if impressed by order of Justinian would no doubt, in accor-
dance with the system of the Byzantine Follis, have been XXXX (or M) and XX (or K) and
not (as we actually find) XLII and XXI. Cp. B. M. C, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. 64,
' Justinian I, Carthage.'
4 On the horse's head as a symbol of Carthage see infra, p. 3.
c
xviii INTRODUCTION
This coinage of large bronze coins was perhaps supplemented by the
use of Imperial Roman bronze coins with Vandal countermarks. In the
Berlin cabinet and other collections there exist coins
Roman bronze q£ ^ clagg (usual]y agges) bearing the countermark
coins, apparently ^^ as Qn the Vandal brQnze aboye described.
countermarked by ^^ coing are of ^ earlier Empirej from the first
the Vandals. century to the third (time of Salonina). There are
also extant some Imperial coins countermarked LXXXIII,1 the provenance
of which is Italian (Padua and Rome), and on this account their Vandalic
character is open to some doubt. Even with regard to the coins counter-
marked XLII there maybe some hesitation as to whether the countermark-
ing was done by the Vandals.2
On the assumption that the countermarks on these coins are
Vandalic, it may be conjectured that the utilization of Roman coins as
Vandal currency took place before the regular issue of the Vandal bronze
with mark of value XLII began, i.e. before the capture of Carthage
(a. d. 439), after which event the Vandal mints were probably more care-
fully organized. The possibility is not, however, to be excluded that these
countermarked pieces were put in circulation subsequent to the issue of
the Vandal bronze with XLII, i.e. (according to our arrangement) after the
reign of Huneric, when the large bronze coins with marks of value ceased
to be struck. Huneric's successors themselves issued only small bronze
pieces of Vandal workmanship, but it may have been found necessary
to put into currency larger bronze coins marked as equivalent in value to the
XLII coins of Gaiseric and Huneric — hence the issue of the countermarked
Roman pieces.
Between these two hypotheses — an issue before 439 and an issue after
circ. 484 (death of Huneric) — it is difficult to choose : only the evidence
of Finds could probably settle the question.
4. SMALL BRONZE COINS.
Hilderic and Gelimer, the last two Vandal rulers, struck small bronze
„ . coins inscribed with their names.3 But this inscribed
Small bronze coins . , , ,
. coinage appears to have been scanty, and the ' small
change' of Vandalic times must mainly be sought for
^ ,.- • „ among a great mass of little bronze coins (PI. Ill TV)
the Mauri ? . . , „ n . , . , . ' '
which are found singly or in hoards m northern
1 This countermark is stated to be certain, and is not LXXXII1I as would naturally
have been expected.
2 At least I am not aware that these coins are of African provenance. On the whole
series see Dressel in Bullettino delV Inst, di corr. arch. (Rome), 1879, pp. 126 f. •
Friedlaender in Zeit.f. Num., vi (1879), pp. 21 f. ; Bed. Blatter, iii, p. 283.
3 The coins supposed to bear the names of Gunthamund and of Trasamund are
not of certain attribution.
§ 1, VANDALS. SMALL BRONZE COINS xix
Africa and Sicily, and which have also been discovered in Italy, mingled
with Ostrogothic and Imperial money.1
Count de Salis brought together about the year 1860 all the coins
in the British Museum that seemed to him to belong to this Vandalic
class ; among them being many specimens, presented by himself, of which
he probably knew (though he has rarely recorded) the African provenance,
and also a large series acquired by the Museum in 1849 from Mr. J.
Doubleday, which there are reasons for thinking was procured in Africa.2
Some other specimens were acquired in 1854 from Mr. Aschkenasi of
Tunis, others, in 1865, from Mr. Paul Gadban, a Turkish Consul-General,
and others, again, found or procured in Egypt, were presented in 1888 by
Mr. Jesse Haworth.
These supposed Vandalic issues (PI. Ill, IV) are of small module,
rudely struck on inadequate flans, and do not often bear an inscription,
or at least an intelligible one. They present a remarkable number of
types, and even when a type, such as Victory, or the Cross, is often
repeated it will be found that many varieties occur in design and fabric.3
Perhaps the best way to approach the examination of these puzzling but
not, intrinsically, very important coins is, in the first place, to separate
them into two classes, one of them formed by the coins that bear the
names of emperors.
The emperors represented (on the British Museum coins) are : —
Theodosius I a. d. 379-395.
Honorius 395-423.
Theodosius II 408-450.
Valentinian III 425-455.
Marcian
450-457.
Leo I
457-474.
Zeno
474-491.
Anastasius I
491-518.
Justinian I
527-565.
1 This was the case with the hoard of Monte Roduni unearthed in 1843 and described
by Friedlaender in his Munzen der Vandalen, pp. 41 f. Prom the barbarous character
of many of the coins I am disposed to consider them Vandalic or Moorish rather
than Ostrogothic, though it may be that some of these small pieces were used by
the Ostrogoths for convenience of small change (cp. infra, § 2, p. li). Since the
descriptions in our text (pp. 17-42) were in type, P. Orsi has published a welcome
account of a hoard partly consisting of small ' Vandalic ' bronze coins discovered in the
Island of Lipari (Rivista Hal. di num., 1910, pp. 353 f.). Orsi has also briefly described
(Notizie degli scavi, 1909, p. 61) a similar find made at Syracuse.
2 The small bronze coins in this purchase present the appearance of having formed
part of a large find, and in connexion with some specimens de Salis has noted that they
came ' from Africa '. The same purchase included various Greek coins of Africa and
Egypt.
8 A find of 3,418 small bronze coins of Vandalic times was made at Carthage about the
year 1887 : see a brief note in Comptes rendus de VAcad. franc., 1902, p. 548, referring
to an article by Delattre in Mem. Soc. arch, de Constantine, xxxv (1901).
XX
INTRODUCTION
The first six of these emperors died many years before King Gaiseric
(died A. D. 477), so that Vandalic imitations of their coins could have been
struck by Gaiseric, or, equally, of course, by his successors. The coins
with the name of Zeno could have been struck during the reigns of
Huneric and Gunthamund ; those of Anastasius by Gunthamund and
Trasamund. Those bearing the name of Justinian cannot have been
issued earlier than the reign of Hilderic whose reign extends from A. D. 523
to 530.
But although the presence of Imperial heads gives in several cases
a rough clue to the arrangement of these small bronze coins, there are
numerous other specimens, without the names of emperors, which are very
difficult to attribute. These latter coins are, usually, exceptionally
rude in style and of very small size, and display a variety of types, some
of which are imitated from coins of the Constantinopolitan emperors,
while others seem to be original or at least not to be derived directly from
any single prototype.
For convenience of reference, and because of the present uncertainty
of the attributions, it has seemed best to catalogue this whole series of
small coins (pp. 17 ff. infra), rather mechanically, under the types of their
reverses, placing first, under each type, the coins that bear Imperial heads.
Thus, we have, first, a series of 'Victory' types (a favourite subject) with
the heads of Honorius and Valentinian III on their obverses, or with
a head (king's or emperor's) which cannot be identified. Reverse types
relating to the emperor form another series : others, again, are grouped
together because they bear an inscription (like VOT XIII) in the centre of
the reverse, or because they show a monogram as 'type'. In some in-
stances I have suggested an attribution to a specific Vandal sovereign, but
in most cases the coins seem too barbarous and too varied in their types
to be assignable exclusively to Vandal rulers. To the Vandal period they
may well belong, but their issuers would seem to have been some tribe or
people less civilized than the Vandals and who understood less well the art
of coining and the regularization of currency. Now, all through the course
of Vandal history in Africa we hear, in particular, of the Mauri as a con-
stant source of trouble to the kings; if already subdued, we find them
throwing off the yoke ; if free, they make temporary inroads and even
permanent settlements at the expense of the Vandal monarchy. In the
year 508, for instance, we hear of one Masuna who took to himself the
full-sounding title of ' Rex Maurorum et Romanorum ' and gained posses-
sion of territory that had once been Vandalic. Whether or not the few
bronze coins that I have ventured to ascribe to him (p. 39, infra) are worthy
of such a potentate or were, indeed, struck by him at all, may be open to
some doubt, but at any rate the position and pretensions of a chieftain
of this kind suggest the conditions under which the issue of these varied
series of minute African bronze coins probably took place. Prototypes
§ 1. VANDALS. GENERAL VIEW OF COINAGE xxi
were chosen, we may suspect, more or less at hazard, and the inscribing
of a few not very intelligible letters on the coin — as apparently in the case
of Masuna— was the summit of the engraver's ambition.
1. GOLD.
The Vandals, unlike the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Lombards, made
little use of gold for purposes of currency. Gold might be collected
as bullion and even be coined to satisfy the barbarian .
■> General view-
greed and love or hoarding, or to pay a great tax or
tribute, but, on the whole, silver and bronze were pro-
. coinage,
bably an adequate medium of exchange for the not
extensive commerce of the Vandal people, which was, indeed, chiefly con-
cerned with the distribution of the products of their great main industry
— agriculture. Gaiseric (if our attribution is correct) introduced imita-
tive solidi and tremisses, weighing about 67 grains (or more) and 23
grains, respectively, and this coinage was probably renewed by Trasa-
mund, the fourth king. The later rulers ceased to issue gold, and in
no case was it struck with the king's own portrait. The well-known
statement of Procopius that gold coins always bore the Imperial types,
and that it was contrary to right and custom for any king, whether of the
Persians or the Barbarians, to strike gold money with native types is
undoubtedly true of the Vandals ; and we shall find it true also of the gold
coinage of the Ostrogoths.1
1 The passage in Procopius, Bell. Goth., iii. 33, ed. Haury, vol. ii, pp. 442, 443 =
ed. Bonn, ii, p. 417, is as follows: — Kai tcddyi/rat p*v iv Tjj 'ApeXuTtu t6v Ijtttikov dyava
deafievotj vop.io~\ia &e xPvo~°vv eV to>v ev VdWots p-eraWtav 7Ti770ir}vrai, ov rov 'Pay/ialiau avroKpd-
ropoSj TJ7T€p cWtaraL, \apaKTtjpa evOeuevot ra araTrjpi rovrca, nXXa rfjv o~<perepav avraiv elicova.
Kai'rot vofiifTfia p.iv dpyvpovv 6 XlepoSjv fiaaikevs ij @ov\oito iroiuv eicotfe, \apaKTrjpa 5e idiov
€p(3a\€<r6aL (TTaTrjpL xpvaa ovre avrbv 64p.is ovre fie aXKov ovrivaovv /3a<riXea tg>v 7rdvTG>v /3ap/3a-
pcav, Kai ravra pdWov ovra xpvaov Kvpiov, errei ovde tois ^vp.j3dWovj-i npoteadai to vopio-ua
tovto oloi t€ elo-iv, el Kai (3ap(3dpots robs £vfJ.ftd\\ovras eivai ^vu.^aivei. ravra p.ev ovv Ttjde $pdy-
yois ix">PWev-
iv rrj 'ApeKdrto, the Franks at Aries. xnPaKT'iPa (cvOtpitvoi), the whole design of the
solidus or tremissis, including, no doubt, the 'legends' as well as the 'types', eiKova
may perhaps be merely a synonym for xapaKT'ipa '• Mr. Keary (Coinages of W. Europe,
p. 22) translates it ' portrait ', and no doubt the portrait-bust of the native ruler would
be one of the ' types '. v6u.io-u.a dpyvpovv. The silver coins of the Sassanian dynasty bore
the king's bust and name on one side and a representation of the Persian fire-altar on the
other, otire Bejus. The expression is probably used very broadly, so as to mean ' contrary
to the Imperial privilege and also abhorrent to prevailing custom '. Procopius adds that
even if gold coins with native types had been commonly struck, they would not have
passed current even among the Barbarians themselves. We may gather then, as
Mr. Keary (in Hodgkin's Italy, &c, iv, p. 543) has already well remarked, that custom
and commercial convenience, quite as much as, or more than, reverence for the privileges
of the emperor, induced the Barbarians to issue as their gold coinages mere imitations
of the Imperial money.
XX11
INTRODUCTION
2. SILVER.
Gaiseric and Huneric (if our attributions may be regarded as certain)
each struck an imitative silver coin, apparently the weight of the siliqua,
and probably intended to be of the normal weight of 40 grains troy.1 The
third king Gunthamund retained the silver coin (siliqua) but gave it dis-
tinctive types; on the obv., his own name and bust; on the rev., the letters
DN and c — , i. e. 100 bronze denarii,2 placed within a wreath. A mark of
value surrounded by a wreath had already formed the reverse type of the
bronze coins of Huneric (PI. I. 13). Gunthamund also struck a half-
siliqua (17-3 grains, Brit. Mus., highest) and a_quarter-siliqua (7-7 grains,
Brit. Mus., highest), inscribed on the reverse, DN XXV.
Trasamund, the fourth king, besides (if our conjecture is correct)
renewing the supply of imitative gold coins, continued the issue of the
half-siliqua marked DN L (16-8 grains, Brit. Mus., highest).3
Hilderic issued the half-siliqua (19-8 grains, Brit. Mus., highest) and
the quarter-siliqua (9-3 grs., Brit. Mus.). Gelimer, the last king, also issued
the half-siliqua, marked DN L.
3. BRONZE.
It is probable that Gaiseric issued early in his reign imitative money
in bronze, as he seems to have done in the case of his gold and silver
currency. Such coins must be looked for among the small bronze pieces
described infra, pp. 17^12, especially those with ' Victory ' types.4 But
bronze did not become an important constituent of the Vandalic currency
till the issue of the large thick coins marked XLII and XXI N(ummi),
PL 1. 7, 9, 13, 15 ; an issue which we have seen reason (su23ra, p. xvii) to attri-
bute to Gaiseric at a time (a. d. 439) when he had first become master
of Carthage.5 These coins, by their module and their value-marks, at
1 The heaviest specimens in the British Museum weigh only 284 and 21 grains, but
they are clipped and worn. On the weight of the later Roman siliquae, see G. F. Hill,
' Roman silver coins from Grovely Wood, Wilts.,' in ISfzim. Chron., 1906, pp. 342 f. These
are siliquae of the period from Constantius II to Arcadius. On the siliquae of Ana-
stasius I and Justin I see B. M. C, Imperial Byz. Coins, i, p. lxxvi : see also Babelon, ' La
Silique romaine,' in Rev. num., 1901, p. 334.
2 See Babelon, loc. cit., and his Traite, i, p. 582 ; Keary, op. cit., pp. 37 f. ; Fried-
laender, M. d. Vand., pp. 10 f.
s He perhaps also continued to issue the siliqua (' 100 denarii') and the quarter-
siliqua ('25 denarii') : see infra, p. 11, note.
4 And see No. 49, p. 23, infra, and No. 52, p. 24, infra.
5 Besides these coinages of XLII and XXI nummi(cp. coins of XII and INI nummi) there
is a coinage which maybe assigned to Gaiseric, circ. 439 B.C., inscribed on obv. DOMINO
NOSTRO but with the royal name omitted. The coins thus inscribed are of remarkably
neat work and in high relief: see infra, ' Small bronze of Vandalic period,' pp. 17 f.,
Nos. 15, 54, 83, and note to No. 15, p. 19.
§ 1. VANDALS. BRONZE COINAGE xxiii
once recall the Byzantine bronze follis, stamped 40 (M) nummia and its
half, stamped 20 (K) nummia.1 It must be borne in mind, however, that
this typical Byzantine coin (with its subdivisions) was not instituted
until the year 498, when Anastasius I carried out a great reform of the
bronze currency by substituting for the very small, and probably very
scarce, bronze coins of earlier reigns, a new and abundant issue of large,
substantial-looking coins, each of which conspicuously displayed its value.2
But the year 498 is long subsequent to the death of Gaiseric and even of
Huneric,3 and the first issue of these XLII and XXI coins — if, as seems
probable, rightly attributed to Gaiseric — was a new and original departure
in coinage, though it was one, no doubt, suggested to the Vandal ruler
by some Roman financier or mint-master at his court.4
This issue of XLII and XXI was continued by Gaiseric's successor
Huneric, and a bronze piece of XII nummi, first issued by Gaiseric, was
also retained. There is, further, a piece of INI nummi (of Huneric, or
Gaiseric ?) .
The weights of these denominations as indicated by
specimens in the British Museum are as follows : —
the larger
XLII nummi. bronze coins.
Gaiseric. Wt. 175 grs., highest (also 174 ; two about 154).
Huneric. Wt. 200-5 grs., highest (others, 182-127 grs.).
XXI
Gaiseric. Wt. 146 grs., highest, a thick piece; others are thinner, and
weigh 114-7 and 95-8, but may have lost weight.
Huneric. Wt. 104-8 grs. (worn).
The highest actual weight of XLII is 200-5 grs., but the weights of XXI
point to a normal weight of about 230 or even of nearly 300 grs. (114 x 2
= 228; 146x2 = 292).
XII
Gaiseric. Wt. 86-5 grs., highest (49 grs. lowest).
Huneric. Wt. 87-6 grs., highest (also 73, 64-7 grs.).
INI
Huneric (I), 21 grs., highest.
The XII and INI denominations, as Mommsen has already remarked
1 6000 nummia in the Byzantine system went to the solidus or nomisma.
2 See Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. xiii, and ep. the interesting interpreta-
tion of the passage in Marcellinus (as to the currency reform of Anastasius) given by
Prof. Bury in his review in The English Historical Review for 1909, p. 117.
3 It falls within the reign of Trasamund, the fourth king.
4 This coinage, for fabric and marks of value, should be compared with the
Ostrogothic anonymous bronze chiefly struck at Rome (PI. XIII. 2, XIV. 2).
xxiv INTRODUCTION
(Hist. monn. rom., iii, pp. 166, 167), have no connexion metrologically
with the XLII and XXI pieces, though, no doubt, all are contemporary
issues.
The issue of the XLII, &c, bronze series is presumed to have ceased
with Huneric, but it is possible that their place was taken in the next
reign (Gunthamund's) by Roman bronze coins, issued
Iifttsi* toronz© .
two or three centuries earlier, but made current by the
impress of the Vandal countermark.1
There is no certain evidence that either Gunthamund or his successor
Trasamund issued bronze money inscribed with their names,2 and their
coinage is difficult to identify, though it may perhaps be found among
' the small bronze coins of the Vandalic Period ' (pp. 17 f., infra).
Hilderic and Gelimer, the two last kings, struck small bronze pieces
with their names, and their coinage, especially Hilderic's, was probably
eked out by some of the uncertain ' Vandalic ' pieces. Thus, to Hilderic
may belong the small coins which, bearing the name of Justinian I, do
not seem to be certainly imperial,3 and some of the coins with the sacred
monogram.4
Before concluding this section something should be said of the coinage
in relation to the civilization of the Vandal people and the story of their
kings.
Vandal coinage „. , , „ „ . . .
Ihe advent ot Gaiseric in 429 with the whole
. .,. A. host of the Vandals dealt a deadly, if not immediately
civilization. „ , . . T ^ ..,.,.. . „ . „, J
ratal, blow to Roman civilization in Africa. The
kings carved out for themselves a royal domain of vast extent ; the Vandal
warriors received their ' lots ', while the Roman provincial was thrust out
or compelled to live in the least fertile regions. Yet the Vandal was in
constant contact with a higher culture than his own and with a language
that was not his own.5 Roman law and methods of administration still
subsisted side by side with what there was of Vandal legal custom and
statecraft, and the general character of the coinage suggests that Roman
engravers and financial advisers rendered service at the Vandal mints.6
The Roman features of the coinage may be discerned in several ways.
The mechanical copying of previously existing Roman coins, such as
apparently took place in the reign of Gaiseric and under some of his
successors is, indeed, not in itself a proof of deep-seated Roman influence
1 See further on these coins p. xviii, supra; also on the countermark LXXXIII. The
view may also be maintained that these coins were first put into circulation by Gaiseric
some time before 439 (?), the date when he probably began to issue his coins with XLII
XII, &c.
2 See infra, p. 9, and p. 12, note 2. = See pp. 28, 29, infra.
4 p. 37, infra. Gelimer may have imitated coins with the monogram of Theodosius II
(p. 29, infra).
8 Cp. R. W. Church, Beginning of the Middle Ages (1895), chap, iii, pp. 66 f.
6 F. Martroye, Genseric, pp. 273, 283.
§ 1. VANDALS. COINAGE AND CIVILIZATION xxv
for such servile borrowing is found on all hands among the various
Teutonic invaders of the empire. But the Roman influence is more
decisive in such points as details of costume and choice of types. Thus,
in PI. I. 7-11, we have the representation of a warrior who can hardly
be any other than a Vandal warrior or a Vandal king, yet he wears not
the native, but the Roman costume. And on all the silver coins issued
by Gunthamund and his successors, bearing their names and heads, the
king has the imperial diadem and the paludamentum and cuirass of
a Roman emperor. Latin is adopted for the coin-legends and the king
is styled Dominus noster, to which is generally added the title rex-
If we omit the borrowed types of Gaiseric and those of the more or
less barbarous currency of small bronze, it may be said that the range
of types is extremely limited, the most distinctive being the mark of
value in a wreath (e. g. N XLII ; DN XXV) and the female figure holding
ears of corn who personifies Felix Carthago- And with regard to these
types it may be observed that this very conscientious and conspicuous
attestation of value both on bronze and silver must almost certainly have
been due to the suggestion of a Roman financier, and that the personifica-
tion of Carthage, and even the epithet felix, were derived from Cartha-
ginian coins struck by Diocletian and his successors.1 In addition to this
we may note that the monogram which forms the reverse type of the
bronze of Gelimer (PI. II. 20, 21) was obviously suggested by the coins
of the Emperor Zeno or of one of his predecessors, and the massive
(though not cumbrous) wreath which gives a touch of ornament to the
severe DN of the reverses of Gunthamund and others2 (PL II. 3, 11) was,
again, clearly derived from one of those wreaths which form such a
frequent decoration of Byzantine monuments — such as sarcophagi at
Eavenna — of the fifth and sixth centuries.
The circumstance that the Vandals were already Christians (albeit
Arians) when their African kingdom was founded, has left little trace
upon the coinage : on the imitative coinage (gold and small bronze) the
cross and the sacred monogram are often found, but on what may be
called the independent Vandal money perhaps the only Christian emblems
a,re the cross as a reverse type of the small bronze of Hilderic and the
small cross which appears (above a mark of value) on a silver coin of
Gelimer (PL II. 17, 19).
Finally, in regard to style and execution the coins are not, on the
whole, discreditable to mints of the fifth and early sixth centuries.3 The
1 See p. 6, infra.
2 On Gunthamund's coins with ' 50 '. Those with ' 100 ' have a wreath that is not
distinctively ' Byzantine '. The wreath was a favourite ornament of the reverses of the
Ostrogothic coins.
3 That is, the ' named ' silver and bronze : the imitative gold are more or less
barbarous and the small bronze of very varying styles of workmanship.
d
xxvi INTRODUCTION
treatment of the king's head, with its angular delineation of nose and eye,
is nearly always careless, if not positively barbarous, and the ' portraits '
are, throughout, entirely conventional. But in this respect the portraiture
of contemporary emperors on the coinage of Byzantium — Anastasius I,
Justin I, and (on part of his money) Justinian I — was no whit superior.1
It is to be regretted that the coinage of Gaiseric is conjectural, because
Gaiseric is the one commanding figure among Vandal sovereigns, the great
„ . ..„.., , founder of the kingdom and f ramer of its
Coinage of individual . . „ . ,
„ , , , . constitution. Taking the coinage as attributed
Vandal kings. . . r .
to him, it seems to indicate that the mint, like
a.d. 428 (429)-477. the kingdom itself> was organized by slow
degrees, and that it was not till the year 439,
when the king first gained possession of Carthage, that any attempt at
the issue of Vandal money with original types was made. Carthage was
the great social, literary, and administrative centre of Africa, and both
Gaiseric and Huneric seem to have emphasized its importance on their
coins (PI. I. 7, 13-16).2
From his spoliation of Eome in 455 Gaiseric returned laden, not
only with spoils of gold and silver (amongst them the sacred vessels of
the Temple of Jerusalem), but with a human freight— the Empress Eudoxia
and her daughters, and a band of skilful artificers, armourers, and other
craftsmen. But nothing was done to improve the coinage in his reign
beyond, apparently, the inauguration of the bronze money with value-marks.
(PI. I. 7), and even an independent silver currency was not set on foot.
On his bronze coins Gaiseric placed a horse's head— almost certainly
as the emblem of Carthage — and another type (already referred to) of
a man in Roman costume, intended for a Vandal soldier, or, perhaps, for
the Vandal king himself. The descriptions that we have of Gaiseric
make him out as lame and insignificant in stature, yet he was long
renowned in Vandal tradition as a brave warrior, and was a man of
restless energy in war and of extreme craftiness in statesmanship. His
long reign of nearly fifty years was followed by the short seven
HUNERIC vears' rule of his son Huneric, who was married to
a. d. 477-484. th! Roman princess Eudocia, daughter of that Eudoxia
(widow of Valentinian III) whom Gaiseric had borne
away from Rome to Carthage. During part of his reign he was a perse-
cutor of the Catholics and of the Manicheans : it is also to be noted that
some of the Mauretanian tribes who had been kept in subjection by his-
father now threw off the yoke.
In the coinage he appears to have followed the traditions of Gaiseric,
but on the large bronze money he changed the types, introducing the
1 See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. Ixxxviii. Such portraits as are-
found on Ostrogothic coins are distinctly superior to those on the Vandal monev
2 Cp. p. 19, No. 15, infra.
§ 1. VANDALS. HISTORY OF THE KINGS xxvii
personification of Carthage, displaying ears of corn in her hands (PI. I. 13).
This representation of ' Carthage ' was borrowed from Imperial coins, and
had had its origin at a time when the province of Africa was the granary
of Italy. On Huneric's coins such a type was significant to the Vandals
only, for Gaiseric, who had created a fleet which was the terror of the
Mediterranean, had long since cut off Italy from its old-established sources
of corn-supply.
Huneric was succeeded by his nephew Gunthamund, the events of
whose reign are of no great importance. The persecution of the Catholics
ceased or was greatly relaxed. The attacks of the
Mauretanians continued. But Gunthamund was '
chiefly concerned with Sicilian affairs. The founder
of the Vandal kingdom had won for his successors the islands of Corsica
and Sardinia, and had gained at least a foothold in the fair island of
Sicily. Gunthamund now endeavoured to establish his rule in the
coveted land ; but he failed completely, and was compelled by Theodoric
the Ostrogoth (a. d. 491) to renounce his claim to tribute from Sicily.
In the currency he made, as we have seen, an important innovation
by introducing the silver coinage marked with its value in bronze denarii
— a coinage which served as the model for his successors.
Gunthamund's successor was his brother Trasamund, an attractive
figure among Vandal kings — handsome and cultured, virtuous and intelli-
gent. His reign lasted for twenty-seven years, and
the leading idea of his policy was an alliance with '
the brilliant Theodoric, whose sister Amalafrida he
married (A. D. 500).
In this reign we hear much of the risings of the Mauri and other
tribes who gained territory at the expense of the Vandals, and the
chieftain Masuna — 'rex Maurorum et Romanorum,' — to whom, as well as
to the Moorish tribes generally, we have found reason to attribute small
bronze coins of rude workmanship,1 flourished in the time of Trasamund.
Trasamund's coinage is on the model of his predecessor's, but he
seems to have reinforced the currency of gold, apparently first introduced
by Gaiseric, by striking solidi and tremisses imitative of the coins of the
Emperor Anastasius I, his contemporary.
The throne was next occupied by Hilderic, the son of Huneric the
second king. He came late to his inheritance, and was about sixty-six
at the time of his accession. Contrary to his promise
to Trasamund, Hilderic favoured the Catholics and '
reversed Trasamund's external policy by breaking with
the Ostrogoths and by allying himself with, the court of Byzantium.
The emperors of the period were, first, Justin I, and then Justinian I ;
1 p. xx, supra.
xxviii INTRODUCTION
and Hilderic seems to have placed the head of Justin on some of his
silver coins,1 and possibly that of Justinian on small bronze coins.2 He,
moreover, partly discarded the mark of value which formed the reverse
type of his predecessor's coins, and revived the personification of Felix
Carthago. He struck small bronze coins with his own name and with
a cross on the reverse, one of the very few religious types to be found
on the Vandal coinage.
During the last five years of his reign the Mauri appear to have
sained control over Mauretania and Southern Numidia, and, at last,
a defeat of Hilderic's troops by the Mauri and the general unpopularity
of his religious and foreign policy led to his deposition on 19 May, 530,
and the enthronement of Gelimer, the nephew of Gun-
' thamund, and a great-grandson of Gaiseric.
Gelimer in his earlier years had a reputation for
bravery, but his character was not a strong one, and as a ruler he fell on
difficult times. Justinian had already in view his great scheme for
regaining the lost provinces of the empire — Africa (with Corsica and
Sardinia), Sicily, and, finally, Italy. The dethronement of his ally Hilderic
gave him a ready pretext for intervention in Vandal affairs ; and by the
end of June, 533, the imperial fleet under Belisarius had sailed from
Byzantium. Africa was reached in September : on the thirteenth of the
month, the battle of Decimum was fought and won by the Imperialists,
and on the fifteenth Belisarius entered Carthage. The victory of Trica-
marum in December and the flight of Gelimer, brought the Vandal kingdom
to an end. It had lasted about a hundred years ; but, at last, almost
suddenly vanished, leaving behind singularly few traces of its existence.
Vandal and Roman civilization had never, in fact, completely coalesced,
as might have been the case had Gaiseric been Theodoric; nor, on the
other hand, had the Vandals been able to lay the foundations of a kingdom
on a Teutonic basis, like the Franks and the Lombards.3
Of Gelimer, the last king, we have only to add that he surrendered
in the spring of 534; was led in triumph through Constantinople by
Belisarius, and was finally allowed to retire to Galatia. For the currency
of his short reign he continued the silver money of his predecessor, but
removed from it the ' Carthage ' type that Hilderic had reintroduced.
He struck a small bronze coin with his name and with a monogram (of
his own name) on the reverse. This monogrammatic reverse had been
employed by some of the Constantinopolitan emperors (as by Zeno), and
became especially characteristic of the coinage of the Ostrogoths.
The coinage of Justinian, the new master of Africa, began (at Carthage)
in 534 or, possibly, at the end of 533. Descriptions of it may be found
in the British Museum Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 63-9.
Some of his silver coins (Nos. 350-4) recall those of Gelimer and
1 p. 13, infra. 2 p. xvii, supra. 3 Schmidt, Gesch. d, Wandalen, p. 99.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. ODOVACAR xxix
Gelimer's predecessors, but he entirely reorganized the bronze coinage on
the Byzantine system introduced by Anastasius I.
§ 2. Coinage of the Ostrogoths.
The coinage of the Ostrogoths was made the subject of a scholarly
monograph, Die Milnzen der Ostgothen, published by Julius Friedlaender in
1844, and Mr. Keary has devoted to it a section of his „, , . . ,
Study of the
Coinages of Western Europe. Not many coins that are ^ '
J J l . / Ostrogothie
entirely new have come to light since these essays were
written, but there is still ample room for further discus-
sion as to date, attribution, and place of issue.
The coins that hitherto have been most fully studied are those silver
and bronze pieces which bear the names or monograms of Ostrogothie
rulers ; but besides these there is extant a great mass of gold, silver, and
bronze money which is of Italian, and probably of Ostrogothie, origin,
though inscribed only with the name of a Roman Emperor. The late
Count de Salis had separated many specimens of this series from the Byzan-
tine Imperial coins, and classed them (in the British Museum collection) as
' Italian '. In a few cases he appears to have discriminated between
an ' early ' and a ' late ' class, but he has made no precise allocations and has
unfortunately left no notes as to the considerations — such as those of
provenance — that guided him in his classification. In a separate section
on ' the attribution of Italian coins with Imperial names ' (infra, p. xlv)
I have endeavoured, as far as the evidence allows, to attribute these coins
to the various Ostrogothie Kings.
In addition to these imitative Imperial coins, there is a somewhat large
class of anonymous bronze pieces of XL nummi and lesser value (PI. XII-
XIV), which have been generally recognized as belonging to the Ostrogoths,
though their dates and mint-places have been little discussed. In the text
(infra, pp. 98 f.) an attempt has been made to attribute the coins of this
class more definitely than heretofore.
Under Odovacar (the leader of the Herulian mercenaries who revolted
from the Imperial service) Italy became a Teutonic kingdom — like Spain
and Africa2 — and the last Emperor of the West was
deposed. Yet there was still a Roman Emperor — the '
Emperor at Constantinople, 'the greatest and most ma- -
. ,f . ,, ,,,„ Stj. • , . 15 Mar. 493.1
jestic personage in the world. ° His suzerainty was in
1 For the history of Italy during this period and the following Ostrogothie and Im-
perial periods see chiefly Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vols, ii, iii, and iv, and authorities
there ; Bury, Hist, of later Roman Empire, i ; H. Bradley, The Goths, London, 1888 ;
L. Schmidt, Gesch. d. deutschen SUimme, pt. i, Books 2 and 3 ; Leuthold, Untersuch-
tmgen, &c.
2 Bury, Hist, of later Bom. Empire, i, p. 278.
3 Church, Tlie Beginning of the Middle Ages, p. 38.
XXX
INTRODUCTION
some sort acknowledged even in Italy, and Roman law and Roman methods
of administration still held their own, though the invaders seized one-third
of the land.
Odovacar, like his predecessors the Emperors of the West, fixed his
capital at Ravenna, and it was there that he issued silver and bronze x coins
with his own name.
The gold coins that he appears to have minted were solidi and
tremisses bearing the name and types of the Emperor Zeno, who had,
indeed, recognized him as 'Patrician'. And it was in the reign of Odovacar
that the city of Rome, which was no doubt left, as was the case under later
rulers, in a state of semi-independence, probably issued, through its Senate,
large bronze coins bearing the head of Zeno, a figure of Victory, and the
legend IMVICTA ROMA.2
The relations of Odovacar and Zeno began to be unfriendly from the
year 486, 3 and it may have been in this year or a little later that Odovacar
first struck the silver and bronze coins with his own name and portrait.
Yet, on the other hand, there is a difficulty in supposing that during the
ten years that elapsed between his accession and 486 this ruler made no
attempt to issue bronze coins and that his silver coinage (if our attribution
is correct) was confined to the imitation of Zeno's silver.4 Moreover,
Odovacar's issue of coins with his own name was not necessarily a sign of
revolt, for he does not place his name on the gold coins, which would have
offended the Imperial prerogative or the commercial convention of his time,
but his portrait appears only on his silver and bronze, and even on these
without the title of king,5 nor does he wear the regal diadem. Probably
he appears as Odovacar the Patrician. These coins, then, may have been
issued in the early years of his reign, though not necessarily at the time of
his accession.
The head of Odovacar (PI. V. 7-8) was probably modelled on the head
of Zeno (PL V. 6 6), yet it has at least the semblance of a portrait : the face
is beardless, but the engraver has been careful not to omit Odovacar's thick
yellow moustache.7
1 See the bronze, p. 45, infra. The name of Odoacer has also been read on a rude
bronze coin of the ' Vandalic ' class, but I share the apparent doubts of P. Orsi (Rivista
ital. di num., 1910, p. 356) as to the correctness of this reading.
2 PI. XII. 20-3 and pp. 100 f., infra.
3 Hodgkin, Italy, &c, iii, p. 149.
4 PI. V. 6 ; p. 44, infra, No. 8.
5 The inscription is simply FL. ODOVAC. On his title of Rex or Rex Gothorum see
Hodgkin, Italy, &c, ii, p. 529 ; Priedlaender, Munzen der Vandalen, p. 59. Cassiodorus
says: — 'Nomenque regis Odoacer adsumpsit, cum tain en nee purpura nee regalibus
uteretur insignibus.'
6 As found on the silver coin probably issued by Odovacar, infra, p. 44. No. 8.
7 Hodgkin, Italy, &c, ii, p. 515.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. THEODORIC xxxi
The indication of the king's name by means of a monogram (PI. V. 7)
was no doubt suggested by the bronze coins of Zeno and his predecessors.
It became a favourite reverse type of the Ostrogothic coins, and when
encircled by a massive wreath has a good decorative effect.
In the coinage of the great Theodoric, who finally overthrew Odovacar
in 493 and established the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy, we may trace the
influence of that civilitas which was the ideal of his rn-rT-prmn-R-rn
enlightened rule : regnum nostrum, he somewhat
quaintly wrote, through his secretary Cassiodorus,
to the Emperor Anastasius, imitatio vestri.1 At '
least, it was to be a German kingdom, or one among
a European federation of German kingdoms, absorbing all that was good in
the ancient civilization of the Empire.2
The coins of his long reign of thirty-three years (PI. V. 14-21 ; VI ;
VII. 1-15) are singularly neat and even elegant, and he set the fashion for
his successors. His gold coinage is, as regards types and inscriptions,
a reproduction of the contemporary Imperial money, but the obverses of
the tremisses are of quite delicate workmanship. His silver coins (of the
Ravenna mint) show a well-modelled bust of the emperor in somewhat
high relief, and on the reverse, placed within a wreath, his own monogram
(PI. VII. 6-13), which resembles that still to be seen at Ravenna on the
huge capitals of the columns from his Basilica of Hercules.3
Unlike some of his successors, and his predecessor Odovacar, Theodoric
issued his silver and bronze coins without any portrait-head of himself.
The same is true also of his gold coinage : only on the exceptional triple
solidus 4 do we find his head accompanied by the words Rex Theodericus
pius princis. This precious relic of Romano-Gothic art, which some
ancient possessor has set as a brooch,6 is known only in a single example,
of which Comm. F. Gnecchi, the Italian numismatist, is the fortunate
owner. In spite of its rarity it was perhaps intended for currency, for it is
equivalent in weight to three solidi, and a bronze weight marked with this
denomination and with Theodoric's name is preserved in the British
Museum.6 Probably, however, it was made on some special occasion, to
serve as a present or an offering, and issued in small numbers. Theodoric
1 Quoted by Bury, Hist, later Rom. Emp., i, p. 381.
2 Theodoric allied himself by marriage with the Vandals and the Franks. At the
same time he was familiar with Roman ideas and manners on account of his education
as a youth at the Court of Byzantium.
s Diehl, Ravenne (1903), fig. p. 42, and p. 44. Theodoric's monogram which he placed
on his gold coins, to differentiate them from the Imperial gold coins, is of a different form.
* Frontispiece, and p. 54, infra.
6 In our photograph the setting still to be seen on the original has been omitted for
the sake of effect.
6 See Dalton, cited infra, p. 54.
xxxii INTRODUCTION
might place his head on a piece of this exceptional character, but com-
mercial convenience and old-established usage (not unmingled with
reverence for the Imperial effigy) would have precluded him from placing
any head but an emperor's1 on the solidi and tremisses — the ordinary
currency of gold. As it is, the head is (like Odovacar's) without the royal
or Imperial diadem, nor is it surmounted by a crown, such as Theodahad
and Baduila, his later successors, assumed on their coins. The moustache
and the treatment of the hair justify the belief that the bust is a portrait,
or at least an attempted portrait, of Theodoric. The type is interesting,
moreover, because it is much more than the mere conventional head or
bust found on the Imperial coinage : it may almost be described as a half-
length figure, for each of the hands is displayed — one raised, as if in the
adlocutio, the other holding the globus upon which stands Victory. It may
well be surmised that we have here a reproduction of the upper part of an
actual statue or mosaic picture of Theodoric, and there is a record of the
existence of statues or colossal figures of him at Rome, Ravenna, Ticinum,
and all the chief cities of Italy.2
Theodoric's coins were issued at Rome, under at least the nominal
authority of the Senate,3 no less than at Ravenna (Milan, for gold, is his
only other mint-place *), and the Roman quasi-autonomous coinage of
bronze assigned to his reign (PI. XIII, XIV) is especially interesting, for it
displays a bust of Invicta Roma, the Roman eagle, a fig-tree and two
eagles,5 and the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus.6 The occasion of the
issue of some at any rate of these coins may be conjectured to have been
the visit paid by Theodoric to the Eternal City in a. d. 500, at which time
he remained there six months. He was welcomed by the Pope, the Senate,
and the people, exhibited the games of the Circus, and furnished ample
funds for the annual supply of grain to the populace and for the restoration
of the walls.7
1 See the passage in Proeopius commented on supra, § 1, p. xxi.
2 Hodgkin, Italy, &c, iii, p. 306 ; Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle. Ages (Eng. trans.),
i, p. 337. Among the figures or statues were : — at Naples, a mosaic el/cav— a full-length
figure— Procop., BeU. Goth., i. 24 ; Hodgkin, Italy, &c, iv. 217 ; at Ravenna, a colossal
figure (apparently mosaic) of Theodoric as an armed horseman (Hodgkin, op. cit., iii,
p. 306). This could not — from the position of the hands — be the figure on the triple
solidus; at Rome, a gilded statue erected by the Senate. Cp. Stuckelberg in Rivista
ital. di num., 1898, p. 66.
3 The silver coin, PL VII. 5, rev. Victory, is inscribed S C, and S C appears later on
the Roman coins of Athalaric.
4 The coins used in Theodoric's dominions in Provence have not, I believe, been
identified. If a currency distinct from the Ostrogothic pieces of Italy, they would be
solidi and tremisses imitated from the coins of the emperors. All the Ostrogothic
possessions in Gaul were surrendered to the Franks by Wifcigis.
5 Infra, p. 103, note 2.
6 The Lupercalia was still celebrated at Rome in Theodoric's reign : see infra, p. 1 05 n.
7 Hodgkin, Italy, &c, iii, pp. 265, 266, quoting the Anonymus Valesii. Theodoric also
§2. OSTROGOTHS. AMALASUNTHA— THEODAHAD xxxiii
Theodoric died in August, 526, after a reign which, in various aspects
and on a smaller scale, recalls the rule of some of the best emperors of
Rome and the ideals of Charles the Great. But he left no efficient
successor. After his death the government was .,,,,. . „„„„■„. .
carried on by his daughter Amalasuntha, as regent , „, . „„„
J ° . regent, 31 Aug. 526-
for her son Athalaric, then a boy of ten. Amala- „„._...„,
,, , , .' , \ ,. , 2 Oct. 534; queen,
suntha had a genuine love of Latin science and
literature, and possessed a sympathetic minister in
Cassiodorus. But the Goths complained that she was educating Athalaric
effeminately and too much in the Roman manner. He was removed from
her care, grew up vicious and idle, and died in the year 534.
All the coins of this period (a. d. 526-534) are struck in the name of
Athalaric,1 but the issues — at least the earlier ones — must have been made
under the authority of Amalasuntha. Though the gold A-RTr1
coinage is not so well executed as in the reign of '
Theodoric, the ordinary Ravenna coins show no falling
off. The small bronze coins of Rome are of particular elegance, and we
may remember that Amalasuntha encouraged professors to settle in Rome
and was concerned for the welfare of the citizens. The obverse of these
coins (PI. VIII. 21-5) shows a richly decorated bust of 'Invicta Roma', and
the reverse, a new type, namely, a figure of Athalaric represented as an
armed warrior with spear and oval shield.
After the death of Athalaric, Amalasuntha continued to rule as queen,
but no coins bearing her name are known. Soon, however, she invited
Theodahad to share her throne with the '"nominal ' title „,„__.„ . „ . ^,
. THEODAHAD,
of king. Theodahad was the nephew of Theodoric, .
a lover of ancient learning and the owner of nearly all
the land in Tuscany. But in character he was vacillating, cowardly, and
avaricious. The marriage and regal partnership of the pair was solemnly
announced to the Emperor (Justinian) and to the Senate of Rome, but
Theodahad was determined to be no phantom ruler. In the spring of 535
Amalasuntha was seized by his orders and imprisoned in an island of the
Lake of Bolsena, and shortly afterwards put to death.
Theodahad was thus left sole ruler, but he had furnished a pretext to
Justinian for invading Italy. Amalasuntha had been the friend and ally
of the Emperor, and, with the declared object of avenging her death, the
Imperial expedition under Belisarius left Constantinople in the summer of
535. By the end of the year Sicily had submitted to Belisarius : in the
visited Eome in a. d. 519 when Eutharic, who was married to his daughter Amalasuntha,
was given the Consulship. On this occasion wild beast shows took place in-the amphi-
theatre.
1 That is, of course, when they are not anonymous or imitative (iike the gold coins)
of the Imperial money.
XXX1Y
INTRODUCTION
following year (536) he took Naples, and in December was in possession
of Rome. A little before this (apparently in November) the Goths had
dethroned the worthless Theodahad and installed Witigis, one of his officers,
in his place.
Theodahad's Ravenna coins are of the ordinary character, though their
obverses (the head of Justinian) show some falling off in care of execution.
But at Rome he issues, through the Senate, one of the most interesting and
artistic coins in the Ostrogothic series (PI. IX. 13-18). The Victory on the
reverse is imitated from a quasi-autonomous bronze coin of Rome, probably
struck by Theodoric. On the obverse is a bust of the king, Bn. Theo-
dahatus rex, with a head neither bare nor bound with a diadem, but wearing
a closed crown ornamented with jewels and two stars. His robe is also
richly ornamented with jewels and a cross. The hair is cut short ; the face
beardless, but with a moustache such as has been seen already on the portrait
coins of Odovacar and Theodoric. The modelling is good, and there is no
reason, considering the general skill brought to bear on the production of
this coin, why we should not regard the head as a true portrait, though it
may indeed be doubtful whether we can, with a modern writer on the
Goths,1 discern in it the ' mixture of knavery, folly, and cowardice ' which
partly composed Theodahad's character. It is interesting to have some
clue as to the object with which the king's portrait was placed on the coins
from the words that Cassiodorus, the state -secretary, puts into the mouth
of the Ostrogothic king. It is a duty of the Comes (Sacrarum Largitionum),
declares the king, to see that ' our face is imprinted on our coins, a reminder
to our subjects of our ceaseless care on their behalf and a memorial of our
reign to future ages'.2
The date of this remarkable coin, of which a good many specimens
are still extant, is not quite easily determined. The idea that naturally
occurs is that it was struck at the time of Theodahad's accession, i. e. about
Oct. 534, and the inscription of the reverse, Victoria Principum (not
Principis), if it is to be referred, as Mr. Hodgkin has suggested,3 to
Theodahad and his queen Amalasuntha, would fix the coin to a date not
later than April, 535, when Amalasuntha died. But one may feel some
doubt as to whether the meaning of Principum is to be pressed, seeing
that we constantly find on the gold coins of this age the legend Victoria
Augustorum, even when a sole emperor (as Justinian) occupies the throne.
It may be preferable, then, to assign this coin not to the time of Theoda-
1 H. Bradley, The Goths, p. 220.
2 Cassiodorus, Variae, vi. 7 (Hodgkin, Letters of Cassiodorus). Book vi. in which this
passage occurs, stands before the matters relating to Athalaric's reign, and it may be that
the formula is to be attributed to Theodoric ; but it much better suits Theodahad, because
Theodoric did not place his portrait on his ordinary coins but only on the exceptional
triple solidus.
3 Italy, &c, iii, p. 651.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. WITIGIS xxxv
had's accession, but to the occasion when he visited Rome in Jan. 536.1
Had the coin been struck at the time of the king's accession (534), it would
almost certainly have borne the head of Justinian, but in 536, when the
Ostrogoths are at war with Justinian, the appearance of their own king's
portrait-head is not surprising. And it has been remarked 2 that during
his reign Theodahad had played a double part : on the one hand, entering
into treacherous negotiations with Justinian for the surrender of his
Italian kingdom ; on the other, pretending to act as champion of his Gothic
and Roman subjects ; and it may be in the latter capacity that his head
appears upon these coins.
Witigis, the supplanter of Theodahad, was not connected with the line
of the great Theodoric, and it' was no doubt to make good this deficiency
that early in his reign (Dec? 536) he forced into
a marriage with himself Matasuntha, the young and WITIGIS,
beautiful daughter of Queen Amalasuntha, and thus the Nov- (?) 536-
granddaughter of Theodoric and the sister of King MarcQ (?) 54°-
Athalaric.
Belisarius was now in possession of Rome, and Witigis with 15,000
Goths began in 537 his memorable siege, which he was compelled to
abandon (March, 538) after it had lasted for more than a year. The
arrival in Italy of an Imperialist army under Narses inflicted a fresh
blow on the Ostrogoths, who were badly beaten (A. D. 538) at the battle
of Ticinum (Pavia), and were only just able to take refuge in Ticinum,
a city which, as their treasury and arsenal, was hardly less important to
them than Ravenna.
Finally, in the spring of 540, Ravenna opened its gates to Belisarius,
and Witigis and Matasuntha were seized and taken by Belisarius in
triumph to Constantinople.
The coinage of Witigis is of the ordinary Ostrogothic type. His
only mint is Ravenna, and he did not follow Theodahad's precedent of
placing his own head on the coins, the head represented being that of
Justinian. The only innovation that he makes, if our attribution is
correct,3 is in the series of silver coins, on which the place of his own
name or monogram is taken by the monogram of Theodoric.
The gold coinage that may be assigned to his reign is of the usual
types, with the name of Justinian. Much of it may have been needed
when, at the beginning of his reign, he secured a treaty of peace with
the Franks by a large payment of gold, estimated at £80,000, and by
the surrender of Provence and Dauphine', the Ostrogothic possessions
in Gaul.
1 Cp. H.Leuthold, Untersuchungen zur ostgotischen Geschichte, Jena, 1908, p. 33 : the
chronology of Theodahad is discussed in this pamphlet.
2 Leuthold, op. cit., p. 42.
3 See infra, p. 1.
XXXVI
INTKODUCTION
The existence of coins bearing the name (in monogram) of Mata-
suntha, and issued (as is generally, and most naturally assumed to be
the case) during the period 536-540, when she reigned as the queen of
Witigis, is somewhat remarkable. At least, it is
MATASUNTHA, ^ ugual tQ find the cdng of a king and queen
536-March(?) 540. .^^ geparatelVj and indeed 0f the earlier Ostro-
gothic queens we possess no coins at all. Thus Amalasuntha was regent
for her youthful son Athalaric, but the coinage was issued in the son's
name, not in the mother's ; nor did she strike coins after her son's death,
or when she invited Theodahad to share her throne.
It may, however, be said that the great importance attached by
Witigis to the legitimization of his claim to the throne by his marriage
to Theodoric's granddaughter induced him to put forth coins with her
name ; and, as her name could not well be united with his on the same
coin (the obverse being, by custom, devoted to the head of the emperor),
king and queen had each their separate coin-designs. It would have
been with the same intention that Witigis issued silver coins bearing the
monogram of Theodoric.
No. 1, p. 80, infra (PI. X. 11), was apparently issued at Ravenna,
but Nos. 2-5 (PI. X. 12-14) cannot, for reasons of style, be attributed to
that mint. I have suggested {infra, pp. 80, 81) that Nos. 2-5, together
with the bronze coin No. 6 (PI. X. 15), were minted at Ticinum, either at
the time of the marriage of Matasuntha (536) or, perhaps, after the battle
of Ticinum in 538.
But there is another possible alternative. Friedlaender (Milnzen d.
Ostgothen, p. 42) has raised the question whether Matasuntha's coins may
not have been struck many years after she had ceased to reign in Italy ;
but he has raised the question only to negative it without discussion.
Now, if we examine Nos. 2-5 (PI. X. 12-14), we must admit there is
nothing distinctively Italian about them : so far as style is concerned
they might well have been struck at Constantinople. The bronze coin
No. 6 (PI. X. 15), again, though, as regards its reverse, of a more Italian
appearance, is yet of a size and denomination not usual in the Ostrogothic
coinage of the period of Witigis, and is apparently intended to correspond
to the twenty-nummi pieces (marked K) familiar at the Imperial mints.
The only occasion when such coins could have been struck at Con-
stantinople was in the year 550, when Justinian prepared a new expedition
for the conquest of Italy, headed by his nephew Germanus, who was to
be accompanied by Matasuntha, she (after the death in 542 of Witigis)
having become the wife of Germanus. Justinian's idea was to unite
(through Matasuntha) the house of Theodoric with his own, and to govern
Italy — in a way likely to be acceptable to its mixed population — by a
Gotho-Roman line.1 Great enthusiasm for the expedition prevailed; but
1 Bury, Hist, of Later Roman Empire, i, p. 411.
ILDIBAD,
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. ILDIBAD. ERARIC. BADUILA xxxvii
it was at first diverted to Thessalonica, and finally rendered abortive by
the death of Germanus. This incident in the life of Matasuntha deserves
attention, though it would, no doubt, be hazardous (without further
evidence) to maintain that the coins under discussion were actually minted
at the Byzantine capital in order to support — and at the same time to
authenticate — the pretensions of Germanus to become ruler of Italy.
Ildibad, the son of Theudis King of the Visigoths,
was chosen king in place of Witigis. He gained a
great victory over the Imperialists near Treviso in the sPring (?) 54°
autumn (?) of 540, but was assassinated in the spring -May (. ) 541.
of the following year.
Eraric was then set up as king by the Rugians, but EKAKIC
was not accepted by all the Ostrogoths. He, too, was Mav (?) 541
assassinated after a few months' reign. Neither Ildibad _gePt (p) 541.
nor Eraric would appear to have issued coins.
These ephemeral rulers were succeeded by the nephew of Ildibad,
Baduila (otherwise known as Totila l), the only Ostrogothic king, besides
Theodoric, of remarkable character. Baduila was t»tttt a
an able statesman and a chivalrous soldier, and
(TOTILA)
during his eleven years' reign displayed the same , .
ideals of kingship and justice as Theodoric himself. '
His victories over the Imperialists at Faenza
and Mugello were followed by the submission of Central and Southern
Italy and the surrender of Naples (543). In 545 he laid formal siege to
Rome, which he entered in December, 546, only, however, to evacuate the
deserted city. Rome, reoccupied by Belisarius in 547, was again recovered
in 549 by Baduila, who now in part rebuilt it, restoring the banished
senators and celebrating the Games. It was probably in this year that
those Roman coins of Baduila that are of Roman fabric and style were
struck : on the obverse (PI. XI. 29, 30) he placed his own head, crowned ;
on the reverse, an armed figure of himself, modelled on the older Roman
coins of Athalaric. The legend on these coins, apparently referring to
Roma,2 is Floreas semper. The letters S C (Senatus consulto) do not
occur on the reverse of this coin, though they had appeared on the coins
of Athalaric which served as its model. One can hardly say whether the
omission is accidental or intentional ; for though the Roman senators bad
originally been exiled from the city by Baduila, he afterwards showed
them favour and brought them back in 549. The Senate, it may be
observed, still continued in existence to the end of the fifth century, and
indeed made a last appearance in 603 to acclaim the statue of the Emperor
Phocas.3
But the arrival of Narses was soon to change the fortunes of the
t
1 On his coins he is always Baduila or Baduela.
2 Infra, p. 93 n. s Diehl, VExarchat de Ravenne, p. 125.
XXXV111
INTRODUCTION
Ostrogoths, and in 552 the general inflicted on them a great defeat in
the battle of the Apennines, and Baduila was mortally wounded.
During the whole of the reign of Baduila, Ravenna was in the hands
of the Imperialists. We may readily assume, therefore, that his chief
mint was at Ticinum, and this supposition is confirmed by the appearance
of the personification of Felix Ticinus on one of his bronze coins (PL XI.
22). Yet it is not improbable that he occasionally set up mints elsewhere
as his conquests progressed, as for example at Naples after its surrender
in 543. At Rome the only Ostrogothic issue appears, as we have just
seen, to have taken place in 549.
Baduila' s coins may be divided broadly into three classes : (i) with
the head of Justinian I ; (ii) with the head of Anastasius I ; (iii) with the
head of the king himself. Examples of the first class are very rare :
probably the head of Justinian was for political reasons soon rejected,
and that of Anastasius, the contemporary of Theodoric, substituted. Like
Theodahad, Baduila placed his own head upon his coins, and not only on
the Roman issue but on the ordinary regal issue of Ticinum. PI. XI. 13,
a diademed head in profile, is, however, a portrait merely in name, so
closely is it imitated from the head of Anastasius. The bronze coins
(Ticinum and Rome) show the king's bust facing, probably in accordance
with a fashion made popular by Justinian's coins since A. D. 538. Like
Theodahad, he wears an embroidered robe and a closed crown decorated
with panels and sometimes with stars (PI. XI. 25). The coins are neatly
executed, but the attempt at portraiture is evidently less successful than
in the case of Theodahad.1
The Goths at Ticinum crowned as their king Baduila's general Theia.2
We hear that he expended the treasure stored in that city in an attempt
„„„ to win over the Franks to the Ostrogothic cause. His
' coins — all evidently struck at Ticinum — consist appa-
rently only of gold tremisses of rough workmanship,
and of silver half siliquae and quarter siliquae, of the
usual types, but of very careless, and sometimes of almost barbarous
execution.
Theia perished in 553 in the prolonged battle of Mons Lactarius, in
which the Imperialists crushed the Ostrogothic host. All resistance did
not cease even then, but soon after the battle the remnant of the great
army left Italy for ever, passing over the Alps to be ' swallowed up in we
know not what morass of Gepid, of Herulian, of Slavonic barbarism '.3
A Roman emperor was once again master of Italy, with Ravenna and
1 Baduila, unlike Odovacar, Theodoric, and Theodahad, is represented without a
moustache. ,
2 As to the form of his name see infra, p. 96, note 4.
3 Hodgkin, Italy, &c, iv, p. 657.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. DENOMINATIONS AND WEIGHTS xxxix
Eome as his mint-places.1 But after the lapse of only fourteen years,
a new phase opens with the invasion of the Lombards (A. d. 568), described
in the third section of this Introduction.
Denominations and Weights.
GOLD.
The solidi and tremisses issued by Odovacar and by the Ostrogothic
kings are throughout the whole period of their rule not inferior in weight,
nor, apparently, in quality, to the Imperial coins from which
they were imitated. The solidus weighs rather more than
68 grains and the tremissis over 22 grains.
A solidus of Theodoric, marked with his monogram, attains 69 grains,
and the only solidus of Baduila in the British Museum is of the same
weight. The very latest gold coins, namely the tremisses attributed to
Theia, weigh 227 grains and 23 grains. The triple solidus of Theodoric
is probably an exceptional issue (see supra, p. xxxi).
SILVER.
The coins in this metal are half siliquae and quarter siliquae,2 chiefly-
struck at Ravenna. It will be seen from the following list of the highest
weights of specimens in the British Museum that the half
siliqua weighs over 21 grains and" the quarter siliqua more lvei-
than 10 or 1 1 grains : —
King
Theodoric (Ravenna)
(Rome).
Athalaric (Ravenna)
Theodahad (Ravenna)
Witigis (Ravenna)
Matasuntha (Ravenna)
„ (Ticinum)
Baduila (Ticinum)
Theia (Ticinum)
1 For the Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Ravenna after the Ostrogothic over-
throw see Brit. Mus. Cat., Imp/ rial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 70, 71, and infra, pp. xlvii,
xlviii, 113 f., and for Ravenna coins of his successor Justin II see infra, pp. 120 f. As to
the Roman mint see this Introduction, infra, p. liii.
2 On the denominations and weights see Babelon in Reme numismatique, 1901, p. 334,
and his TraiU, i, p. 582; Mommsen, Hist. mon. rom., iii, p. 165.
The Imperial silver coins struck at Ravenna by Justinian weigh, according to speci-
mens in the British Museum:— CN ('250'), 21 grains; PK€ (' 125'), 11-3 grains; PK
('120'), 104 grains, all highest weights. The weights of various other specimens are
by Luschin von Ebengreuth in Der Denar der Lex Salica, Wien, 1910, pp. 3, 6.
\ Siliqua
i Siliqua
23-7
11-4
13-7
214
11-2
21.5
114
22-6
11-1
2M
18-9
21-7
9-5
22-2
9-5 s
xl INTRODUCTION
BRONZE.
We may notice first the thick coins struck at Rome of the value of
XL and XX nummi (PL XII. 20-3 ; XIII ; XIV. 1-7) :—
Odovacae :— XL. Rev. Victory. Size, 1-15. Weights
Bronze. oyer 2QQ grg . highest) 283.6 and 306.
Heavy coins of Theodomc and Athalakic:— XL. Rev. Eagle.
XL nummi, &c. ^ ^ Qr & mle smallel, Weights, well over
100 grs. ; highest, 177-2, 183, 215-8 grs.
XX. Rev. Eagles and tree. Size, -85. Weights, 115-3, 129, 167-4.
XL. Rev. Wolf and Twins. Size, 1-05. Weight, over 200 grs., usually
rather over 230 grs. ; highest, 236-6 grs.
XX. Rev. Wolf and Twins. Size, -8-95. Weights, under 200 grs. ;
highest, 126-2 grs.
Theodahad :— [XL.] Obv. Bust of Theodahad (PL IX. 13-18). Size,
1-05. Weight, 181-7, highest ; well preserved.
Matasdntha :— 20 nummi (?). Size, -85. Weight, 87 grs. : see infra,
p. 81.1
The ' workaday ' currency in bronze probably consisted mainly of
small pieces, of which the /\ nummus piece was the highest denomination.
Size, from -65 to -85. Weight, usually over 60 grs. ;
Lighter Coins highegt; 69.6 grg_
of X Nummi, &e. -i r
There was also a V nummus piece, and a smaller
coin, size about -4, which at first sight might be taken for the nummus,
but which, as it often weighs from 12 to 15 grains, and even reaches
16 grains, must be intended for a higher denomination, probably 2^ nummi.
It is not improbable (as suggested infra, pp. li f.) that the coinage was
further supplemented in the time of Theodoric, and long after, by the
circulation of a number of small pieces with the names of the Emperors
Leo I, Zeno, Anastasius I, &c. The actual issuers of these coins, however,
were probably the Vandals.
Odovacar.
Ravenna. Small bronze. Size, -4. Weights, 14-4 and 21-6 grs.
Theodoric.
Ravenna' Small M. Rev. Star. Size, -35. Wt., 17-6, highest.
6 (5 nummi). Size, -6. Wt., 34-1, highest.
1 Imperial 40-nummi (1 1) pieces of Justinian I, struck at Rome :— Sizes, 1-05-1-15.
Weight of the well-executed coins of thick fabric, 207-2 to 3114 grs., highest. The
specimens of thinner fabric and inferior workmanship weigh less than 200 grs. ; highest,
163-8 grs. The weight of the corresponding 20-nummi pieces is usually over 100 grs. ;
highest, 134-5 grs. ; sizes, -85—9.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. WEIGHTS OF BRONZE COINS xli
Ravenna. V (5 nummi). Sizes, 45—55. Wt., 32-3, highest.
„ [/\ nummi.] Obv. Felix Ravenna (p. 106, infra, No. 34).
Size, -7. Wt., 60 grs., highest.
Athalaric.
Ravenna. /% nummi. Obv. Head of Justinian. Size, -75. Wt., 60-5 grs.,
highest.
Ravenna. V nummi. Obv. Head of Justinian. Size, -45. Wt.,
15-8 (only one specimen in Brit. Mus.).
Ravenna. Small M (2-| nummi 1). Size, -4. Wt., 12 to 15 grs. ;
highest, 16-4 grs.
Ravenna. [/> nummi.] Obv. Invicta Roma. Size, -75. Wt., 50-5 grs-,
highest.
Ravenna. V nummi. Obv. Invicta Roma. Size, -5. Wt., 24-7 grs.,
highest.
Ravenna- [A nummi.] Obv. Felix Ravenna. Size, -65. Wt., 52-2 grs.,
highest.
Rome. A nummi. Rev. Athalaric, standing. Size, -75. Wt., 50-5 grs.,
highest.
Theodahad.
Ravenna. V nummi, attributed to Theodahad. Obv. Bust of Justinian.
Size, -65. Wt., 54-5 grs., highest. The mark of value V appears on the
rev-, otherwise one would reckon the coin as a piece of /\ nummi.
Ravenna. Small M. Size, -35. Wt., 6-3 grs-, worn (2^ nummi ?).
Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invicta Roma. Size, -85. Wt., 66-7,
highest.
Witigis.
Ravenna. [A nummi.] Obv. Invicta Roma. Size, -65. Wt., 69-6 grs.,
highest.
Matasuntha.
Ticinv/m. An exceptional coin, apparently of 20 nummi. Size, -85.
Wt. of British Museum specimen, 87 grs. (p. 81, infra).
Baduila.
Ticinum. Small M, probably 2\ nummi. Rev. Monogram or name of
Baduila. Size, -35. Weights, 11-8, 12-3, and 14-6, highest. Cp. also pp. 92
and 94, infra.
Ticinum. [/\ nummi ?] Obv. Felix Ticinus. Size, -6. Brit. Mus.
specimen weighs 46 grs.
Ticinum. [/\ nummi.] Rev. Name of Baduila.
(i) Size, -7. Wt., 114-3 grs.
(ii) Size, -65-7. Wt., 71-6 grs.
f
xlii INTRODUCTION
As remarked in the text, infra, p. 91, note 3, (i) and (ii) seem at first,
judging by their weights, to be two distinct denominations, of which one is
the double of the other. The same differences of weight are found on
Baduila's Roman coins (see next paragraph), but in that case the heavier
and the lighter pieces bear the same mark of value, viz. /\, and we can only
suppose that the Roman coins and — by analogy — these Ticinum coins, are
two separate coinages, heavy and light, of a single denomination which
was regarded as the ten-nummus piece.
Rome. /\ nummi.
(i) Sizes, -8-85. Wt., 121-4, highest.
(ii) Sizes, -65-7. Wt., 69-6, highest.
The heavy and light coinage of the ten-nummus piece : both (i) and
(ii) bear the mark of value J\.
Inscbiptions and Types.
The inscriptions are simple. The solidi and tremisses have, through-
. out, the usual reverse legends of Imperial coins (Victoria
Augg. and Victoria Augustorum), though Theodoric in
certain instances adds his own monogram, unobtrusively.
The names of the kings as found on the silver and bronze are as
follows: — Odovacar appears without any title as FL. ODOVAC. Theodoric
identifies his coins by the bare monogram of his name,1 and only on his
triple-solidus 2 does he assume any title : the inscription of the obverse of
this piece is Theoderictts Pius Princis, and the reverse inscription Theo-
dericus Victor Gentium.
All Theodoric's successors prefix the title DN (Dominus noster) to
their names, and add, though not invariably, the title REX, or, as it is often
written, RIX: —
DN ATHALARJCVS (or ATALARJCVS) REX
„ THEODAHATHVS (or JHEODAHATVS) REX
„ VVITICES (or VVITICIS) REX
„ BADVILA (or BADVELA) REX
„ THEIA (or THILA3) REX
DOMNVS THEIA P(»w?) REX
Matasuntha is represented bj^ the monogram of her name, and several
kings who write their names in full also use their monogram.
The inscriptions descriptive of types are Invicta Roma ; Felix Ravenna ;
Felix Ticinits. On a coin of Rome attributed to Theodoric (infra, p. 58 n.)
we find the letters CM, probably Caput Mundi. The presence of SC
1 As to its form see supra, p. xxxi, n. 3. 2 p. xxxi, supra.
3 See text, infra, p. 96, note 4.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. INSCRIPTIONS AND TYPES xliii
(Senatus consulto) on the Roman coins of Theodoric and Athalaric is
interesting1; so also the inscription Floreas (or Flureas) semper on a
Roman coin of Baduila, though it may be doubtful 2 whether this ejacu-
lation applies to Rome or to the Ostrogothic king.
The marks of value /\ and V (nummi) occasionally occur on the
bronze coins ; XL on the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome.
There is little in the lettering that calls for notice. A is frequently
written A, and L, L. E and I are often interchanged, as MX and R.EX ;
BADVILA and BADVELA. On the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome,
attributed to Theodoric and Athalaric, Imvicta and Invicta (Roma) both
occur. On Athalaric's regal coins struck at Rome Invicta appears as
Inbicta.
The mint-place is sometimes indicated by the type of the busts of
Ravenna and Ticinus, or by that of Roma, though some of the- ' Roma '
coins were struck at Ravenna. The mint-name is seldom inscribed, but we
find R.V (Odovacar), R/ (Theodoric) for Ravenna; M for Rome (Theo-
doric). COMOB and CONOB stand both for Rome and for Ravenna;
some of the Imperial gold coins struck by Justinian at Rome are inscribed
ROM OB.3
Many details of the types have been discussed in the notes to the text
or in connexion with the history of the kings (supra), but a
recapitulation may be useful.
The gold money displays the types usually found on the imitative
solidi and tremisses of Italy, i.e. rev. Victory holding a broad cross (PI. V. 15),
and Victory on the globus (PL V. 17). Theodoric's triple solidus is in every
way exceptional.
The heads found on the coins are more often than not those of emperors,
usually the contemporary emperor ; but sometimes the head of a deceased
emperor is revived, as was Anastasius I by Baduila and _
by Theia, who were at war with the reigning emperor,
Justinian I. The heads of four kings are represented. First, the head of
Odovacar (PI. V. 7), probably an attempt at portraiture4; then, the deli-
cately engraved bust of Theodoric (Frontispiece), but this only on the
triple solidus,5 for his ordinary coins do not present his portrait. The
bust of Athalaric does not occur, but an armed figure on the bronze coins
of Rome (PI. VIII. 21) represents him, as the inscription indicates. The
next king, Theodahad, presents a finely modelled bust of himself, which
may be something of a likeness (PI. IX. 13-17),6 and for the first time
assumes a crown. There is no portrait of Witigis, and none of the latest
1 Cp. p. xxxii, supra. 2 See p. 93, infra.
3 A bronze coin of Justinian (p. 110, no. 24, infra) is inscribed ROMA (written retro-
grade and with MA in ligature).
4 p. xxx, supra. s p. xxxi, supra.
c p. xxxiv, supra.
xliv
INTRODUCTION
king, Theia. Baduila's head appears, crowned, on some of his bronze
coins (PL XI), but it is much less characteristic than Theodahad's, and
hardly a true portrait. His head on some of the silver money is entirely
conventional and modelled on the head of the Emperor Anastasius. Baduila
also appears as an armed warrior, reviving the type introduced by Athalaric
(PL XI. 30).
The Ostrogothic reverse types (especially on the silver), though often
effective and elegant as coin designs, do not evince much originality, and
the almost entire absence of religious symbolism is
noticeable. The usual reverse type is either the mono-
gram or the name of the king encircled by a massive wreath.
The silver coinage begins to assume an almost stereotyped form under
Athalaric and his successor Theodahad. Their half siliquae have rev. Mono-
gram in wreath ; their quarter siliquae, rev. Name in wreath
The half siliqua of Matasuntha has also as rev. Monogram in wreath,
but the half siliqua of her husband Witigis has rev. Name in wreath, while
his quarter siliqua has the monogram, in wreath.
Baduila follows his predecessor Witigis in taking for his half siliqua
the ' Name in wreath ' type, and for his quarter siliquae the ' Monogram in
wreath ' type. Theia copies Baduila in this.
The usual reverse type of the bronze coinage, especially the ten-nummi
pieces, is likewise the monogram, or the name of the king within a wreath.
The obv. of these coins is a bust of Invicta Roma. We have also busts of
Felix Ravenna and Felix Ticinus.
The quasi-autonomous bronze struck at Borne under Theodoric and
Athalaric supply some interesting types, all apparently connected with the
glories of ancient Rome.1 The obv. of these coins is a bust of Invicta Roma ;
the reverses are Victory on a prow ; an eagle ; two eagles near a tree,
which is probably the ficus ruminalw ; and the familiar group of the Wolf
and Twins.
A Table op Mints is appended : —
BULEK
MINT
MINT
MINT
MINT
Table of Odovacas
Ravenna
Rome
Mints. Theodoric
Ravenna
Rome
Milan
Athaiabic
Ravenna
Rome
Theodahad
Ravenna
Rome
Witigis
Ravenna
Matasuktha
Ravenna
Ticinum (?)
Ticinum (and others ?)
Badiuxa.
Rome
Theia
XP
. 99, infra
,.
Ticinum
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlv
On the Attribution of Italian Coins with Imperial Names
(Period of the Ostrogoths).
It has already been pointed out that over and above the coins which
are inscribed with the names or monograms of Ostrogothic kings there is
a considerable mass of money in gold, silver, and bronze which, judging
from its provenance, types, and style, evidently emanated from Italian
mints in the period of the Ostrogoths. These coins bear the name and
usually the head of an emperor, and their correct assignment in time and
place — hitherto but little discussed — is highly important if we would form
a correct idea of the currency of this period.1
The emperors chiefly represented are Zeno, Anastasius I, ' Justin '
(I and II), and Justinian I, their reigns covering the whole Ostrogothic
period (including the epoch of Odovacar). It may be convenient to examine
the coins with these names under the separate headings of gold, silver, and
bronze coinages.
GOLD COINS.
The frequent mention in Ostrogothic history of large payments of
pounds of gold would by itself suggest that the Ostrogoths, like other
Teutonic peoples, made use of gold money imitated from the coinage of the
Empire. The rhetorical formula composed by Gassiodorus for the Ostro-
gothic Master of the Mint, runs in this manner : — ' Let the flame of gold be
pale and unmixed, let the colour of silver smile with its gracious whiteness,
let the ruddy copper retain its native glow.' 2 And all doubt is dispelled
by the existence of gold solidi bearing the head of Anastasius I, but
inscribed on their reverse with the monogram of Theodoric and with the
mint-names of Ravenna and Rome (pp. 46, 55, infra). Although these
are the only gold coins that bear the name or monogram of an Ostrogothic
ruler, they furnish us with valuable clues of style and fabric for identifying
further imitative gold coins as Ostrogothic currency.3
Zeno, and the usurper Basiliscus. Both these Eastern emperors were
contemporary with Odovacar, and we find Italian coins
of the mints of Rome, Ravenna, and Milan bearing . .
their names. The difficulty is to determine which of
these coins were struck under Imperial authority, and which were issued
by the authority of Odovacar.
1 There are also anonymous (i. e. without name of emperor or king) bronze coins ot
Italy of the Ostrogothic period. These are discussed in the text, infra, p. 98, under 'Quasi-
autonomous coins of Rome and Ravenna '.
2 Var., vii. 32 ; Hodgkin's Letters of Cassiodorus, p. 338.
3 Some attention was devoted to these imitative gold coins by Charles Lenormant and
Ch. Robert, but their attempts to identify on them a number of Italian mint-names are
hazardous : see B. Biondelli, Sulle monete auree dei Goti in Italia, Milan, 1861 ; Keary,
Coinages of West. Europe, p. 44 ; cp. Friedlaender, Vandalen, pp. 59 f., and Marchant,
Lettres, p. 128 (ed. 1851). The work of de Salis in this field has already been alluded to
(p. xxix, supra).
xlTi INTRODUCTION
Their periods of rule are as follows : —
Zeno (first reign), 47-1 — Xov. 475.
Basiliscus, Xov. 475 — July, 477.
Odovaear, 23 Aug. 476^93.
Zeno (second reign). July, 477-491.
It will thus be seen that any Italian coins issued with Zeno's name
during his first reign (474-475) cannot have been struck by Odovaear.
whose reign began in 476 : nor can the earlier Italian issues of Basiliscus
have been struck by Odovaear. Odovocar may well, however, have imitated
the later coinages of Basiliscus (end of 476 to July, 477;, and subsequently
(after July, 477) have struck coins bearing the name of Zeno, then in his
second reign. It is thus difficult to discriminate between the coins that
may have been struck before Odovacar's accession and those struck after
it. In the case of the coins bearing the name of Basiliscus I have left all
the specimens among the Imperial series, not venturing to regard any as
imitative issues put forth by Odovaear.
In the case of the Italian coins bearing the name of Zeno, it is perhaps
possible to distinguish between those struck
The gold of Zeno's , . , . „ . . ,, ,-
dunncr his first reign — m the ordinary course,
second reign, probably as j^ ^ money_and those struck during
struck by Odovaear. ^ ^^ ^.^ thege ^ being imitative
coins issued by the authority, or with the allowance, of Odovaear.1
AxASTASirs I. There are solidi of Italian style inscribed CO MOB
(instead of CO NOB), which is usually, though not
' . invariably, a sign of Roman or of Italian origin.
Some of these have the rough and, so to speak, gritty
reverses which are characteristic of many coins of the Ravenna mint:
others were probably struck at Rome and Milan, and
all were no doubt the coinage of Theodoric. The
Theodoric
solidi were supplemented by various series of tre-
misses. apparently, from their style, struck both at Rome and Ravenna.
1 Zeno's gold coins are as follows : — Raceiuia. A solidus with RV of coarse style,
resembling the Italian coins of Basiliscus : this probably belongs to Zeno's first reign and
is thus Imperial. Solidi with a small narrow head (without RV) and some tremisses of
rough style were probably struck by Odovaear during Zeno's second reign.
Borne. Solidi of rough work like those of Basiliscus, and like the Ravenna coin above
assigned to Zeno's first reign, and therefore not of Odovaear. Tremisses (rer. Cross in
wreath. COMOB). An attribution is perhaps hazardous, but I venture to assign those
of fairly neat work (as regards the obverse) to the first reign of Zeno (thus they are
Imperial), and those with a ruder obverse head to Odovaear (PI. V. 3-5).
Mediolanum. Gold and silver. Count de Salis has apparently divided each series into
an earlier and a later class. The first of these might be regarded as of Zeno's first reign
(Imperial coinage) and the second as imitative issues of Odovaear. But I do not venture
to make the distinction, and the two classes may be treated as Imperial issues and not as
Odovaear s coinage.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlvii
Besides the coins above mentioned there are some solidi and many
tremisses which are of ruder style and (as can hardly be doubted) later
date. These pieces are certainly later than Theodoric (the contemporary of
Anastasius), and may well be assigned to the time of
Baduila and of Theia, who (as we know from their
9,T]rl Th©19,
named regal money) placed the head of the deceased
Anastasius upon their coins in lieu of the head of their contemporary
Justinian, with whom they were at war.
Justin I. This emperor was the contem-
j. m, , . , „ i . ■ p Gold with name of
porary of iheodoric and, tor a short time, of
Athalaric. The Ravenna solidi and tre- '
,, , , . . .. „ Theodoric and Athalaric.
misses that bear his name were therefore
probably struck by those kings.
Justinian I. Solidi and Tremisses. Justinian was the contemporary
of Athalaric, Theodahad, Witigis, Baduila, and
Theia. The two kings last named are not very likely '
, , • ,'"' \ i • i ■ °f Justinian I,
(as we nave just seen) to have issued coins
with the name of their enemy Justinian, and the choice of possible issuers
is therefore probably to be limited to Athalaric,
Theodahad, and Witigis. As these three rulers '
-. .-, . .,. ,, ,. T .. . Theodahad, and
issued silver coins with the name ot Justinian, ...
there is reason to suppose that they would also
issue gold coins imitated from the same emperor. The Italian gold coins
with Justinian's name may therefore be assigned to the period of these
three rulers, though it is hardly possible to make an exact assignment to
individual kings : certain solidi and tremisses which are of markedly
ruder style than others will naturally be attributed to Witigis rather than
to Athalaric or Theodahad.
Some still ruder solidi and tremisses with Justinian's name will be
found described infra in the Lombardic series.
Imperial issues of Justinian I. In addition to the above, there is
a series of solidi and tremisses with the name of Justinian recognizable by
its flat, spread fabric (PI. XVI. 11-16). These coins TTT<jTTi«TA-Kr'«!
were apparently classified by de Salis as Lombardic tiwptt-rtat
or Ostrogothic, and were not included by me in the _-.__.
British Museum Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine
Coins. I am now convinced that these coins, though of very bizarre
appearance, especially the solidi, are Imperial issues made
at Ravenna.1 They are, in fact, of the same fabric and
style as coins already recognized as the Ravenna currency of the Emperor
Justin II and his successors.2
1 A correction is therefore required of the statement in Imp.Byz. Coins, p. ciii n.,
that gold coins at Ravenna were ' apparently first issued in the reign of Justin II '.
2 Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 103.
xlviii INTRODUCTION
The earliest date at which these coins of Justinian can have been
struck is A. d. 540, when Ravenna passed from the Ostrogoths to Belisarius
and his master; but what we know of the Ravenna coinage from other
sources renders it likely that these gold coins were not issued till A. D. 555.
Now, the bronze coins issued under Justinian's authority in Italy bear as
their earliest date — and they are all dated — year '29',
i. e. A. d. 555/6.1 The gold coins are probably of the same
period, and the likeness between the emperor's head on the solidi and that
on the small bronze coins issued at Ravenna, A. D. 555-564, is remarkable.2
The Imperial coinage in Ravenna would thus seem to belong to the
period following the complete overthrow of the Ostrogothic kingdom, and
nearly to coincide with the rule of Narses in Italy, a. d. 555-567. 3
SILVER.
Zeno. The coin described infra, p. 44, Xo. 8, rev. Eagle (PI. V. 6),
may best be assigned to Odovacar. It seems to be a somewhat rude
copy (not, however, as regards the reverse, an
' exact imitation) of the silver coins of Zeno (Im-
with name of Zeno, . , . . , . , , , , .
penal issues), which were probably struck at
p Milan. The obverse head is not unlike the silver
bearing Odovacar's name (PI. V. 7). The mint was
probably Ravenna. With the eagle on the reverse compare the eagle on
the quasi- autonomous bronze of Rome (PI. XIII).4
Astastasius I. The silver coin (PL VII. 5) with rev. Victory and SC
was struck at Rome, and no doubt under Theodoric, perhaps at the time
of his visit in A. d. 500.
Silver
The coins with reverse *, p. 49, infra (PI. VI.
5-7), are thoroughly Ostrogothic in style, and have
Anastasius, struck , . <■ ■ » . ■ • . P -n
the appearance ot issues or the mint or Ravenna.
They resemble, especially in the blurred lettering,
certain silver coins of Theodahad and of Witigis, but seem to be earlier
than these reigns, and indeed both these kings indicated their own names
on their coins. They may, perhaps, be assigned to Theodoric5
1 See Imp.Byz. Coins, pp. 70, 71.
2 Compare, especially, the solidi of Ravenna (PI. XVI. 11) with the bronze of Ravenna
figured in Imp. Byz. Coins, PL X. 13, p. 71, No. 408 : in each case the curious treatment
of the corners of the eyes is remarkable.
3 Some solidi with the name of Justinian are attributed infra, p. Ill, to the Imperial
mint at Borne, partly on account of their resemblance to the remarkable solidus at Berlin
(PI. XVI. 4; infra, p. Ill ; Z. f. N., i, p. 303), reading ROMOB. A tremissis inscribed
ROMOB no doubt belongs to the same time (p. Ill, No. 29, infra).
4 Silver coins with rev. Standing figure and RV probably belong to Zeno's first reign
and are thus Imperial issues. On silver struck at Mediolanum with Zeno's name see
supra, p. xlvi n.
5 A coin with rev. T^+) is discussed, p. li n., infra, where it is assigned to Baduila.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlix
Justinus. There are silver coins inscribed IVSTINVS bearing the
numerals CN, PK€, and varieties of the sacred monogram on their reverses.
Coins withsimilar reverses also bear the name of Justinian.
These IVSTINVS coins have usually been regarded '
as Imperial issues of Justin I, but in the Catalogue of T "
Tii fltiuus
Imperial Byzantine Coins, p. 21, it was pointed out that
they might possibly have been struck after the death of Justin I as Ostro-
gothic issues of Baduila, who might be supposed to have revived the head
of the deceased Justin I for the same reason — hostility to Justinian — that
he had revived the head of Anastasius.1 I am now more fully convinced
than before that these coins are later than the lifetime of Justin I, and
I believe, moreover, that it can be shown that they are not Ostrogothic
but Imperial issues made by order of Justin II, the successor of Justinian.
On the supposition that the coins bear the name and head of the first
Justin, they must obviously be Ostrogothic issues, for in the reign of
Justin I the Imperial authority had not yet been regained over any of
the Italian cities. But if we regard the coins as Ostrogothic and compare
them with the named silver coins of the Ostrogothic kings, we are struck
by the differences between the two series. While the undoubted Ostro-
gothic coins are comparatively thick and compact, these supposed Ostro-
gothic coins of Justin ' I ' are thin and flat. The Ostrogothic coins, again,
show a well-modelled, rounded bust; in the other series
the bust is differently treated, and so also the cuirass .
and drapery. The ' Justin ' coins, then, are probably
not Ostrogothic, but in respect of their fabric and
the treatment of the bust they bear considerable
resemblance to the Imperial coins struck at Ravenna by Tiberius II
{Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 124, No. 161) and by Maurice Tiberius (ib., p. 156,
No. 281).
The coins, then, are not Ostrogothic issues of the period of Justin I
but Imperial issues of Justin II, and the view that we may best take of
the CN, &c, silver coins may be thus expressed. This coinage was
inaugurated by Justinian 1 2 at Ravenna, at some date after the year 540,
when the city passed from Ostrogothic into Imperial hands : probably the
date of the coinage was circ. 555-565. This Imperial coinage was con-
tinued at Ravenna in the time of Justinian's successor, Justin II, and all
the coins inscribed IVSTINVS were issued by him.3 Some silver coins of
similar fabric continued to be issued at Ravenna by Justin's successors,
Tiberius II and Maurice Tiberius.4
Justinian I. The numerous silver coins with CN, PK€, &c. (PI. XVII.
1 Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 21, 22. 2 See next paragraph.
3 But some imitations of these coins are probably Lombardic, and will be found
described infra in the Lombard Series.
* See infra, p. 122.
1 INTRODUCTION
1-23), may, as already suggested in the preceding paragraph, be regarded
as the Ravenna coinage of Justinian.1 The earliest
mpf n issue of Justinian's gold and bronze coins at Ravenna
coinage o probably took place circ. a. d. 555, and there is no
reason why these silver coins should not be assigned
a avenna. ^ ^e perioc[ 555_565. They were succeeded by simi-
lar silver coins of Justin II.2
The coins in PI. X. 4-7 and PI. XI. 9 are hard to attribute. They
&)
bear on the reverse a monogram fF Ll which is not identical with that
on any other Ostrogothic coins, but which, as Friedlaender has remarked,"'
is probably intended for the name of Theodorie
(Tedericvs). These coins, however, were undoubtedly
not issued by Theodorie himself, for the coins in PI. X,
4-7 bear the head of Justinian, whose accession took
place after Theodoric's death, and the coin in PI. XL 9, though it bears
the head of Aiiastasius I, the contemporary of Theodorie, is clearly, both
in style and fabric, of a much later period than that of the first Ostrogothic
king.
The coins, then, were not issued by Theodorie, and we have to inquire
at what subsequent period in Ostrogothic history money is likely to have
been struck with his monogram. Friedlaender suggests that these coins-
were struck at some crisis such as the interregnum between the fall of
Baduila and the election of Theia, or during the not universally recognized
rule of Eraric. A rather serious objection to this theory is that the coins
(with one exception) have on the obverse the head of Justinian. Nowr
this emperor's head was, as we know, repudiated by Baduila and Theia.
Neither Friedlaender nor Keary happens to have been aware of the-
rather remarkable resemblance existing between the head of Justinian
on one of these coins (PL X. 4) and the head of that emperor on a silver
coin (PL X. 11) of Matasuntha. This resemblance may fairly furnish
a clue to the date of the coins, and it may be suggested that their issue
took place somewhere in or about the time of Witigis and Matasuntha.
It would be possible to assign them to Ildibad and Eraric4 (a. d. 540-541),
the immediate successors of Witigis ; but these ephemeral rulers are not
_ , , known to have issued money bearing their own names.
Probably struck , ,. , . ., . , , , , .-, ,,
„ . . . and on the whole it is perhaps best to attribute the
by Witigis. . , „ „T. . .
coins to the reign of W ltigis.
According to this theory Witigis would have struck at Ravenna
1 A few of rude style are probably Lombardic. 2 See p. xlix, supra.
3 Friedlaender, .1/. d. Ostgoihen, p. 54 ; Pinder and Friedlaender, Miuizcn Justiniansr
pp. 65, 66.
4 Eraric entered into negotiations with Justinian.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES li
(i) half siliquae (PL X. 1-3) and bronze (PI. X. 8-10) on exactly the same
pattern as his predecessors, though bearing his own name ; (ii) quarter
siliquae (the coins now under discussion, PL X. 4-7) with the monogram
of Theodoric on their reverse, this monogram being intended to emphasize
the right of Witigis to the Ostrogothic crown, derived from his marriage
with Matasuntha, the granddaughter of Theodoric.1
Justin II. The silver coins (Imperial issues of Ravenna) attributed
to this emperor, have been discussed under ' Justinus ', p. xlix, supra.
BRONZE.
Numerous small coins, bearing as their reverse types the monograms
of Leo I, Zeno, and Anastasius I, have been dis-
, . T. , , , ,, „ , , Small bronze coins
covered m Italy-; but they are found also in
. „ . ,,, ., „ .ii with names of Leo,
Africa, and the evidence of provenance thus leaves
it undecided whether they are coins of the Ostro- '
goths or of the Vandals. If of Ostrogothic origin,
those with the head of Leo I and Zeno might be assigned to Odovacar ;
those with the head of Anastasius to Theodoric.
But all the coins in question are so rude, more especially in respect
■of the obverses, that they can hardly find a place among Ostrogothic
issues. They compare badly with the known Ostrogothic money, and
present — at least so far as I can detect — no features of style or fabric that
characterize the products of Ravenna, Rome, and other Italian mints.
They have therefore been here catalogued among
the miscellaneous coins of the Vandals (PI. Ill, IV), '
to which in style they bear sufficient resemblance. At the same time,
it is difficult to exclude the suspicion that a number
of these minute coins found their way into Italy „
i !ii ui t. n, n- ■ by the Ostrogoths,
and served to eke out the native Ostrogothic issues,
more especially in the petty buying and selling of everyday life. From
the number of coins of this class that occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard,
a hoard that must have been buried as late as the time of Baduila (died
552 A. D.), it might be inferred that these little coins did not cease to
circulate when Theodoric died, but formed a practical supplement to the
coinage for long years after his death.3
1 The little coin, p. 87, infra, PI. XI. 9, with rev. monogram of Theodoric, and obverse
Head of Anastasius 1 (of inferior style), may be assigned to the reign of Baduila who, as
is known from his named coins, substituted the head of this deceased emperor for that of
his hostile contemporary Justinian.
2 See Friedlaender's description of the Monte Roduni hoard in his Munzen der Vandalen,
pp. 41 f.
3 So in England in the thirteenth century a mass of small foreign, coins were imported,
and though illegal tender, practically played the part of currency of the realm. The
Hi INTRODUCTION
Anastasids I. Bronze assigned to Theodoric : see text, infra, p. 51.
Justin I. The various coins of Italian origin bearing the name of
Justinus (and others bearing the name of Justinianus) have been insuffi-
ciently discussed by numismatists, though they present
Bronze Coins & number of not unimportant problems. Thus we have
of Justinus. tQ determine whefctler the IVSTINVS of the coins was
the first or second emperor of that name ; whether the coins are Imperial
issues or Ostrogothic, or partly of both classes ; at what periods they were
issued, and at what mints.
The coins inscribed IVSTINVS are small pieces marked V (PI. VI.
18-24), and also some marked € (PI. VI. 16, 17)} It is not easy to decide
between the claims of the two Justins to these coins, but I think an
attribution to Justin I has most in its favour. The head of the emperor,
it must be observed, is represented in profile, and if the coins were issued
by Justin II we should expect the head to be shown facing, in accordance
with the practice introduced by his predecessor Justinian.2 And an
attribution to Justin I receives further support when we compare the
treatment of the head (small and in high relief) with the head of Justinian
found on small bronze of Athalaric (cp. PL VI. 16-18 with PI. VIII. 15-18).3
On the reasonable assumption, then, that these coins bear the head of
Justin I, it follows that they were issues of the Ostrogoths and not of the
emperor who had no foothold in Italy. They
ro a y y m^ ^e attributed to Theodoric, though it is
s '. possible that some may have been issued by
name 1 ' Athalaric, who was, for a short time, the contem-
porary of Justin I. The style of the coins — note the well-modelled bust
in prominent relief — suggests that they were struck at the Ravenna mint.
issue of bronze tokens by private traders supplied the dearth of official small change
during part of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
1 Obv. Head of Justin in profile. Rev. 6 in wreath. — There are bronze coins with a
similar rev. but with obr. Head of Justinian I, and rather thicker and larger than the
' Justin ' coins. Several specimens are in the British Museum, where I have found them
classed with the Italian or Ostrogothic coins. I am not aware that they are known to be
of Italian provenance : perhaps the occurrence of the wreath on the rev. may have been
supposed by de Salis, or whoever arranged the coins, to be indicative of Ravenna. But
the wreath is not much like the wreaths that are found on undoubted coins of that mint,
nor do the obverses seem to me to be of Italian style. From the general treatment of
the bust (especially of the drapery) I should be disposed to assign them to the mint of
Carthage, where, however, we already find € coins marked with the mint-name (CAR).
Besides these, there are in the British Museum bronze coins with a similar rev., £ in
wreath, but with a, full-face head of Justinian I on the obr. These are probably of the
same mint (Carthage ?) as the € coins of Justinian with profile head, just described.
2 Or, as an alternative, we should expect that the obv. would have consisted of facing
figures of Justin II and Sophia, the usual obv. of the Imperial bronze coins of Justin II.
8 Compare also the head of Odovacar on his small bronze, PI. V. 8, 9.
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. ROMAN COINS OF JUSTINIAN liii
Justinian I. The coins of the denomination A nummi (PI. VIII.
11-14) are of the same style as the pieces with the
name of Justin I, marked V, which we have just Bronze,
assigned to the Ravenna mint under Theodoric with Justinian's
(PI. VI. 18, *c). They may therefore be assigned name' struck
to Athalaric, Theodoric's successor, who was a con- by Athalaric.
temporary of Justinian I.1
Coins of Rome, chiefly of M and K denominations. In the Catalogue
of Imperial Byzantine Coins (pp. xvii, xviii, cii) doubts were expressed as
to whether any Imperial coins of Justinian were , . , ,
n j.™ .L-i- rm j i.i. Imperial bronze
struck at Rome until arc. A. D. 552, and the scanty . . .
issues of the Roman mint under Justinian's immediate
successors seemed to bear out this view. Count de
Salis appears to have considered that these coins were Ostrogothic and not
Imperial. But though this view ,as to the non-Imperial nature of the
coins is not to be hastily dismissed, I am now of opinion that these P*l
and K pieces (and also some others noted below) are best accounted for
on the supposition that they are Imperial issues. The insertion of them
in the Ostrogothic series proper would rather overload that coinage,
especially as we could not place them later than the earlier part of the
reign of Theodahad, for the reason that Theodahad at last repudiated the
head of Justinian, and his successors, Baduila and Theia, to a great extent
did likewise. On the other hand, there is no insuperable difficulty in
recognizing in them the Roman coinages of Justinian.
The earliest date at which coins of a true Imperial character can have
been issued at Rome is Dec. 536, when Justinian, through his general.
Belisarius, first became master of the city. The M coins, of fine style
(PI. XV. l-i), and the corresponding K coins (PI. XV. 9-14), may well
have been minted at that time, and a comparison of them with the large
1 The mint-place was no doubt Ravenna: compare the obv. of bronze nummi
of Ravenna with rev. monogram of Athalaric (PL VIII. 16-18). Besides the /\ coins
with the head of Justinian there are pieces of the V denomination. One of these (PI.
VIII. 15), of small module, resembles the nummi of Athalaric (rev. monogram of Athalaric,
PI. VIII. 16-18), and may be assigned to him. The other coins marked V (PI. IX.
7-10) are of larger module and display a different treatment of the head of Justinian on
the obv. (it is in lower relief and in some cases resembles the head on the earliest
Imperial coins of Justinian struck at Rome). Perhaps they may best be assigned to
the reign of Theodahad (early part). Their style is not distinctively that of Ravenna,
but their rev. type, V in wreath, fits in better with the bronze coins of Ravenna than
with the coinage of Rome.
On coins of Justinian with fc on rev. see supra, p. lii, note 1.
liv INTRODUCTION
M (40 nummi) bronze of Theodahad (a. d. 534-536), especially in regard
to the treatment of the head (PI. IX. 13-18), sug-
CLVC 536— 5S8 ■ • -i
gests that the coins belong to about this period,
i. e. Dec. 536-circ. 538.
Some of the M coins (PI. XV. 5-8) form a class by themselves,
distinguished by their relatively light weight and their fabric, and by the
dry and careless engraving of the head. We could imagine these as
spreading over a period of several years, but in view of the fact that we have
a new type of M coin — with a facing head — to fit into the Roman system,
it may be necessary to make the above-mentioned coins with the profile
head cease about a.d. 538. The degeneracy of the M coins with the
profile head may, indeed, be accounted for, not unsatisfactorily, by a dis-
organization of the mint caused by the great siege of Rome under Witigis.
This siege began in March, 537, and was only abandoned in March, 538.
• _,_ Soon after the departure of the Goths the PI coin,
full-fac t ' w*tn *ne fu^-face neac* °f Justinian (PI. XVI. 6), may
have been minted. It cannot at any rate have been
issued earlier than this, for it was only after April, 538/9, that Justinian
introduced this full-face portrait on the principal coins of the Empire.
The full-face M issue at Rome was no doubt accompanied by full-
face 1 coins (one of which is in fact inscribed R.0 M) and by minute bronze
pieces with reverse, Lion, a type which is found also on the bronze of
Baduila, a. d. 541-552. It would probably be during this period, A. D. 538-
549, that the gold solidi with the full-face bust of Justinian, and the
tremissis with ROMOB were issued by the Imperial authority at Rome
(see p. xlviii, supra, note 3).
So far as we know no further Imperial coins were issued at Rome
till a.d. 552/3, when a (dated) coin of /\/\ nummi (henceforth the
highest denomination in bronze at Rome) was put into
circulation (see Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 70, No. 402, PI. X. 11).
A similar piece of /\/\ nummi was afterwards issued at Rome by Jus-
tinian's successor, Justin II (ib., p. 102].1
1 There are also small bronze coins with obv. Head and name of Justinian I facing.
Rev- ujj^ within wreath. Specimens occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Fried-
laender, M. d. Vand., p. 43 ; Pinder and Priedlaender, Munzen Justinians, p. 54, with
A CO), and they may possibly be Italian, i.e. Imperial coins of Justinian, struck (because
of the facing head) not earlier than a.d. 538. On the other hand, the rev. type is of
the kind found on Imperial coins of Carthage, and a specimen in the British Museum,
weight 6 grains, probably comes from an African source (Doubleday purchase, 1849,
7-17-374). The style of this specimen is not distinctly Italian, and on the whole, these
coins may perhaps be best regarded as Imperial struck at Carthage, circ. a.d. 539-541.
In the British Museum are two small bronze pieces (weight, 7 grains and 7-7 grains)
which seem to be rude (African ?) imitations of these coins.
I am also inclined to regard as Imperial African (of Justinian I) the following small
§ 3. LOMBARDS. ANONYMOUS COINS
§ 3. Coinage of the Lombard Kings.1
The domination of the Lombardic invaders of Italy was of longer
duration than the Ostrogothie, and extended — so far as concerns the
Lombard kingdom — over a period of more than two centuries, from Alboin
the conqueror and 'Lord of Italy ' (a. d. 568-572) to Desiderius, the last
king who, in June, 774, became the prisoner of Charlemagne.
The number of coins inscribed with the names of Lombard rulers is
not large, but in order to ascertain the total output of their mints it is
necessary to take into account a considerable mass of gold and silver money
which, though modelled on the Imperial coinages, is evidently not Imperial,
and is of Italian style and provenance.
The practice of inscribing the coins with the king's name did not arise
till the Lombard kingdom had been long in existence, and perhaps not till
late in the seventh century.2 In the time of Cunincpert (a. d. 688-700) the
practice first becomes settled, and the Lombard coinage assumes its well-
marked characteristics. This coinage of Cunincpert, imitated by his suc-
cessors, is found to consist almost entirely of gold, the coins being of
a single denomination — the tremissis, and, as shown by its flat, bracteate-
like fabric, is evidently derived from the Imperial solidi struck at Ravenna.
The main difficulties of attribution arise in the period that extends from
Alboin to Cunincpert, or perhaps from Alboin to Rothari, and have hardly
been noted by previous inquirers.3 Though I am
, ,, J r . , , * , . ,, „ % . Attribution of the
aware of the conjectural nature or the following
,.,,.,. . i . i anonymous coins of
attributions, there may at least be some con-
, , , . ,, . , , „ , . the Lombard, kings,
vemence m attempting them instead or leaving
the coins to swell the already lengthy list of ' Uncertain ' pieces imitated
from Imperial issues.
First, then, there are several types of small silver coins (CN, &c,
PI. XVIII. 3-13) bearing the name of Justinian I, but which, from the
rudeness of their style, we cannot suppose to be Imperial, or even Ostro-
gothie money.4 If these are Lombardic imitations, as I suggest, they must
coin in the British Museum : dbv. Bust facing, draped ; on each side, a star : border of
p
dots. Rev. a|u, : border of dots. M Size -35 inch. Wt. 8 grains (Doubleday purchase,
1849, 7-17-288). Cp. the rev. type on silver Carthage coins of Justinian and of Phoeas.
1 The coinage of the Lombard Duchy of Beneventum is discussed in § 4.
2 The coins believed to bear the names of Rothari, of Grimwald and Perctarit [Cata-
logue, infra), may be, more or less, of doubtful attribution.
3 Count de Salis does not seem to have given any special study to the Lombard
series. Mr. Keary's descriptions (Coinages of W. Europe, p. 96) begin only with
Cunincpert.
4 They might, conceivably, be very careless productions of the Imperial mint of
Ravenna, but this seems less likely than the supposition that they are barbarous imita-
lvi INTRODUCTION
have been made as early as the time of Alboin (568-572), for Justinian died
in 565, and we have similar (i. e. Lombardic) imitations of the silver coins
of his successor Justin II. There are also certain imitative gold tremisses
with the name of ' Justin ' (II) 1 which, in style, already foreshadow the
gold coins of Cunincpert.
To the reigns of Alboin and Cleph and the period of interregnum
which followed the reign of Cleph I would,
omag o , therefore, assign the following coins : —
Gold. Tremisses with name of Justin IL
Silver, (i) With name of Justinian I. (ii)
" ' "" With name of Justin II. (iii) With types of
Tiberius II.
The second group of imitative coins (tremisses and small silver) bears
the name of Maurice Tiberius, who reigned
from 582 to 602, his reign being thus nearly
and AGILULF, , ' ... ,, s . „s ,, . ._„/
contemporaneous with the rule of Authari (584-
a.d. 584-615. g90^ and AgiM£ (590_615)3 by whom we may
well suppose these coins to have been minted.
We have next to deal with three groups of coins (mainly tremisses)
which bear (i) the name of Heraclius, (ii) the name of Constans II, (iii) the
blundered name of an emperor. All these coins are of smaller module than
the tremisses with the name of Maurice Tiberius above referred to, and in
the case of i. and ii. there are peculiarities about the engraving of the
types that differentiate them from the Lombardic imitations of the coins of
Maurice Tiberius and from the later Lombard issues of Cunincpert. Yet in
one notable point — the raised annular border — they seem to proclaim them-
Coinage of ADALWALD, selves coms of Northern (rather than of
AEIWALD, and ROTHARI, Southern or Central) Italy, and apparently
a.d. 615-652. the conclusion to be drawn is that they
are regal issues of the Lombards.2 Class
Coinage of EODWALD, i# (with the name of Heraclius) we might
ARIPERT I, PERCTARIT assign to Adalwald, Ariwald, and Eothari ;
with GODEPERT, and ciass ii. (wifch the name of Constans II)
GEIMWALD, to R0dwald, Aripert I, Perctarit with
a.d. 652-circ. 671. Godepert, and Grimwald.3 This would
carry the coinage to about the year 671.
tions. Another possible view, viz. that they are forgeries made in or near Ravenna to
compete with the contemporaneous Imperial coins, seems improbable because, though
some of the specimens are of rather light weight, the quality of the metal does not
appear to be inferior to that of the Imperial coins.
1 Possibly careless productions of the Imperial mint, but rather I think (Lombardic)
imitative coins.
3 A less probable view would be that they belong to the Imperial mint of Ravenna.
3 To Grimwald, however, W. Boyne has attributed with fair probability a tremissis
of different types, namely, the monogram of the king's name ; see infra, p. 133.
§ 3. LOMBARDS. PERCTARIT. CUNINCPERT lvii
Class iii (with a blundered name accompanying the obverse head) must
probably be placed after the coins with the name of Constans II, though it
is uncertain which Emperor's name is intended to be recorded. But that
the coins are later than those (class ii) with the name of Constans II is
probable for the following reasons : — (i) because the obverse legend has
ceased to be intelligible; (ii) the module is smaller and the flan thicker;
(iii) the purity of the gold shows signs of deterioration, several specimens
being evidently of electrum. It should be added that these tremisses
display a peculiarity which characterizes the gold coins of Cunincpert (circ.
a. D. 688) 'and of later Lombard kings, namely, the placing (on the obv.) of
a letter (which may or may not indicate the name of the mint) in close
proximity to the head. These coins, I sue;- „ . „ _
r , J , , -r, ., . , . Coinage of PERCTARIT,
great, may belong to rerctarit (second reign,
672-688). These proposed attributions of
the imitative Lombard coins, which, it must be repeated, are distinctly
conjectural, bring us down to the reign of „ . „ _ ,„„„„,,,,„
n ■ ;,Coo ~nn\ v, 4. u Coinage of CUNINCPERT,
Cunincpert (688-700), who seems to have
been the first king to institute what may
be called an original, as opposed to an imitative, Lombard coinage. He
places his name on the obverse of the coins, and on the reverse the figure
of the archangel Michael (PI. XX. 1, 2). His coins are thin and spread,
and bear a considerable resemblance to the Lombard imitations of the
coins of Maurice Tiberius, with reverse, Victory (PI. XVIII. 22-24), but not,
as would have been expected, to the Lombard imitations of the coins of the
later Emperors Heraclius and Constans II, which have a cross potent as
their reverse.
This circumstance — the apparent derivation of the coins of Cunincpert
from the imitative coins bearing the name of Maurice Tiberius — may seem
to throw doubt on the correctness of our attribution to Lombard kings of
the imitative coins with the names of Heraclius and Constans II ; yet it is
difficult to see in what other way the long interval between Maurice Tiberius
and Cunincpert is to be bridged, unless, indeed, we are to suppose, what
does not seem probable, that the Lombard kings from the time of Authari
(A. D. 584) till the days of Cunincpert (A. d. 688) issued no gold coinage
except such as bore the name and types of Maurice Tiberius.
It has been observed by Gregorovius that the Roman civilization in
Italy was protected by the Ostrogoths and destroyed by the Lombards.
The correctness of this observation seems to be _ ,
. , . Rude character of
borne out at any rate as regards the regal
i T7.iuu4.u- the Lombard coinage,
coinage of these peoples, h or though the coin-
age of both is based on Roman models, of
which in many cases it is merely a slavish reproduction, the money of
the Ostrogoths displays, on the whole, not only neatness in execution
but a certain elegance in design. The Lombard coinage, on the con-
h
lviii INTRODUCTION
trary, remains, almost till the fall of the kingdom, both rude in work-
manship and poor in conception. The Lombard State in itself was,
indeed, not unprogressive, if we may judge by contrasting the Code of
Rotharl with the laws of Liutprand, and, again, the laws of Liutprand with
those of the later kings, Ratchis and Aistulf. Moreover, certain of the
Lombard rulers — the Queen Theudelinda and the gentle Perctarit — en-
couraged the art of the architect and even of the painter by the fine
buildings that they caused to be erected and decorated. But their personal
tastes never influenced the coinage. From the first king Alboin (568/9)
till the time of Grimwald (662), or perhaps even later, the Lombard coinage
was a more or less barbarous reproduction of the gold and silver money of
the Empire. Grimwald and Perctarit, who (in his second reign) succeeded
him, made — if the attributions of numismatists are correct — some attempt at
innovation, but it was not till the (sole) reign of Cunincpert (688-700) that
the coinage became distinctive. Cunincpert's tremissis is in fabric and
style a kind of caricature of the Imperial coins of Ravenna, but, as we have
already seen, he inscribed it with his own name and introduced as the
reverse-type the winged figure of St. Michael, the patron saint of the Lom-
bards.1 And in selecting this latter type he was perhaps influenced by
a recollection of the figure of Victory which had formerly appeared on the
gold coinage of the Lombards in imitation of Roman originals.
The gold coins of Liutprand (712-744), the greatest of the Lombard
kings and the ruler who came nearest to consolidating a great Lombard
kingdom of Italy, are crude repetitions of the types of Cunincpert.2
Lastly, the gold or electrum tremissis of Aistulf (749-756) (PI. XX. 9),
which was imitated by his successor Desiderius and even by Charlemagne,
is, by contrast, neat in fabric and lettering : the conventional cross potent
of the Byzantine money is retained for one side of the coin, but on the
reverse a not ineffective ornament is introduced which may be described
either as a star or, more probably, as the corolla of a flower. The signifi-
cance of this type has not been discovered, and perhaps it may be said that
it is merely decorative.
The legends present few features of interest. For a long series of years
they are merely reproductions — and often very illiterate and meaningless re-
productions— of those of the Imperial coins, that is, they record
the Emperor's name and the familiar VICTORIA AVCVSTO-
HV M . The king's style — from the time of Cunincpert — is D [ominus] N [oster]
. . . KEX. In one case, possibly Christianus Rex (CR.X, p. 147, infra).
Little use is made of monogrammatic types such as were favoured by
the Ostrogoths. If we except the coinages attributed to Grimwald (gold,
with monogram) and Perctarit (silver), the only instances are the monogram
on the silver of Liutprand and that on the quasi-autonomous coins of Lucca.
1 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vi. 317.
2 See PI. XX. 1-2 ; 4-6. On his silver coins Liutprand places his monogram as
a reverse type.
§ 3. LOMBARDS.' LEGENDS. WEIGHTS. lix
The figure of St. Michael is identified by SCS MIHAHIL, and an
inscription of some importance is the word FLA VI A found on the tre-
misses of Aistulf and Desiderius in Flavia Luca, Flavia Ticino, Flavia
Sibrio, Flavia Placentia .Augusta], &c.
The application of an epithet to a city may possibly have been
suggested by earlier coin-legends (chiefly Ostrogothic) such as ' Felix
Carthago,' ' Felix Ravenna,' ' Felix Ticinus,' ' Invicta Roma,' but, of course,
the word flavius had been in use elsewhere and long before the Lombard
period — as Flavia Vindobona, Flavius Constantinus, Flavius Iustinianus.
Originally importing connexion with the gens Flavia, the name was revived
by the Constantine family, was employed by Byzantine Emperors (Ana-
stasius I, &c), and was adopted by the Lombard kings from the time
of Authari onwards, though no Lombard ruler inscribed it upon his
confessedly regal coins. Paulus (H. L., iii. 16) declares that Authari
received the title on account of his position of dignity — quern etiam ob
dignitatem 1 Flavium appellarunt — and, as Mr. Hodgkin has remarked,2 it
may have been regarded as to some extent 'putting the seal of Roman
legitimacy upon barbaric conquest '. So, Odovacar and Recared the
Visigoth had called themselves ' Flavius'.
As applied to a city, the epithet ' Flavia ' (as in ' Flavia Luca ') may
be something more than an ornamental one and may, as Hartmann3 has
suggested, have a technical meaning, implying that the city was a ' royal
burgh ' under the jurisdiction of the king or his representative, and not
under the control of one of the more or less independent Lombard Dukes.
Gold. The only denomination is the tremissis, weighing,4 in the case
of the imitative coins bearing the names of the Emperors (Justin II to
Constans II), from 22 grains to a little more than 23 .
grains. The small thick tremisses that we have attributed
to Perctarit (PI. XIX. 14-25) weigh 23 grains (highest), "•«"""»•
but among these are some specimens in electrum which weigh less than
20 grains.
From the time of Cunincpert the tremissis (at least so far as specimens
in the present catalogue suggest) shows a tendency to decline in weight,
and under Aistulf and Desiderius the coin is of pale gold or electrum.
Cunincpert, 21-7 grains (highest).
Aripert II, 20-4 „ „
Liutprand, 19-5 „ „ (with large spread flans).
1 Cp. ' suscepit Agilulf . . . regiam dignitatem ' (the office of king), H. L., iii. 35.
2 Italy, &c, v. p. 234. So also J. Weise, Italien und die Langobardenherrscher,
1887, p. 73.
s Quoted by Kubitschek in Numismatische Zeitschrift (Wien), 1909, p. 46. See also
as to 'Flavia ', P. Bordeaux in Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 107.
* The weights cited are chiefly those of specimens in the British Museum.
lx INTRODUCTION
Ratchis, about 20 grains (Coll. of H.M. the King of Italy).
Aistulf , 1 7-4 grains (pale gold).
Desiderius, 17-2 ; 16-6; 10-6 (eleetrum).
Quasi-autonomous of Lucca, 21 (highest) (eleetrum).
Silver. The silver coinage — if our attributions are well founded —
must have been of some importance in the earlier period of the Lombard
kingdom, from Alboin to Agilulf, but, later, was not minted on a large
scale.
In the latter half of the seventh century King Perctarit (672—688) — if
the coins in question are correctly assigned — introduced a bracteate-like
coinage of low weight (3-4 grains, highest in Brit. Mus.), but his example
was not imitated. The silver coins struck by Liutprand are of the ordinary
fabric and weigh 8-4 grains (highest).
The weights of coins in the British Museum are as follows : —
Justinian I ' . .
CN
15-8
grains
)! 5>
-P
11-
}»
(highest).
)) )? '
T and "f
5-8
)?
>■>
Justin II ' . . .
*
11-7
3>
J'
Tiberius II ' . .
small M
6-1
:!
ri
Maurice Tiberius '
CN
16-
>>
)j
»
>>
4-5
JJ
(small module).1
Heraclius "...
small JR
4-
)3
(highest).
Perctarit ' . . .
bracteates
3-4
8-4
J3
33
Bronze. It is curious that there are no coins in bronze identifiable as
Lombardic. It may be that some of the small bronze pieces that we have
referred to in connexion with the Vandals and the Ostrogoths had a circu-
lation in the Lombard dominions. But the conjecture could only perhaps
be accepted if we obtained evidence of the occurrence of such coins in
hoards of gold and silver money of undoubted Lombard origin.
The whole series of imitative coins (except the small tremisses ascribed
to Perctarit) is devoid of mint-marks or bears only the mechanically
repeated CON OB of the Imperial coins. It is natural to suppose
that these coins were struck at Pavia (Ticinum), which from
the reign of Alboin onwards was the capital of the Lombard kings.2
On the gold coins assigned to Perctarit, Cunincpert, Aripert II, and
Liutprand, a number of letters occur which might prima facie be regarded
as indicating the place of issue, but it is not till the reign of Aistulf
(a. D. 749) that the coins are inscribed in full with a mint-name. One type
1 There is also a coin marked PK€, Hirsch, Catal., cited infra, p. 129.
2 Pavia was not captured till 572 ; any coins issued by Alboin before that date
were probably struck at his capital, Verona. Cp. L. Schmidt, Gesch. der deutschen
Stamme, Berlin, 1910, p. 453.
§ 3. LOMBARDS. MINTS. § 4. BENEVENTUM lxi
of this king's tremisses bears the inscription Flavki Luca, and the tremisses
of Desiderius not only bear the name of Lucca and of Pavia but of five
other mints : — Milan, Castel Seprio (' Sebrio '), Treviso, Vicenza, and Vercelli.
Whether these coins which show such a remarkable resemblance to one
another in style and design were struck at the different cities whose names
they record, or whether they really emanated from one central mint (Pavia
or Lucca), is a difficult point, which can hardly be settled without the minute
examination of a large number of specimens. The mention of Lucca on
the coins of Aistulf suggests that it had risen to a position of especial
importance, and, later, we find it issuing coins of a quasi-autonomous
character (p. 150, infra).
The occurrence of these numerous mint-names on the coins of Desi-
derius renders it at least arguable that the letters (already referred to) on
the coins of Perctarit, Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Liutprand may likewise
indicate the names of mints. These letters are usually placed in close
proximity to the head of the obverse, and are mainly as follows : —
Perctarit (small tremisses), B, 2, < ; star.
Cunincpert, B, D, M, V ; hand.
Aripert II, C, M, S.
Liutprand, (H or M ?), L, M, N, S, S, T, V ; hand.
€
Some of these letters might readily be identified with mints ; thus,
M, Milan, L, Lucca, S and S, Seprio, T, Ticinum or Treviso, V, Vicenza.
€
But, on the other hand, there are others which cannot be so easily deter-
mined; such are B, D, N, and the symbols star and hand. Moreover, the
infrequent occurrence of T — supposing it to mean Ticinum (Pavia) — is
remarkable. It may also be pointed out that these letters do not stand
alone, but are sometimes accompanied by other letters which are engraved
on the bust of the obverse. Thus, in the coinage of Liutprand, S before the
€
head is accompanied by A ( = A ?) on the bust, T before the head has the
same A on the bust, V before the head has L on the bust, the ' hand ' before
the head has C on the bust.
It may be prudent, therefore, at least on the present evidence, to
refrain from identifying any of these letters as the initials of mint-places.
§ 4. Coinage of the Duchy and Principality of Beneventum.
Of the four great Lombard duchies (sixth to eighth century a.d.), Bene-
ventum, Spoletium, Tridentum (Trent), and Forum
Julii (Friuli), the first only is known to have e °Ur Srea
i . c ., mi, •. ■ .r Lombard Duchies.
possessed a coinage of its own. ihe position ot
practical independence, in relation to the Lombard kingdom, which was
lxii INTRODUCTION
won by the Dukes of Beneventum was, indeed, attained also by Spoletium,
and the apparent absence of coins in the latter case is somewhat remark-
able.1 If the Dukes of Spoletium ever issued money it was probably
imitative of the Imperial coinage and devoid of distinctive letters or
symbols such as those which enable us to classify the coins of Beneventum ;
and its identification, if practicable, must be left to Italian antiquaries who
are in a position to note what coins are found at Spoleto and in its neigh-
bourhood. The duchies of Tridentum 2 and Forum Julii,3 partly owing to
their northerly position, fell more readily under the regal jurisdiction
than did Spoletium and Beneventum, the duchies of central and southern
Italy, and the complete absence of coinage in their case is therefore less
surprising.
In this volume, then, we have only to deal with the coinage of
the single duchy of Beneventum, and the present introductory section
may be comparatively brief, seeing that numismatists already possess in
M. Arthur Sambon's monograph * a sufficient, if not completely exhaustive,
survey and description of the Beneventum coinage, arranged in a very
well-considered sequence.
The earliest coins that can be identified with certainty as Beneventan
_ , „ are gold solidi and tremisses marked with the letter R.,
Duchy of . 6 .
_ which is evidently — iudging by the analogy of later
B6HGVGntiirQ
_,. , . ' coins — the initial of their issuer, Duke Bomoald II, who
ruled from a.d. 706 to 731. These coins (PI. XXI. 5-15)
coinages.
are closely modelled on the money of the Emperor
Justinian II struck during his first reign, a.d. 685-695.5
In the long period that elapsed between the founding of the Bene-
ventan duchy (circ. a.d. 571) and the accession of Romoald II (A.D. 706), we
may suppose that the currency of the dukes consisted of Imperial coins of
the Constantinople, Ravenna, and Roman mints, or of imitations of those
coins. There are some grounds for believing 6 that at least as early as the
time of Romoald II the Imperial solidi had ceased to have any considerable
circulation in the duchy, but it may fairly be asked whether it is possible
1 See F. and E. Gnecchi, Sagg. di libliografia num., p. 368; C. Kunz in Periodico di
num. e sfrag., Florence, 1871, pp. 158 f.; Bull, di mini, e sfrag., Camerino, 1884, vol. ii
pp. 83 f.
2 F. and E. Gnecchi, op. cit., p. 386. During the Frankish invasion, according to
Paulus Diaconus, ransom was paid on the Tridentine side at the rate of a solidus per
head, the amount in this particular case being 600 solidi (Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders,
vi. 32). But there is nothing to show that this was paid in a native ducal coinage.
3 Cp. F. and E. Gnecchi, op. cit., p. 393.
4 Reciieil des monnaies de Vltalie meridionale. Be'necent. Published in Le Muse'e for
June, 1908, and following parts.
5 See B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. 38, Nos. 13, 14, Constantinople mint, and PI. 39,
Nos. 16, 17, Roman mint.
6 Sambon, s.v. Romoald II.
§ 4. BENEVENTUM. EARLY COINS. WEIGHTS lxiii
to identify any of the imitative solidi and tremisses which we may well
suppose that the Dukes of Beneventum — like the Lombard kings and so
many of the German invaders of the Empire — continued to issue until such
time as native currencies developed themselves. Sambon has not attempted
to identify any such imitative pieces, though an identification could
probably best be made by an Italian numismatist well acquainted with the
usual provenance of coins. There are, however, a few specimens in the
British Museum which seem to me to have some claim to be considered
Beneventan, and these are accordingly described, infra, pp. 189-92, under
the heading of ' Uncertain Beneventan Coinages '. They bear the names of
Constans II and Constantine IV, and may be regarded as the imitative
coinage1 of Grimoald I, Romoald I, Grimoald II, and Gisulf I, i.e. the
coinage of the period circ. a.d. 660-706. Besides these there is another
series which closely resembles the Beneventan Coins of Romoald II, namely,
the solidi and tremisses, which, in the British Museum Catalogue of Imperial
Byzantine Coins (II, pp. 342-5 ; cp. I, p. xxxii), are grouped together as
the ' Central and South Italian ' coins of Justinian II, first reign, a. d.
685-695. Taken by themselves, these pieces might well be regarded as
Beneventan, and as constituting the currency of Grimoald II and Gisulf I,
the dukes who immediately preceded Romoald II, the first ruler (as we
have seen) to stamp his money with the initial of his name. On the other
hand, it must be borne in mind that these Central and South Italian coins
were issued not only with the name of Justinian II, but also with the
names of many succeeding Emperors, and that they continued to be minted
long after the Beneventan rulers (beginning with Romoald II) had adopted
the practice of stamping their coins with an indication of the ducal name.
The later coins of the Central and South Italian class it is almost impossible
to attribute to Beneventum (for this attribution would involve the highly
improbable existence of two concurrent coinages, one quasi-Imperial, the
other marked as ducal), and it would probably also be hazardous to assign
the earlier pieces of the same class to the mints of the duchy.
We may say, then, on the present evidence, that a strictly Beneventan
coinage first arose under Romoald II (a.d. 706), but that there is some reason
to think that his predecessors, from at least about A.D. 660, issued gold
money that was imitative of that of Constans II and Constantine IV.
The usual denominations are the solidus and tremissis, of gold, or
purporting to be of gold. No regular silver coinage appears till the reign
of Grimoald III, when the denarius is introduced
(a. d. 788-792) under the influence of Charlemagne.2
From Romoald II to Grimoald III (circ. 706-806) and weiShts-
well-preserved specimens of the solidus usually weigh rather more than
1 Or, rather, probably only a portion of such coinage.
2 Small silver coins (weights, 4-8 and 3-7 grains, Brit. Mus. specimens) are somewhat
doubtfully attributed (p. 159, infra) to Duke Gregory, a.d. 732-739. With regard to the
lxiv INTRODUCTION
60 grains (60 to 62 or 64 grains). The tremissis during the same period
weighs from 19 to 21 grains.
In the later reigns (Sico, Sicardus, and Radelchis I, circ. A. D. 817-851)
the weight of the solidus falls off, and is commonly less than 60 grains.
The weights of the heaviest specimens of the denarius in the British
Museum are as follows : —
Grimoald III. 22-1 grs. (chipped) ; also about 24 and 21 grs.
(Sambon).
Grimoald IV. 22-1 grs.
Sico. 19-9 grs. ; about 21 grs. (Sambon).
Sicardus. 19-2 grs.
Radelchis I. 18-8 grs.
Adelchis. 16-6 ; 18-3. grs.
In respect of fineness the denarius is of good alloy, but the quality
of the solidus and tremissis varies much. According to the analyses cited
by M. Sambon, the differences of the gold coins are as follows. The
coins of Romoald II are 20 carats fine, and those of Gregory from 20 to
18 carats. The gold of the three succeeding dukes — Gottschalk, Gisulf II,
and Liutprand — is of 18 carats. The coins of Arichis II (a. d. 758-787)
are also, at first, of 18 carats, but later in his reign only of 13§^ carats,
The coins of his successor Grimoald III are of 12 carats. Those of Sico,
though in a few cases apparently of fairly good gold, are on the whole
much alloyed either with silver or copper.1 Finally, under Sico's imme-
diate successors, Sicardus and Radelchis I, the coins fall to 10 carats fine ;
and in the reign of Adelchis the gold coinage disappears and the currency
consists solely of denarii. A similar tendency to lower the fineness of the
gold may be observed in the latest coinages of the Lombard kings.
Compared with the Byzantine solidus (at least with the specimens of
it that were struck at Constantinople) the Beneventan solidus was greatly
inferior not only in fineness but also in weight, and was, apparently, less
than half the value of the Imperial coin.2 The weight of the Byzantine
solidus was always (at Constantinople) more than 60 grains, and the
heaviest extant specimens usually weigh 68-70 grains.3
The duchy (afterwards, from 774, the principality) of Beneventum,
founded about 571 by Duke Zotto, soon acquired the geographical extent
that it maintained for several centuries, and may be described,
approximately, as including the old provinces of Samnium,.
exchange value of the denarius, there is evidence in the time of Grimoald IV, a.d. 816r
that 18 denarii went to the solidus (Sambon, p. 16). About the end of this (ninth)
century, 48 denarii were reckoned as equivalent to the solidus.
1 We have already noted that from Sico's reign onwards the weight of the solidus is
somewhat lower than in the earlier period.
2 See Sambon, p. 10 and p. 16.
3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. lxxiv.
§ 4. BENEVENTUM. TYPES, &c. lxv
Apulia, Campania, Lucania, and Brutfcii.1 It was at all times bound only
by a slender tie to the Lombard and the Frankish kings, and its rulers
made war or peace with Pope and eastern emperor on their own initiative.
More especially were they in touch with Byzantium ; and the Lombards
of Beneventum may be said to have served as intermediaries between the
Carolingian and Byzantine civilizations.2
We have already seen that the initiation of a distinctive Beneventan
coinage did not take place till the time of Romoald II (706-731), and
even his solidus is a close imitation of the solidus of the
Emperor Justinian II, displaying on the obv. both the
bust and name of this emperor, and on the rev. a cross potent on steps
and the legend Victoria Aug. The tremissis is very similar. In this
reign (as in later reigns) the name of the Beneventan issuer is indicated
only by its initial letter. These are neatly executed coins (PI. XXI. 5-15),
but they already display the peculiar style that is characteristic of the
Beneventan money — rough, high relief, and an arid and angular delinea-
tion of the bust.
Under Audelais, Gregorius, and Gottschalk the Successors of
types of these gold coins remain unchanged. Romoald II.
The types of Gisulf II (a. d. 742-751) are also
similar, but in his second coinage the Imperial bust holds the mappa in
addition to the globus cruciger. The money of Liutprand (751-758) is
like Gisulf's. In the early part of his reign his mother Scauniperga
was regent, and the coins of that period are marked with the letters S
and L.
The reign of Arichis II (A. D. 758-787), who became duke in 758, and
who in 774 assumed the title of prince, is in several ways important. He
was a brave and capable man, of considerable literary .
culture,3 and he embellished the city of Beneventum and
built there the church of St. Sophia and the monastery. He forced
Naples to pay tribute, fortified Salerno, and made it his second capital.
When the Lombard kingdom fell in 774 at the hands of Charlemagne,
he had the courage to hold his own, nor was the Beneventan duchy ever
actually incorporated with the dominions of the Carlings.4
His coinage is abundant and, though in the course of his reign it fell
in respect of fineness from 18 to 13^ carats, was in request long after his
death ; e. g. the later contracts specify payments in trimissi ex monetis
dornni Arechis.6
1 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vi, p. 75.
2 Gay, L'ltalie miridionale et V Empire byzantin, p. 47.
3 Hodgkin, Italy, Sec, viii, p. 60.
4 Bury, Hist, of later Roman Empire, ii, p, 514. Charlemagne, however, in 787
prepared to invade Beneventan territory and Arichis promised submission.
6 Sambon, op. cit., p. 11.
i
lxvi INTRODUCTION
M. Sambon discerns in the style of his coins 'une facile elegance'.
Elegance must here, indeed, be regarded as a somewhat relative term,
though no doubt the coins are carefully executed and their prominent
relief is not ineffective. No. 4 in our Catalogue (second coinage ; PL XXII.
10) is a favourable specimen. His earliest pieces are similar to those of
Gisulf II, but in his second period he removes from them the name of
Justinian II which had continued to form the obverse legend of the
Beneventan coins ever since the time of Romoald II, and which had
dwindled down to the almost unintelligible DNIVNPP or DN— VNPP.
This he replaced by the inscription DNS VICTORIA (Dominus victoriam
dot ?), a pious but neutral selection, as if he were unwilling to place on
his coins either the name of an emperor or his own. Meanwhile, the
conventional Victoria August, continued to constitute the reverse legend
till the year (774) in which Arichis assumed the title of Princeps, when
Victoria Prinpi was substituted.
In the matter of portraiture the coins of Arichis and also those of
his successors are entirely disappointing. In fact, a single head of a rather
ruffianly appearance does duty for each successive
„ . prince. This head, as it first appears under
Beneventan coins. \ . . . rf
Arichis 11, is to some extent distinguishable from
that on the coins of his predecessor Liutprand, but the difference is not
sufficient to authorize the belief that the Arichis head has any claim to
be a true portrait of the issuer; and with regard to the head on Liut-
prand's coins it is clearly developed from the head on the coins of
Romoald II, which (as the inscription testifies) was a representation of
Justinian II. Strictly, then, the only portrait found throughout the
whole Beneventan coinage is that of a single Byzantine emperor, slightly
varied during a long course of years.
Grimoald III (788-806), the next prince, was, like his father Arichis II,
brought into close connexion with Charlemagne. Grimoald was recognized
, by the Frankish king as the legitimate successor of
Arichis on the conditions that he inscribed Charle-
magne's name on the Beneventan coinage J and paid an annual tribute
of 7,000 solidi. The gold coins of Grimoald — at least in the first period
of coinage (788-792) — accordingly bear the name of Dominus Carolus rex
on their reverse, while on the obverse is the name Grimvald,2 with the
title of dux (PI. XXIII. 1). Even this title is sometimes omitted, and we
may gather that Grimoald was not permitted by his arrangement with
Charlemagne to take the title of princeps.
1 Erchempeit, 5, quoted by Sambon, p. 14 ; cp. the passage in Erchempeit, 4 ; p. 236,
in Mon. Germ, script, rerum Langobard., quoted by Prou, Monn. Carl., p. lxxviii.
2 Previous to this reign the name of the Beneventan ruler had been indicated by
an initial only.
§ 4. BENEVENTUM. GRIMOALD IV, &c. lxvii
Grimoald also introduced a silver coinage,1 which naturally took the
form of a Carolingian denarius, with his own name on one side and that
of Charlemagne on the other, both in monogram (PL XXIII. 6).
Later in his reign, however (792-806), Grimoald discovers some of the
independent spirit of his father Arichis by repudiating the Frankish
suzerainty and marrying a niece of the Emperor Constantine VI. And
the coins of this period display his sole name accompanied by the title of
princeps. His denarius has his name in monogram on the obv. , and on the
rev. a cross between A and UU and the word BENEBENTV which had not
till now appeared on the coins.2
Grimoald IV (806-817) is not known to have issued gold coins. His
denarius has a new type, apparently a stylized representation of an ear
of corn and ivy-leaves ; on the reverse, a star and the
words Archangelus Michael. He calls himself on the Grimoald IV.
coins Grimoald Filius Ermenrih, without any title.
Sico (817-832) styles himself on his coins Sico princeps. On his
solidus he places a full-length figure of St. Michael, perhaps suggested by
the Archangelus Michael inscription on the denarius of his
predecessor. A figure of St. Michael had long before formed
the distinctive type of the coinage of the Lombard kings, for the warrior
archangel was believed to have led the Lombard arms to victory when
Italy was invaded, and the grotto of Mount Garganus, where the Saint had
manifested himself, was a Lombard sanctuary.3
The money of Sicardus (832-839) is substantially like that of his
father Sico, but on the reverse of the solidus he substitutes for the figure
of the archangel a cross potent on steps, a change perhaps
due to commercial considerations, the cross being a much
older and more familiar Beneventan coin-type. Sicardus made efforts
to extend the commerce of the principality, and his coinage is abundant ;
but ever since the death of Arichis II the gastaldi, with their strong
castles and armed adherents, had been growing more powerful; the
state lacked cohesion, and after the death of Sicardus its disintegration
begins.
The solidus of the next prince, Radelchis I (839-851), is of the same
1 The only previous silver coins were the small pieces rather doubtfully attributed
to Duke Gregory, p. 159, infra.
2 But on the gold coins CONOB had been engraved in such away that the letter B
PRINCIP
was prominent and separated from the rest of the word ; thus, C B, and it is not
unlikely that the B was intended to signify Beneventum.
s Cp. Gay, L'ltalie me'rid., p. 147, who quotes from the beginning of the Chron.
S. Betted. (Script. B. L., p. 467): ' Horum princeps militie celestis exercitus Michahel
extitit archangelus . . . Graecorum Romanorumque Langobardi gentes superantes,
totam simul Beneventi possiderunt patriam.'
lxviii INTRODUCTION
type as that of Sicardus,1 but for one of the three types of his denarius
he revives the designs of Grimoald IV (the stylized ear
Radelchis I, q£ <jom. ^ crosg radiate). Under Radelchis, the gold
and Siconolf. coinage_by courteSy so called, for it was now only
10 carats fine — comes to an end.
Nearly the whole of his reign was occupied by a contest with
Siconolf, the brother of Sicardus— Radelchis employing the services of
a band of Saracens, and his rival a band of Moors. Finally, Siconolf
renounced the title of ' Prince of Beneventum ', and contented himself with
that of Prince of Salerno. It may be noted that the denarii struck by
Siconolf at Salerno all bear the title of Prince of Beneventum, and are
closely modelled (as is also his solidus) upon the Beneventan coins,
especially those of his brother Sicardus.2
Salerno had been occupied by the rulers of Beneventum in the first
half of the eighth century, but since the year 839, when Siconolf was
proclaimed its prince, it was lost to the Beneventan state, and we now
find the Princes of Salerno and the Counts of Capua beginning to take
the leading part among the Lombards of South Italy.3
The coins of Adelchis (853-878) and those of his successors are of
silver only (denarii), yet evidently the gold coins of earlier princes con-
. . . tinued in circulation, for in the reign of Adelchis, or
.A d. sic lii s
a little earlier, the Salerno contracts mention the ' old '
solidi of Sicardus and even the 'good' tremisses of
Arichis II.
On the denarii of Adelchis the cross is the chief device, and in some
instances the words Sancta Maria and Arhangelu' Mih. are inscribed.
In the period between 866 and 871 the name of Adelchis appears on the
coins in conjunction with that of the Emperor Louis II, who had obtained
at Beneventum the submission of Adelchis, and the coinage, to this -extent,
recalls the days of Grimoald III and Charlemagne.4
The denarii of Gaideris, Radelchis II (first reign), and Aio (i. e. from
A. d. 878 to 890) bear monogrammatic devices.
In 891 Beneventum was captured by the Greeks. It then fell into
the hands of Guy of Spoleto and of Prince Guaimar of Salerno. In 897
Radelchis II was restored, but was expelled in 899, and the Beneventans
acknowledged Atenolf, Lord of Capua, as their prince (a. d. 900-910).
1 The legend of the rev. is, however, changed by Radelchis from the Victor. Prinei of
Sicardus to Archange. Michael, which may have been suggested by the legend on the
denarius of Sicardus.
2 For a description of the coins of Salerno see Sambon, op. cit., pp. 33 f.
3 Gay, Vltalie me'rid., p. 62.
4 For a coin which appears to bear the name of Pope John VIII in conjunction with
that of Adelchis see Sambon, No. 88, and cp. p. 186, infra.
§ 5. THESSALONICA. EMPERORS Ixix
§ 5. Coinage of the Empire of Thessalonica.
a.d. 1222-1243 (1246).
The Frankish kingdom of Salonika, which had been founded by
Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, after the fall of Constantinople in 1204,
was conquered from his successor Demetrius (1207-1222) by Theodore
Angelus Comnenus Ducas, the despot of Epirus.
Theodore, in 1222,1 caused himself to be crowned 'Emperor', assumed
the gorgeous Imperial dress and held his Imperial court at his capital
Thessalonica. But this western 'Empire'
did not stand alone, for there had already '
existed in Asia Minor, since the catastrophe
of 1204, an Empire of Nicaea and an Empire of Trebizond. Thus, in the
year 1222 there were three rulers, each claiming to be the lawful ' Emperor
of the Romans '. Of these, the Nicaean Emperor, the able and ambitious
John I (' III ') Vatatzes, who was bent on restoring the unity of the Greeks
under his sceptre,2 soon came into conflict with Theodore Angelus, whose
Empire of Thessalonica extended from the shores of the Adriatic to the
Black Sea. Theodore might have held his own had he not become
involved in war with the powerful Tsar of Bulgaria, John Asan, by
whom, in 1230, he was defeated and made prisoner.
Theodore's title of emperor was taken by his brother Manuel Angelus,
who ruled over the remnant of the Empire that the Bulgarians had not
appropriated. But after a short reign Manuel MANTJEL ANGELXJS
was ousted (1232) by Theodore, who had now
v. i j £ x- -i. 1230-1232.
been released from captivity.
Theodore, who had been blinded by the Tsar, set up as emperor his
son John Angelus, who ruled till 1243, when
he was compelled by the Nicaean Emperor, JOHN ANGELUS,
John I (' III ') Vatatzes, to relinquish the Emperor, 1232-1243.
Imperial title, though he retained till his Despot of Thessalonica,
death in 1244 the position of ruler of the 1244.
city of Thessalonica.
Demetrius, brother of John Angelus, likewise ruled the city for
a short period, but in 1246 he was removed tm"b>ipt*ttt«
by John I Vatatzes, who then incorporated ^ ' .
all that remained of the Empire of Thessa-
i • -xv i.- v • /at- 1244-1246.
iomea with his own Empire or JNicaea.
The numismatic study of the Empires of Thessalonica and Nicaea,
1 Or in the summer or autumn of a.d. 1223 ? : see B. Z., v, p. 212.
2 W. Miller, The Latins in the Levant, p. 95.
lxx INTRODUCTION
especially of the former, is still in an unsatisfactory condition owing, no
doubt, to the comparative difficulty of obtaining specimens
of the coins, which, being poorly struck and badly pre-
served, have been neglected by collectors and coin-dealers ;
owing, also, to the illegibility of many of the legends (clue sometimes, as
may be suspected, to deliberate erasures in antiquity) ; to the convention-
ality of the types (which, however, at the same time present numerous
varieties and combinations), finally to the difficulty of separating the coins
from the Imperial issues of Byzantium, and of discriminating the money
of different rulers who bore such common names as Theodore and John.
Sabatier, in his Monnaies byzantines, made a courageous attempt to
describe these coinages, but his descriptions and attributions undoubtedly
demand a searching scrutiny.
Although nomismata in gold have by some numismatists been
attributed to the Emperors of Thessalonica, and though it appears a priori
probable that at least such an aspiring ruler as Theodore would issue
coins in the precious metals, it yet seems to be the fact that the only
nomismata issued were in silver and bronze.
Theodore (though not invariably), Manuel, and apparently John,1
engrave on their coins the title SeairoTrjs, at that period equivalent to
' Emperor ', and wear the Imperial dress. Their coins, in fact, are hardly
to be distinguished, except to some extent in fabric and style, from the
issues of Byzantine Emperors. The types are of the usual Byzantine
character — representations of the Saviour and the Virgin and of the
Archangel Michael. One saint, Demetrius, the martyr of Thessalonica,
is given special prominence on the coins of the IIOAIC 66CCAAONIKI,2
yet he also is found on the coins of the Byzantines, Alexius III, Manuel I,
and Andronicus III.3
§ 6. Coinage of the Empire op Nicaea.
Of the three Greek ' Empires ' which came into existence after the
Frankish conquest of Constantinople in 1204, the Nicaean was — at least
during the brief period of its existence — the most important. Not only
did the city of Nicaea become the refuge of the aristocracy and the
higher ecclesiastics, but the state was governed by a succession of
1 There seem to be no coins bearing the name of John and his successor Demetrius
as rulers of the city Thessalonica (i.e. after the title of Emperor of Thessalonica had
been relinquished in 1243). But the anonymous pieces with sacred types, described
p. 202, infra, ' Coinage of Thessalonica ? ' may possibly supply the gap in the coinage.
2 This inscr. occurs on No. 2 of Manuel, infra, p. 198.
s See B. M. C. Imp. Btjz. Coins, Index III, under 'St. Demetrius', and the note,
p. 573.
§ 6. NICAEA. THEODORE I. JOHN I lxxi
singularly able and upright rulers, who kept in view as a grand and
definite object the recovery of the lost Empire.
The first of these rulers, Theodore I Lascaris, was successful in his
encounters with the Latins and the Seljuks, and practically united the
whole of western Asia Minor under his sceptre.
He doubtless inaugurated the Nicaean gold
i-i .■ j j i • Lascaris, 1204,
coinage, which was continued under his sue- .
& T , , , , ,, . . . (crowned 1208-1222.
cessors. In design and style this coinage is v '
conventional and dry, and better examples of Nicaean coin-engraving are
to be found on the silver and bronze nomismata*. But the existence of
a coinage in gold points to the commercial importance
of Nicaea as compared (at that period) with Trebizond
and Thessalonica. The gold nomisma of Theodore I ~
. happens to be very rare, and is not represented in the British Museum.
The gold nomismata of John I weigh from 69 to 73-3 grains (Brit. Mus.),
and two nomismata of Theodore II (Brit. Mus.) weigh 65-8 and 66-3 grains.
The extant gold coins of Theodore II and many of those of John I are
considerably alloyed, and we know from Pachymeres that John I issued
coin of which only two parts were of pure gold and the remaining third
alloy.1
On his gold coins, Theodore I — if the attribution is correct — takes the
title of Porphyrogenitus, though his only connexion with the Imperial
house was through his marriage with a daughter of .
Alexius III. On his other coins he usually inscribes ' '
the title despotes. On his silver and bronze coins he
places himself under the protection of his namesake St. Theodore, a saint
found also on a seal that is probably his.2 His coins are of careless
execution, with the exception of the silver nomisma, PI. XXVIII. 1-3.3
John I Ducas Vatatzes, the second Emperor of Nicaea, had high
qualities both as statesman and general.4 He was strict in the administra-
tion of justice, a financial reformer, and a pro- TnTTTvr T /t TTT >\
moter of agriculture and commerce. His long
reign witnessed the further weakening of the
T f . , ,, . ,. ,. 81Q.a, . 1222-30 Oct. 1254.
Latin power and the incorporation (in 1246) of
the rival Empire of Thessalonica with his own, and the submission (in
1254) of Michael of Epirus, the last independent despot of the Greeks.
On his gold coinage, which is particularly abundant, John I takes the
title Porphyrogenitus, though he was not even the son, but only the son-
in-law, of his predecessor Theodore I. That he put forward pretensions
1 Cp. Finlay, Hist. Greece, iii. 320.
2 See note, p. 207, infra.
3 Weight of silver nomisma. Theodore I, 68 grains (Paris) ; John I, 50-7 grains
(highest, Brit. Mus.) ; Theodore II, 49-2 grains (highest, Brit. Mus.).
4 Cp. Heisenberg in B. Z., xiv, 1905, pp. 160 f.
lxxii INTRODUCTION
to royal descent may be judged from the inscription on a seal which is
with probability attributed to him J :— C0PAHC C6BACTOV IUUANN5
T» ASKA PIZAN T€NOVC eXONTOC €K BACIA6UUN.
The silver nomismata of John I (PI. XXX. 1-4) are of a curious
bracteate-like fabric, and the designs are of good work for the period and
rich in appearance. St. Demetrius and St. George and a Seraph (head)
are represented on his coins,2 and on the silver he is crowned either by
the Christ of Chalce (PL XXX. 2-5) or by St. Constantine (PL XXX. 1).
This last-named saint is not elsewhere commemorated on the Nicaean
coins, and on the Imperial Byzantine coinage perhaps only occurs under
Alexius III. It may be legitimate, therefore, to find some special signifi-
cance in John's selection of this type. Now, John I (as has been men-
tioned) was not the son, but the son-in-law of his predecessor, and
Theodore I had left behind a young son named Constantine.3 Nothing
is known of the fate of this boy or in what way he was set aside by
John. Possibly for a time John affected to rule as regent, and the type
of the Emperor John crowned by St. Constantine may have been intended
to suggest that John ruled with the benediction and approval of the
patron saint of the young Constantine.
It may be noted that John I established the royal residence at
Nymphaion, a town between Smyrna and Sardis at the foot of Mount
Sipylos, and had his royal treasury — which he kept well filled — at
Magnesia.* But as the city of Nicaea continued to be the seat of the
government and of the Patriarch, we may assume that it was there that
the coins of the Nicaean Emperors were minted.
Theodore II, a brave and able man, interested both as author and
patron in literature and philosophy, laboured during his short reign for
THEODORE II ^e happiness of his people, and was a true 'roi
. philosophe \5
1254-A I25s' *"*n *"s coms he calls himself Theodore Lascaris,
Theodore Ducas, and Theodore Ducas Lascaris.6 He
takes the title despotes, but discontinues the Porphyrogenitus epithet
employed by his father, John I.
His most distinctive coin-type is a figure of Tryphon, the patron saint
of Nicaea, and one to whom he had especially displayed his devotion.
John II Lascaris, the young son of Theodore II, was soon ousted by
1 Schlumberger, Sigillogr., pp. 428, 429.
2 He strikes small bronze coins in addition to the scyphate bronze nomismata.
3 Meliaraki, 'lor. tov (3a<r. ttjs Nutai'ar, p. 132.
4 His successor, Theodore II, amassed a treasure at the fortress of Astytzion. J. B.
Pappadopoulos, Theodore II Lascaris. Paris, 1908, p. 83.
5 J. B. Pappadopoulos, op. tit, p. 138.
6 His funeral oration on Frederick II is headed : etofidpou Aovko. tov Adovcapi, tov
viov tov iyfrrjXoTaTov ftao-iXeas Kvpoii 'ladvvov tov Aoukq. (Pappadopoulos, op. cit., p. 183.)
§ 7. DESPOTS OF EPIRUS lxxiii
the ambitious Michael (VIII) Palaeologus. Michael was proclaimed joint-
Emperor in Jan. 1260, and from thenceforth _„„ /<„r^
a- ii i i i t i. JOHN II ('IV')
was practically sole ruler ; nor does John appear
. u • j • Lascaris, 1258-1259.
to have issued coins.
™ , ,. , , , ,,. , . . ,. MICHAEL VIII
Ine large sums disbursed by Michael in the
way of donations, bribes, and rewards render it
r, i ,, , , . ' ' . , , ,,. Jan. 1260-Aug. 1261.
likely that he issued gold nomismata at ISicaea,
and, if so, they are probably to be found in the coins with rev. Virgin
enthroned, which are usually regarded by numismatists as forming part
of the coinage that he issued at Constantinople subsequent to his recovery
of the capital.1 Yet he may have dispensed with the issue of gold coins
bearing his own name and have utilized the older nomismata which he
found among the treasures amassed by John I and Theodore II. One
less important denomination — the bronze nomisma— was certainly issued
by Michael as Nicaean Emperor, the type being St. Tryphon, as on coins
of the preceding emperor.
On 15 Aug. 1261 Michael was crowned in Constantinople, and the
brief, but not ignoble or valueless, existence of the Nicaean ' Empire ' was
merged in the larger life of the restored Empire of Byzantium.
§ 7. Coinage of the Despots of Epieus.
There are no coins of these rulers in the British Museum, and
specimens seem to be very rare and of more or less doubtful attribution.
The founder of the despotat was Michael I Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
a prince of the Imperial family, who established himself, soon after the
great upheaval of the Empire in 1204, in territory that
had not been appropriated by the Latins. Two bronze '
nomismata (infra, p. 226) have been attributed to
him, but of his brother and successor, Theodore Angelus Comnenus, no
coins are known, at any rate in his capacity „„„ „ „„ „
L - , ' / , r . J THEODORE ANGELUS,
of despot, tor he struck money on becoming
Emperor of Thessalonica (1222-1230).2 1214-1230.
Coins are equally wanting, or rather, perhaps, have not been recognized
by numismatists, for the reigns of Manuel, Michael II, Nieephorus I, and
Thomas Angelus (i. e. the period from 1230 to 1310).
Under the succeeding rulers of the house of Orsini deniers tournois
were struck at Arta ; and descriptions of these are given in Schlum-
berger's Num. de I'Orient lot., pp. 374 f .
Some seals of the earlier despots of Epirus are described in Schlum-
berger's Sigillographie, pp. 426 f.
1 See infra, p. 224. 2 See supra, p. lxix.
k
lxxiv INTRODUCTION
§ 8. Coinage of the Duchy of Neopatras (Great Vlakia).
On the death of Michael II, despot of Epirus, his bastard son, John I
Angelus, established himself at Neopatras (La Patre) and ruled over
Great Vlakia, with Olympus as his northern and
JOHN I Parnassus as his southern boundary ; his territory
Angelus Comnenus, deluding Thessaly and much of the old Lokris
1271-1296. Ozolis, running down on the east of Parnassus
to the Corinthian Gulf.1
The title of Sebastocrator was conferred on John I, and he appears
to have been the issuer of bronze nomismata (described infra, pp. 227, 228).
Of his successor Constantine An-
CONSTANTINE ANGELUS, gelus n0 cojns are known. The third
1296-1303. duke, John II Angelus Comnenus,
struck deniers tournois of the French
type inscribed Neopatrie or Be la
Patria.
JOHN II ANGELUS
COMNENUS, 1303-1318.
§ 9. Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond.
1. The Coinage and its Arrangement.2
The coinage of Trebizond supplies an instance, not very rare in numis-
matics, of a currency of great abundance remaining un-
known, or practically unknown, to collectors for several
COlllcLff©.
centuries. It was not until the year 1827 that the atten-
tion of numismatists was seriously called to these coins, through the modest
publication by the Baron de Marchant of a few specimens of the asper. Though
Marchant rightly assigned them to the Emperors of Trebizond, another excel-
lent numismatist, de Saulcy,3 maintained, because the surname ' Comnenus '
1 W. Miller, Latins in the Levant, pp. 132 f.
2 The numismatic literature is chiefly as follows : —
Marchant, Lettres du Baron Marchant, ed. Lauglois, 1851, pp. 320 f.
Pfaffenhoffen, Essai sur les aspres Comnenats . . . de Tribisonde. Paris, 1847.
Koehne, ' Die Komnenischen Silbermiinzen,' in the Memoires de la Societe d'arcMo-
logie et de numismatique de St. Petersboury, vol. iii, 1849, pp. 103 f.
Sabatiee, Description gin. . . . des maim, byz., 1862, ii, pp. 306 f.
Blau, G., 'Trapezunter Komnenaten,' in Berliner Blatter fixr Milnz-, Siegel- und
Wappenkunde. Berlin, vol. iv, 1868.
O. Eetowski, Die Munzen der Komnenen von Trapezunt. Moscow, 1910 (see infra,
p. lxxv).
3 Essai de classification des . . . mon. byz., 1836, p. 423.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ATTRIBUTION OF THE COINS lxxv
was inscribed upon them, that the real issuers were the Comnenian Emperors
of Byzantium, and that their mint-place was Cherson. Writing in 1849,
Koehne still hesitated between the Comneni of Constantinople and their
namesakes of Trebizond, and setting forth the two attributions side by side
and reign by reign he left the choice between them to his readers. But
Koehne, however inconclusive, was able to publish many new varieties of
the asper, and he also attempted a graphical reproduction of the legends and
symbols — a useful plan which has been adopted in the present Catalogue
and without which it would be almost impossible to study the minutiae of
the coinage.
In 1847, that is, about two years before Koehne wrote, there had
appeared the Essai sur les aspres Comne'nats of Baron F. de Pfaffenhoffen,
in which considerable numbers of these coins were brought together and
illustrated. Many specimens have come to light since Pfaffenhoffen wrote,
but his book was a very serviceable one ; it suggested some probable attri-
butions and had the advantage of being based on the historical researches of
Fallmerayer, among which the most important was the discovery of the
Trebizond chronicle of Michael Panaretos, which, if in many respects arid
and incomplete, yet furnished historians and numismatists with a solid
framework of names and dates.
An account of the Trebizond coinage found a place in the second volume
of Sabatier's Description (1862), but only typical specimens were described,
without any attempt at the enumeration of varieties. Sabatier was the first
writer to publish many examples of the bronze coinage, though his attribu-
tions of these are often open to question. To these publications may be
added an article by G. Blau (1868) containing descriptions of the aspers
obtained by him during several years' residence in Trebizond.
The latest and best work is that of 0. Retowski, which is based on an
examination of a very large number of coins (especially in the Russian
collections) and fully illustrated by photographs.1
The attribution of the coins to different rulers is rendered difficult by the
paucity of distinctive types and the absence of distinguishing titles for the
various Emperors. Thus, coins inscribed ' Alexius '
Attribution of the . . . L , . , . . _, . . ...
may be claimed by the tour Emperors who bore this
name, and those inscribed ' Manuel ' and 'John ' may
belong to three Manuels and four Johns.
The silver coinage — the bronze will be briefly noticed later on — may
almost be said to consist of a single type, the Emperor on the obverse,
1 Retowski, Die Milnsen der Komnenen von Trapezimt. Moscow, 1910. I regret that
this monograph did not appear till the Trebizond section of the present Catalogue was
finished, the plates having been printed off and the text placed in the printer's hands.
I have, however, inserted in my text references wherever practicable and I have been
glad in this Introduction — though it had been previously written independently — to
avail myself of the valuable numismatic material collected by M. Retowski.
lxxvi INTRODUCTION
St. Eugenius on the reverse. On the great mass of the coins these figures
are represented as standing, facing the spectator, but on a smaller, though
not inconsiderable number, the same figures appear seated on horseback.
There has been general agreement among numismatists that the stand-
ing-figure type was the first to be introduced and that it was then superseded
by the equestrian type. But Pfaffenhoffen, Sabatier, Blau, and others (though
not M. Betowski) who are of this opinion seem to maintain a highly im-
probable view when they assign to the latest Emperors of Trebizond coins
not of the equestrian but of the standing type. Having regard to the type
alone — and apart from considerations of weight and fabric — it is extremely
unlikely that when the equestrian type had become familiar and almost stereo-
typed there would have been a reversion to the long-abandoned standing-
type. Those coins with standing figures which have been supposed, chiefly
on account of the rudeness of their style, to be the latest issues of the
Empire can equally well, or better, be regarded as foreign issues imitative
of the coins of the earlier Emperors, which coins they, in fact, in essential
points resemble. Thus, an asper inscribed IUU (John) is not to be assigned
to the middle of the fifteenth century and the reign of John IV, but to the
latter part of the thirteenth century and the period — or thereabouts — of the
reign of John II, when standing figures, not yet ousted by equestrian ones,
were the customary coin-types.
From this broad division between standing and equestrian types
several attributions seem inevitably to result. Thus, the coins which bear
the name ' Alexius ' can none of them be of Alexius I, because in his time,
or at any rate in that of his immediate successors, the standing figure was
in vogue, and these ' Alexius ' coins are all of the equestrian type. The
coins, then, belong, at the earliest, to Alexius II, though some may be
assigned to Alexius III and Alexius IV. Similarly, in the case of coins
inscribed with the name ' John ', we are obliged (having fixed the intro-
duction of the equestrian type to the reign of Alexius II) to assign such
specimens as present standing figures to a period before Alexius II, i. e. to
John I and John II, and attribute those which show equestrian types to the
period after Alexius II, i. e. to John III and (as Retowski has shown) to
John IV.
The main outlines of attribution being fixed, it is desirable to group the
coins of the different reigns with some regard to the numerous symbols
(star, pellet, lis, &c.) and letters which appear in the field. An attempt has
been made in this Catalogue to describe these groups with minuteness, but
their sequence and the significance of symbol and letter still present various
points of difficulty.1 Something further will be said on this head in
section 5 infra.
The bronze coinage has received comparatively little notice from writers
1 The recent work of Retowski sets forth all the minutiae with great fullness.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ALEXIUS I Ixxvii
on Trebizond.1 It was once, probably, sufficiently abundant, and should the
attention of coin- collectors be turned more than
hitherto in the direction of the subsidiary Byzantine
series it is likely that not a few specimens will be identified and described.
The attribution of some classes of these coins will be found discussed in the
text under ' Alexius III ', p. 297, infra, and it may be enough to say that
the earliest pieces seem to be those of the largest module, and that, while on
the earlier coins only figure-subjects occur— chiefly the Emperor and
St. Eugenius — on the latest coins new devices, such as varied forms of the
Cross, are employed as reverse-types.
2. The Emperors and their Coinage.2
The founder (in the year A. D. 1204) of the Empire of Trebizond.
which was soon to become famous for the luxury of its court, the beauty of
its princesses, and the wealth derived from its unique
commercial situation, was Alexius I Comnenus, who '
assumed and handed on to his successors the title of • '
Miyas Kofivqvos. The surname Comnenus belonged
to him as a grandson of Andronicus I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor,
and ' Great ' was a favourite epithet of many princes of that age.3
Alexius paid tribute to the Seljuk sultan of Rum (Iconium), but his
long reign was prosperous commercially. His currency is a mystery. It
would naturally be supposed that it was of a Byzantine character, consisting
mainly of scyphate nomismata of gold and silver, like the currency of the
Nicaean Emperors. But of the existence of such pieces there is no trace,
though the coinage of silver nomismata (circ. 1238) by one of his successors
(Manuel I) may possibly suggest that it was imitated from a model supplied
1 See, however, the descriptions in Retowski's work and his PI. XV.
2 The chief authorities for the history are : —
Fallmeeayer, Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt. Munich, 1827.
Fallmeeayeb, Original-Fragmente in Abhandlungen der Kdnigl.-Bayerischeii Akade-
mie, Hist. Class., vol. iii (1843), pt. 3 ; also in vol. iv (1844), pt. 2, where the text of the
Trebizond Chronicle of Michael Panaretos is printed (cp. Krumbacher, Gesch. bi/z. Lit.,
pp. 393 {.).
Finlay, History, of Greece: an interesting account of the Empire in vol. iv,
pp. 307-427.
T. E. EvANGELIDES, 'la-Topia . . . Tpa7refowroj. Odessa, 1898.
Reference may also be made to Papadopulos-Kerameus, Fontes historiae Imperii
Trapezuntii, i, St. Petersburg-, 1897 (cp. Byz. Zeitschrift, vi. 630) ; Millet in Bull. corr.
hell., six, 1895, pp. 419 f. (Churches, &c, of Trebizond) ; Bury's ed. of Gibbon's Decline
and Fall, vi. 420, 421 ; W. Fischer, ' Trapezunt und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte,'
in Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Geschichte, Stuttgart, vol. iii (1886), pp. 13-39 ; Heyd,
Histoire du Commerce du Levant.
3 As to the title of the Trebizond Emperors on the coins see infra, section 4,
' Inscriptions.'
lxxviii INTRODUCTION
by Alexius. The institution of the silver asper — the typical currency of
Trebizond— is due, so far as we know, to one of the successors of Alexius.1
During the reign of Andronicus I, Alexius's son-in-law, the little Empire
on the Black Sea had to submit to the revolt and
A. NICUS logg of jberia . tut Cherson and its other possessions
Gidos, 1222-1235. in the Crimea contmued to be held, and a not un-
favourable treaty was concluded with the Seljuk sultan. There is still no
trace of the issue of a coinage.
Of the three years' reign2 of John I Axuchos, brother-in-law of
t Andronicus I and eldest son of Alexius I, hardly anything
' is known, yet Pfaffenhoffen seems right in attributing to
him some of the many silver pieces that bear the name
' John '. He is thus, apparently, the originator of the famous ' Comnenian
Aspers ' of whose types and value some account will be given in sections
3 and 4.
A great and varied mass of aspers (with the standing-figure types)
bears the name of ' Manuel ', who, as cannot be doubted, was Manuel I, a
t son' ^e J°nn ■"■» °f *ne ^rs* Emperor Alexius I.
' ^e contmue(i to satisfy the claims of the Seljuks and
the Mongols, and his long reign of twenty-five years was
prosperous. From the fact that Kirmaneoul (i.e.' Kuros ' or ' Kurios ' Manuel)
became the generic name for money in Georgia,3 it has been reasonably
inferred that it was in the reign of Manuel that the silver coins of Trebizond
became for the first time well known and popular in commerce, and that the
imitations of this coinage probably circulated in Iberia or other countries
beyond the limits of the Empire.4
1 The bronze nomisma referred to on p. 230, infra, as being attributed by Sabatier
(PI. 67, 4) to Alexius I is of uncertain attribution, thougli doubtless of a Trebizond
Emperor (Retowski, Komn., p. 186, repeats Sabatier's description but places it under
' Uncertain ' of Trebizond). On p. 230 I have remarked that the repetition of the name
of ' Bugenius ' on each side of this coin gives cause to suspect the correctness of Sabatier's
reading. Since then I have discovered among some ' uncertain ' coins in the British
Museum the actual specimen described and figured by Sabatier. It was acquired by the
British Museum of H. Hoffmann of Paris in 1864, 4-8-22 (Retowski's statement, p. 186,
that the coin described by Sabatier is now in the Stroganow collection is therefore
incorrect) ; it is in very poor condition and the legends are almost entirely illegible : —
Oir. An emperor and the Saviour (?) holding patriarchal cross between them ; rev.
St. Eugenius (?) standing.
2 As to the duration of the reign see Pallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part II, p. 12, note 2,
and p. 42, note 3 : 'Six years ' in the MS. of the Chronicle of Panaretos is evidently an
error for ' three years '. Evangelides, op. cit, p. 71, states that John reigned six years,
and places the death of John and the accession of Manuel I in a. d. 1241.
3 See text, infra, p. 256.
4 The exceptional output of the coinage may perhaps be partly accounted for by
the great increase in the transit-trade of Trebizond, which probably began to take place
(after A. d. 1258,) in the last years of Manuel I : see infra, p. lxxx.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. MANUEL I- JOHN II lxxix
Yet, though the asper-coinage seems to be specially identified with the
reign of Manuel, it is curious to find that he also issued a silver currency of
scyphate nomismata, entirely of the conventional Byzantine character
(Pl. XXXII. 6-10). The attribution of these coins (proposed by Sabatier) can
hardly be disputed, and we can only conjecture either that the Emperor was
imitating similar nomismata of the founder Alexius I, or that the coinage
(in imitation of the nomismata of the Nicaean Empire) was introduced in
an experimental way at the beginning of his reign and then abandoned in
favour of the aspers, which thenceforward were never superseded.
In this reign we note the first appearance — or the first certain appear-
ance— of a currency in bronze.
Manuel I left three sons who became successively Emperors of Trebizond
— Andronicus II, George, and John II.
Of the three-years' reign of Andronicus II no coins exist, and per-
haps the enormous currency of Manuel I rendered
F . , \ ■ ., ANDRONICUS II,
a new coinage — at any rate in silver — unneces- '
1263-1266.
sary.
But it is much more difficult to account for the entire absence of silver
issues during his successor's reign of fourteen years,1 for the reign of George,
though troubled by the aspiring and rebellious attitude of
GEOEG-E
the great ' feudal ' lords, was a period of national indepen- '
dence : the power of the Seljuks and Mongols was waning,
and it was possible to concentrate upon the Turkomans when they attacked
the frontiers.
In the reign of John II, the third son of Manuel I, the Empire was no
longer in vassalage to the Mongols. The abundance of John's asper-
coinage, which is nearly comparable in bulk and variety to
his father's, furnishes evidence, even when we remember JOHN II,
that John's reign was a long one, of the great commercial 1280-1297.
activity of which Trebizond was the centre.2
Trebizond had for centuries been famed as a great entrep6t to which
the Greek and Mussulman merchants resorted,
to carry from thence, eastward and westward, the Commercial position
products of the world.3 Under the rule of their of Trebizond.
1 A scarce bronze coinage is known : see p. 258 infra.
2 Many coins, however, that bear the name of John II are more or less barbarous and
are no doubt to be regarded not as money of Trebizond itself, but as foreign imitations,
struck, probably, in Georgia. Such coins, there is reason to think, were minted — or at
least remained in circulation — long subsequent to the thirteenth century : see, especially
on these coins, Retowski, Komn., pp. 108-29; cp. our text, infra, p. 272.
3 In early Abbasid times (latter half of the eighth century, &c.) goods were brought
from Constantinople for sale at Trebizond to Moslem merchants, many of whom
permanently resided in the city. Thence, by the hands of Arabs or Armenians the
merchandise was carried across the mountains to Malatiyah and other towns on the
Euphrates. See G. Le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, 1905, p. 136.
lxxx INTRODUCTION
Emperors the people of Trebizond were not themselves very actively
engaged in trade, though they had some products of their own to offer, and
silver was obtained from mines in their mountains. But the foreign
merchant was always welcome, and the State derived great revenue from
the duties that it was able to impose on every kind of commercial trans-
action in which the alien trader was permitted to engage.1
In the latter half of the thirteenth century a great expansion took
place in the transit-trade of the Empire, due, in the first instance, to
Hulagu's destruction of Bagdad in A. d. 1258. Products of the East which
hitherto had been carried westward by the Mediterranean were now taken
north to the Black Sea 2 and to Trebizond, which thus obtained new
opportunities of exacting dues and fresh openings for its own productions.
Traders from the West were also attracted to Trebizond, and already in
1266-7 we hear of merchants arriving from Marseilles. But the leading
merchants and carriers were Italians. During the reign of John II, and at
least as early as circ. a. d. 1290, the Genoese appeared upon the scene, and in
a few years' time (at the beginning of the fourteenth century) they are
found in possession of a quarter of their own and their own tribunal. They
were followed by their rivals the Venetians, who about the year 1319
obtained a similar footing in the capital.3
In the year 1285 John's sister Theodora, the daughter of Manuel I by
Roussadan, an Iberian princess, making common cause with some of the
ambitious nobles, was enabled to depose her brother and
' to mount the throne. Probably this usurpation did not
last long (and John certainly regained his crown), but
we have a witness to it in the issue of an asper of the ordinary character (also
a bronze nomisma) bearing the name and figure of Theodora (PI. XXXVIII.
1). This is the only instance of the issue of coin by a Trebizond Empress,
though in the frescoes of the churches it was usual for the Empress to
appear beside the Emperor, as, for example, in the Trebizond church of
St. Gregory of Nyssa, where the figure of John II was accompanied by that
of his wife Eudocia, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII.
Alexius II, the eldest son of John II, proved a firm administrator. He
defeated a Turkoman force near Kerasunt and resisted the pretensions of
ALEXIUS II t^Xe Genoese merchants to escape from toll. In this
1297-1330 ' reiSn> as we nave already noticed, a Venetian merchant-
colony was established at Trebizond (circ. a.d. 1319).
Alexius constructed a new wall for the city and repaired the ruins of
Leontokastron, the fortress contiguous to the land granted to the Genoese.
A not inconsiderable coinage of aspers may be attributed to this reign,
1 See further p. lxxxv, infra.
2 Heyd, Hist, du commerce, ii. 93 ; cp. p. 68.
8 On the Genoese and Venetians at Trebizond see Heyd, Hist, du commerce du
Levant, vol. ii, pp. 92-107, 360-5.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ANDRONICUS III— MICHAEL lxxxi
and a new denomination, the half-asper, makes its appearance. It is on these
aspers and half-aspers that equestrian figures first take the place of the
standing figures (PI. XXXVIII. 2). It is not easy to conjecture why a change
was made in such a popular and stereotyped coinage. At the time of his
accession Alexius II was only fifteen and was under the guardianship of
Andronicus II, the Byzantine Emperor, who interfered in his most trifling
actions and who may perhaps have been responsible for the alteration in the
coinage, if the coinage was issued on the accession of Alexius and before the
young emperor became independent of Andronicus. Yet the equestrian
type of St. Eugenius, though new on coins, was probably not unfamiliar to
the people of Trebizond, for we know that it existed in art at least as early
as the time of Manuel I, who was represented in a fresco of the monastic
church of St. Sophia as a standing figure wearing on his breast a medallion
in which was a figure of St. Eugenius seated on horseback.1
To the short reign of Andronicus III a few aspers have been attributed
(see p. 284, infra) ; of the still shorter reign of ANDRONICUS m
Manuel II no coins are known. But with the '
accession of Basil, the son of Alexius II and
brother of Andronicus III, the asper-coinage is MANUEL II,
renewed, though not in any marked abundance Jan.-Sept. 1332.
or variety. The Empire was, in fact, once more
BASIL
disturbed by the struggles of the provincial nobles '
for independence, and,not long after Basil's death, p
by the attacks of the Turkomans, who caused a great conflagration in the
capital, one incident of which was the total destruction of the Venetian
quarter (1341).2
During the reigns of Irene and of Anna, which IRENE. ANNA.
occupy the period between April 1340 and Sept.
1342, no new coins would appear to have been issued, and John III, the
idle and luxurious Emperor who followed, TriTTiw
minted, so far as can be made out, only M „ ^ „.»„,,'
'. . 'J 4 Sept X342-3 May 1344.
money in bronze.
Michael, father of John III and son of John II, renewed the asper-
coinage, but from about this period the importance of the Empire began to
decline. The intrigues of the nobles still con- tvttpttat?t
tinued, and in a war with the Genoese the „ ,„„,„„ ',„.„
■n i. a j *u t t. t May 1344-13 Dec. 1349.
Emperor was worsted and the fortress of
1 Finlay, Hist, of Greece, iv, p. 340 n. ; p. 434 n. Evangelides, pp. 72, 73. The
representation of a horseman, though not found on Imperial Byzantine coins till the
very latest period, had been seen on the coins of the Seljuks as early as the twelfth
century. A Georgian silver coin (British Museum) of the thirteenth century (1253-1269)
also shows a horseman as a type. In the Armenian series a horseman is seen on coins
of Hethum and Kay-Kubad I, A. D. 1226-1236: Langlois, Num. de I'Armenie, p. 55,
PI. IV. 4.
2 Heyd, Hist, du commerce, ii, p. 103.
1
Ixxxii INTRODUCTION
Leontokastron was surrendered to them. Finlay has remarked that the
Imperial authority in the later days of Trebizond wears rather the aspect
of feudal suzerainty, blended with Oriental despotism, than that of the old
Byzantine ascendancy of supreme legislator and judge.
The position did not alter during the early years of Alexius III (son of
the former Emperor Basil), who, when only twelve years old, was seated on
the throne by the faction then dominant.
ALEXIUS III, „ , ,, J , , ,
Yet, as the Emperor grew up, he was able,
13 Dec. 1349-20 Mar. 1390. , , , . f, 6, f, -, ■
at least in part, to restore the predomin-
ance of the crown. His long reign of about forty years was, indeed, a
kind of renaissance. The Genoese merchants at Trebizond were in possession
of their old privileges and of some new ones, and the transit-trade was a
source of large revenue to the exchequer. The asper-coinage, though it had
now fallen in weight and hardly contained 40 grains, as compared with the
45 grains of earlier days, is at least fairly abundant and well struck and
displays a number of symbols.1 Its divisions, the half- and quarter-asper,
were also coined, and the bronze coinage, though of small module, is
abundant and varied in its types.
There was also, at least in externals, a revival in religion, and Alexius
was magnificent in his ecclesiastical donations. In honour of the birthday
of St. Eugenius, long the patron of the State, and now specially invoked
as the patron of Alexius and his house, he re-established a splendid festival
— a irdvvvyps crrdcris 2 — in which banquets, revelry, and sacred rites were
strangely blended.
But, from without, great dangers were now beginning to threaten the
Empire. First, in the reign of Manuel III (son of Alexius III), the great
MANUEL III invasion of Asia Minor by the Mongols ; under
1390-1417 3 Alexius IV (son of Manuel III), the onslaught of the
Turkoman hordes of the Kuyunli (the Black and White
' Sheep), and, finally, under Alexius IV and his two
successors, John IV and David, those attacks of the
Othmanli Turks which culminated in the overthrow of the Empire.
For a time the Emperors fairly held their own. Manuel III, by
tendering tribute and vassalage, succeeded in diverting the ravages of Timur.
Alexius IV, by the payment of tribute to Yusuf and by the marriage of his
daughter to Yusuf 's son, procured temporary relief, till finally, after Yusuf's
death, the Turkoman army dispersed.
1 It ought to be said, however, that some of the aspers of larger module attributed
in this Catalogue to Alexius III are assigned, on very reasonable grounds, by Retowski
to Alexius II (cp. p. 279, infra). If his view is correct, the asper-coinage of Alexius III
will scarcely deserve the credit of being well struck.
2 Fallmerayer, Original-Fragm., Part I, p. 39.
3 On the date of Manuel's death see Fallmerayer, op. at., Part II, p. 106. On the
date of the death of Alexius IV see Retowski, Komn., p. 179 ; cp. p. 7.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. METALS AND WEIGHTS Ixxxiii
Nor was the prosperity of Trebizond entirely at an end, though, if
we may judge from the coinage, it was already declining. Under both
Manuel III and Alexius IV there is no deficiency of silver currency, but
considering the length of their respective reigns the coinage is by no means
superabundant. Though struck with the old types and with some variety
of symbols, it had fallen still lower in weight. The silver coins of these two
reigns weigh, in fact, at the highest, only from 20 to 30 grains, and it is
doubtful whether they are to be regarded as degenerate aspers, or — the
asper being no longer coined— as half-aspers. The frequent hostilities dur-
ing this reign between the Genoese and the people of Trebizond, and their
prevalence in various parts of the Empire during the succeeding reign
(John IV), cannot have been propitious to the Imperial revenue.
Under John IV the coinage is confined to an apparently scanty issue of
aspers or half-aspers, and David, the last Emperor, is not known to have
issued money. In the reign of John, the general of Moham- JOH„ ,v
mad II (the conqueror of Constantinople) attacked Trebizond, 14.40 taeq
and John was compelled to pay a yearly tribute of 3,000 gold
pieces. Under David, in the year 1461 , Trebizond was finally ' ' "
handed over to Mohammad. The nobles and rich landowners
were compelled to remove to Constantinople, and their estates were con-
fiscated. The magnificent palace of the Emperors was occupied by a pacha
and the mass of the population enslaved.1
3. Metals and Weight.
There is no trace of a coinage in gold, though such existed in the
Empire of Nicaea. The chief denomination is the silver acnrpov, which,
so far as our evidence indicates, was first struck
circa A. r>. 1235 (by John I), and thus not until about
thirty years after the foundation of the Empire.
During the thirteenth century, i.e. from John I to the death of
John II in 1297, specimens of the asper will be found to weigh well over
40 grains, and, as will be seen from the weights of coins (in the British
Museum 2) recorded below, the highest weights attained are from 45 to
nearly 46 grains : —
John I (1235-1238). 44-6, 44-9 grains.
Manuel I (1238-1263). 44-7, 45-6, 45-8.
John II (1280-1297). 44-9, 45-6.
Theodora (1285). 44-5.
1 It is worth noting that so late as the year 1460 a new band of Italian traders, the
Florentines, had acquired commercial rights in Trebizond, their import dues being fixed
at 2 per cent., while they were exempted from dues on export. Heyd, Hist, du commerce,
ii, p. 362.
2 The weights of many other specimens are mentioned in Retowski's Munzen d. Komn.
lxxxiv INTRODUCTION
In the series of rude or blundered coins which bear the names of
Manuel I and John II, and which were probably not issued within the
borders of the Empire, specimens rarely attain the weight of 40 grains,
but usually weigh from 30 to about 38 grains. The curious aspers
described on pp. 254 f. infra (' Manuel I '), and apparently struck after the
death of Manuel I and not within the Empire, all weigh, however, above
40 grains (44-3, 46-5, &c).
The weights of the later coinage of Trebizond may be tabulated from
specimens in the British Museum as follows : —
Alexius II (1297-1330). Asper. 32-8, 35-5, 36-2, 36-8, 40-5, 41-7,
42-8.
Ealf-asper. 18-7, 19-6, 22-7, 27-5.
Basil (1332-1340). Asper. 30-3, and 18- and 21- (asper or
half -aspers ?).
John III (1342-1344). No silver coinage.
Michael (1344-1349). Asper. 25-8, 26- (pierced).
Alexius III (1349-1390). Asper. 31-33 grs., 38-2 highest.
Ealf-asper. 17-4, 24- (pierced).
Quarter-asper. 13-2.
Manuel III (1390-1417). Ealf-asper (or asperl). 14-6, 16-9, 17-5,
20-5.
Alexius IV (1417-1446). Ealf-asper (or asper ?). 21-, 27-5.
From this table it will be seen that with the opening of the fourteenth
century (reign of Alexius II) the asper begins to lose weight. The average
weights are lower than in the previous century, and the highest weight
attained (42-8 grains) has to compare with the 45-46 grains of earlier
reigns.
Under Alexius II the half -asper (highest weight, 27-5) was introduced.1
The scanty coinages of Basil and Michael yield an asper of hardly more
than 30 grains ; but in the reign of Alexius III, which nearly covers the
latter half of the fourteenth century, there is an apparent revival in the
coinage. Even thus the asper does not reach the old level of at least
1 M. Retowski has no special dissertation in his Munztn der Komnenen on metrology,
but I gather from Ms work (see especially pp. 150, 162) that he recognizes only one
denomination in the silver coinage of Trebizond, namely, the asper ; his view being that
those coins which are of unusually low weight are not half-aspers but simply aspers
struck on a reduced standard, or even perhaps fraudulent imitations of the period. In
determining the question a good deal will depend upon the attribution of the coins.
Thus, in the case of the coins of Alexius II (infra, pp. 280-3), we have to deal (if our
attribution to Alexius II is correct) with both heavy and light specimens which may
fairly well be respectively called aspers and half-aspers. But if our attribution of these
coins be not admitted, and (on the lines of Retowski's arrangement) we transfer the
lighter specimens to a later reign (Alexius III), then the sole denomination of Alexius II
will be the asper, and the light coins transferred to Alexius III may perhaps be called
aspers of reduced weight rather than half-aspers.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ORIGIN OF THE ASPER lxxxv
40 grains, for the usual weight of this denomination under Alexius III
may be stated as from 31 to 33 grains, while the highest weight attained
is 38-2 grains. In this reign we have the half- and the quarter-asper.
In the reigns of Manuel III and Alexius IV, which carry us forward
into the fifteenth century, the silver coinage is of smaller module than
hitherto, and it is somewhat doubtful whether these — the last silver —
issues of Trebizond are to be regarded as half-aspers, or as the old asper
reduced in weight to about 28 grains (highest).
The name ' asper ' (a<nrpoi>) was employed in the Levant and the East
as the designation of various European and Oriental l coins struck in
silver.2 Those issued at Trebizond appear to have . .
received for distinctiveness (at any rate in the four-
A RT>ftT*
teenth century) the name of ' Comnenians ', as appears
from a passage in a charter of Alexius III 3 : — IIpoo-Tdcro-ei ... 77 fiao-iXeia
fiov . . . SiSovai kv avrrj errjo-ico? acrirpa 6e.o<rvvTr)pr)TOV ^apayfjs avrrjs ra St)
Xeyo/xeva Kop.vrjvara y^iXia. The genesis (circa 1235 A.D.) of the Trebizond
asper is somewhat obscure. As regards fabric and weight this coin is not
modelled on the Imperial Byzantine money, and even its types may be pro-
nounced original. For the module and flat fabric it might seem likely that
the Venetian silver grosso* which must have become well known in the
Eastern Empire after the Latin conquest of 1204, would furnish a pattern.
But it is noticeable that the grosso (circ. 1235) weighs only about 35 grains,
while the earliest aspers weigh from 40 to nearly 46 grains. It seems
more likely that the weight of the new asper was suggested, not by the
Venetian currency,5 but by the principal silver coin (dirhem) which was
issued by the Turks and other Oriental peoples, and which, long before
and after this date, maintained a weight of about 43 grains.6
1 See e. g. Sauvaire, Matiriaux . . . de la numismatique et de la metrologie nmsulmanes
(1882), p. 365.
2 "Aa-npos in Byzantine and modern Greek means white. Svoronos (Journ. internal,
d'arch. num., II, pp. 352 f.) has an ingenious argument in which he contends that aatipov
(as applied e. g. to Imperial Byzantine coins of the eleventh and twelfth centuries) was
originally a mere transference into Greek of the Latin word asper, meaning a coin rough
to the touch and so unworn and fresh from the mint. Cp. Du Cange, Disseti. de inf.
aevi iiumUmaiibus, § cvi (xcvi), 'aspri.' See also P. Lambros, Monete inedite del Gran
Maestri . . . in Rodi, Venice, 1865, pp. 22 f.
3 Fallmerayer, Original-Fragm., Part I, p. 90 ; Pfaffenhoffen, p. 72.
4 Called also matapan and silver ducato : B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. lxviii.
5 On the Imperial Byzantine coinage the influence of the Venetian grosso is first
traceable under Michael IX and Andronicus II, a.d. 1295-1320 : B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz.
Coins, p. lxx.
6 As to the dues paid to the State of Trebizond in the fourteenth century by Italian
and other merchants see Fallmerayer, Geschichte, &c, pp. 319, 320, and Heyd, Mist, du
commerce, ii, pp. 102 f. The Venetians on re-exporting merchandise by caravan to the
interior of Asia had to pay a tax of 20 aspers for each animal's load. In the case of
a sale in Trebizond to purchasers who were not Venetians the vendor had to pay to the
lxxxvi INTRODUCTION
In addition to the asper a scyphate coin, the silver nomisma, was
struck, perhaps only experimentally, in the reign of
The Nomisma. Manuel j A specimen in the British Museum weighs
45-7 grains; another attains 47-8 grains.
It may be conjectured that the bronze coinage was more abundant
than would appear from the comparatively few
Bronze Coinage. 8pecimena that have been published. The following
table is mainly based on specimens described in the present Catalogue : —
John I. No coins identified with certainty.
Manuel I. Large flan. Size 1-05 inch. Perhaps the bronze
nomisma. Brit. Mus. specimen weighs 48-7 grains.
George. Size about 1 inch. Bronze nomismata.
John II. Scyphate (nomisma). Size 1 inch. Wt. 35 grains
(rev. Bust of St. John).
Theodora. Size about -8 inch (23 millimetres : Retowski, p. 133).
Alexius II. Apparently no coins known.
Basil. Scyphate. Size -7 inch (Sabatier).
John III. (i) Scyphate. Sizes -8—85 inch. Wt. 41-2 grains,
(ii) Scyphate. Size -6 inch. Wt. 21-1 grains, &c.
Michael. Sizes -75--55 inch. Usually -75 inch.
Alexius III. Sizes -8—55 inch. Usually -55 or -6 inch.
Manuel III. Sizes -6, -55 inch.
4. Types and Inscriptions.
The obverse type is always a figure of the reigning emperor.1 The
reverse type, invariably on the aspers and its divisions, and often on the
bronze, relates to St. Eugenius, who was a native of Trebi-
zond martyred under Diocletian, and who had long been
venerated as the patron-saint of the city. In the early days of the Empire,
when under Andronicus I, Trebizond was beset by the Seljiik sultan, the
city had been saved by the intervention of the saint, whose head was carried
by the hegoumenos of his convent in solemn procession round the walls.
At a later period the festival of St. Eugenius and the buildings dedi-
cated to him gained fresh eclat through the munificence of Alexius III.
government 3 per cent, or sometimes more. If the buyer and seller were both Venetians
each had to pay ly per cent., or 2 per cent, if the article disposed of was sold by weight.
Some articles were allowed to be imported by the Venetians duty-free, but if re-exported
they had, as we have seen, to pay a duty of 20 aspers. Merchandise brought in by the
Venetians from the interior of Asia had to pay 12 aspers an animal's load, and when sold
within the Empire itself had to pay 1 per cent, excise duty. In 1314, 15 aspers of
Trebizond appear to have been equivalent to 1 hyperpre, i. e. the Byzantine gold nomisma
(' bezant '). Heyd, op. cit, ii, p. 103.
1 Except on the ' Uncertain Bronze ' described infra, pp. 309 f.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. REVERSE TYPES lxxxvii
' Eugenius ' was one of the commonest personal names in the city ; and
a constant theme of the literature of Trebizond is the praise of tov kv
OavjiacTL wepLfiorjTOV Kal fieydXov Evyeviov.
On the coins St. Eugenius is represented as a bearded and nimbate
figure, clothed in an ample mantle, fastened by a brooch. In his right
hand he holds the cross (e. g. PI. XXXIII. 9). He is usually standing facing
the spectator, but from about 1297 onwards he appears (at least on the
silver money) on horseback. This equestrian figure of the saint, though
then an innovation so far as the coinage was concerned, had been known
to Trebizond at least as early as the time of Manuel I.1
The reverse types that do not bear any relation to St. Eugenius are
not numerous. On the silver nomismata issued during part of the reign
of Manuel I a figure of the Virgin is seen enthroned
JVL] SCGll3.il GOtlS
in the manner usual on Byzantine coins (PI. XXXII.
J . reverse types.
6-10). This figure, though without distinctive attri-
butes, would probably represent to the people of Trebizond their Virgin
' of the golden head ' — the Panagia Chrysokephalos, whose church was one
of the most revered in the empire, and the burial-place of several of its
later emperors.2
A bronze coin of John II shows an interesting bust of the Baptist —
6 npoSpofios (PI- XXXVII. 17), but .the apparent absence of any repre-
sentation of the Saviour and of the Virgin (except on the short-lived
nomismata just described) is somewhat remarkable. The Emperor George
chooses, in addition to St. Eugenius, his namesake St. George for the
reverse of his bronze coinage; but the type usually found on the latest
bronze of Trebizond is some variety of the cross : even thus St. Eugenius
is not forgotten, for his name is often written in the angles of the cross.
One variety, on small bronze coins inscribed with the name ' Alexius ', is
noteworthy, as showing the cross planted upon what are evidently the
walls of Trebizond, for a gateway and battlements are represented
(PI. XL. 15). Interest would be added to this type if we could assign it
to Alexius II, who is known to have constructed a new wall for the city ;
but on numismatic grounds 3 it is almost certain that the coins on which
this type appears were issued by Alexius III, whose successor, Manuel III,
repeated it. Alexius III himself may well have repaired or rebuilt the
city wall, for he has a name in the history of Trebizond as a great builder
and restorer of churches and convents. The cross — intended, possibly, for
the cross always held by Eugenius — is probably fixed upon the wall in
the pious spirit of Nisi Dominus cudodierit civitatem.*
A double-headed eagle, displayed, on the coins of Alexius III (PL XLI. 3),
1 See supra, p. lxxxi. z Millet, Bull. corr. hell., six, pp. 420 f.
3 See infra, p. 297.
* As to the B and BB found as types on some ' Uncertain Bronze ' see infra, p. 310.
lxxxviii INTRODUCTION
and an eagle, sometimes with a cross on its head (PI. XLII. 5), on the
late ' Uncertain Bronze ', are the only remaining reverse types that call
for notice. These types, unless possibly they have, like the other reverse
types, a religious meaning, may perhaps be explained as the badge or
arms of the emperor. We know from contemporary paintings that
Imperial personages at Trebizond were sometimes represented in robes
ornamented with eagles. Thus, the robe of Manuel I displayed two rows of
eagles on circular medallions.1 The robes of John II were likewise adorned
with single-headed eagles, while those of his wife Eudocia, the daughter
of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII, were distinguished by double-
headed eagles.2 The church of the monastery of St. Sophia is ornamented
on the facade of the western portico and at the extremity of the great
apse by a single-headed eagle, which is interpreted by Millet 3 as ' the
special emblem of the Comneni of Trebizond '.
The emperor on the obverse of the silver coins is represented standing,
crowned (as had long been usual on the Imperial Byzantine money) by
„ . the inanus Dei. From the time of Alexius II on-
Hepresentations . . ., . ,
wards, the emperor (on the silver coins) is on horse-
back and the man us is omitted. The portraiture
of the most conventional kind — a bearded head which essentially never
changes. It is useless, therefore, to confront the coins with the information
that we derive from other sources as to the personal appearance of the
different emperors.4
The variations in the Imperial costume may be worth attention, but
probably not much importance is to be attached to the changes in the
objects held by the emperor, except in so far as they enable the numis-
matist to differentiate the coins. On the aspers John I appears holding
the cross and roll. Manuel I holds the labarum and roll. John II retains
the labarum, but holds instead of the roll the globus cruciger. Theodora
also holds the globus. Alexius II and the later emperors, who are shown
on horseback, hold a sceptre with a head of varying forms which furnishes
a useful clue to the arrangement of the coins,5 even if it does not reproduce
the form of sceptre in actual use by the different emperors.
1 Finlay, iv, p. 340.
2 According to Finlay (iv, p. 348) ' to mark her rank as an imperial princess of the
East and the West ' (cp. Koehne, ' Vom Doppeladler' in Berliner Blatter fur Mum-, Siegel- v.
Wapperikunde, vi, p. 5). On these figures see Finlay, iv, pp. 347, 348 ; cp. iv. 373 n. ; 383 n.
8 Bull. eorr. hell, xix (1895), p. 428.
4 The appearance of Alexius III is known to us from a description (see Fallmerayer,
Orig. Frag., Part I, pp. 35 f.), from the illuminated charter of the St. Dionysius Convent,
and from the seal thereto attached (Finlay, iv. 383-5 ; Evangelides, p. 117 n.). For
paintings of Manuel I and John II see Finlay, iv. 340 n. and 348 n.
5 See pp. 278 f., infra. Manuel III is the first emperor to use (on the coins) a sceptre
•with a three-barred cross, ^. There is perhaps no special significance in this, but it
.§ y. TREBIZOND. INSCRIPTIONS lxxxix
The inscriptions are very simple, being nothing more than identifica-
tions of the types. St. Eugenius is always accompanied by his name : —
O AriOC eVreNIOC; on later coins, usually @ 6 Vr€N
(or abbreviated). The Baptist's title is given in Inscriptions..
monogram.1
The Emperor's name is generally given in an abbreviated form, as
IUU = John II, and III; IYIHHA = Manuel I. It is always followed by
the surname ' Comnenus ', thus, IUU O KOWSHNOC (John II), H KOhNHN,
after the name of Theodora. But this surname is not often written in
full. From the lapidary inscriptions, the Chronicle of Panaretos, &c, it
is quite certain that the official title of Alexius I and his successors was
the ' Great-Comnenus ', 6 jieyas K.ofivrji'os.2 Joinville refers to Manuel I, his
contemporary, as lequel se faisoit apjxller le Grant-Comnene et Sire de
Traffesontes. But on the coins fiiyas is never found except on some rare
aspers attributed by Eetowski (p. 162) to Alexius III. Some numismatists
have, indeed, explained a solitary H which occasionally follows the name
of the emperor as the initial letter of fieyas, but a comparison of a large
number of coins makes it practically certain that this letter is merely the
broken-down representative of KOMNHNOC, a word which we find
abridged as KHN, and even as HN. It may be further noted that there
is no trace on the coins of any such style as avTOKparaip or /Jao-iAei*?,
which are known from other sources to have been employed by the
emperors.
The ornamental, if somewhat stiff and square, writing with its
numerous ligatures — somewhat resembling the Georgian and Armenian
coin-script — which is characteristic of the inscriptions
and manuscripts of Trebizond,3 is hardly seen upon
the coins. Such ligatures as occur are of an ordinary kind, as hrN= MN,
may "be worth noting that this emperor was at the beginning of his reign in possession
of a fragment of the Cross of Christ which he presented to the monastery of Sumelas, as
appears from the inscription on the silver shrine that holds it : —
'Evddde Kelrai to rpio~6\$iov £uXop,
*Ev w 6 Xpiaros rjyiaae rqv kt'io-iv.
'O ''Ep.p.avovqX tou 'AXe^i'ou yoyos,
Kofivqvos, aval;, evo-e^rjs, avToKpaTccp,
*ilff ficopov ayvhv 77/ Tlnvayv® 7rpoa<pepel.
(Quoted, Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part I, p. 57 : the date of the dedication is A.D. 1390.)
1 p. 276, infra. On the inscr. 6 Tpaire(oivTios, identifying St. Eugenius on coins
that were probably issued beyond the limits of Trebizond, see pp. 254-6. The epithet
is also found, though rarely, even on coins of Trebizond itself (John II : see Retowski,
Komn., pp. 79, 80).
2 See e. g. the titles of Alexius III in Evangelides, 'lor. Tpan., pp. 113, 125. Panaretos
heads his Chronicle: — Tltpi r<op rrjs Tpaire^ovuros ftao-iXttov tuiv Mf-ydAwv Kopvyvaiv.
s For examples see Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., pp. 101 f.; Pfaffenhoffen, PI. XIV-X VII ;
Bull coir, hell, xix (1895), p. 424.
m
xc INTRODUCTION
though there are occasional instances of some more closely resembling
those of the inscriptions and manuscripts; such are H=rH (Manuel I,
p. 239); Cg = re (Manuel I, p. 251); r* = r€NH (Manuel I, p. 253);
TU = ALU (Theodora).1 As to individual letters, A is written A, A, or
A, A. B is generally B. M is represented by IY1 and M, perhaps indiffer-
ently, f or f , found on p. 241, infra, is apparently a form of E. A is
sometimes written Vor/V (Alexius III). The accent is inserted on some
coins of John II in the name Eugenius, which is written €VT'€NIOC,
evre'NIOC, and evfeNioc.
5. Symbols and Letters.
The silver money (not, however, the bronze) is throughout the whole
period of coinage marked by a number of letters and symbols. These
signs have been little studied by numismatists, though Pfaffenhoffen
(p. 79) has suggested that the letters served to indicate mints. Thus, B was
fiaviXeiov, the palace-mint ; K, Kerasunt ; A, Limnia, a strong fortress where
the emperors occasionally resided ; J\ A and K, the fortress Leontokastron.
For many reasons I believe this view to be untenable. First, as
regards B, which is found both on obverse and reverse on the coins of many
reigns, it is at least as likely (as suggested infra, p. 310) that it has
a religious significance, BOHQ6I, as that it is to be interpreted /3ao-i\eioi>.
K, on the coins of Manuel I, might, if it stood alone, be indicative of
Kerasunt, the second city of the Empire ; but doubts are raised when we
find on the coins of the same Emperor Manuel that K is combined with
A as KA, a combination which, according to Pfaffenhoffen, should mean
' Leontokastron ', and further, that one of the coins that has K on its
obverse bears A on its reverse, and A, in Pfaffenhoffen' s view, should mean
' Limnia '.2 Moreover, this K, which first occurs under Manuel I, does not.
apparently, reappear till the time of Alexius IV, one of the latest of the
emperors. Nor does Pfaffenhoffen 's list exhaust the series of letters, for
an explanation is still required of the N which appears on the earliest
coins (those of John I); the Y~~ f°und on coins of Manuel I ; the A
found on coins of John II.3
1 Also "p = Tp, infra, p. 255, and Retowsfci, Komn., p. 22 : cp. ^ and 3, p. 254, infra,
note.
2 This objection to Pfaffenhoffen's view had suggested itself, independently, to
M. Retowski, Komn., p. 19.
A
3 Nos. 22-8. On one specimen, no. 22, we find p, which may possibly stand for
ayws and be a religious ejaculation, as B on various Trebizond coins is conjectured
(p. 310) to be.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. SYMBOLS AND LETTERS xci
Moreover, if all these letters indicate, as Pfaffenhoffen suggests, the
names of mints, we should expect them to correspond to differences of style
and fabric ; but though it is easy to separate from the great bulk of the
coinage certain series of careless or barbarous workmanship, which are
perhaps merely foreign imitations, it is by no means equally easy to
detect such differences in style and fabric between, e.g. the K, B, and N
series of coins, as would necessarily compel us to assign them to different
mints. On the whole, the style and fabric of the coinage of this Empire
is remarkably uniform : there may be changes from reign to reign, but at
any given time and within the limits of any one reign it is hard, if not
impossible, to discover such differences as might seem to arise from the
minting of the coins at various centres. The safest hypothesis, then, is
that all the coins— at any rate those of silver — were struck in the capital
of the Empire.1 These letters and symbols probably, for the most part,
belong to the category of secret marks, from which the mint-master could
ascertain at what date, under what circumstances, and, perhaps, at what
officina the coins were issued.
Some analysis of these signs may here be attempted, even if it is
impossible to explain their individual significance. First, as to the letters.
These are, apparently, to be found chiefly, if not exclusively, in the earliest
reigns. Thus, John I has N. Manuel I : — B on obv. and rev. ; K on obv* ;
K both on obv. and rev. ; KA on obv. ; KA on obv. and A on rev. ; f on obv. ;
} = C ? on obv. ; X (if a letter ?) on obv. In the next reign (John II) only
A (and y.) occurs=AriOC? (p. xc n., supra), but after this, letters — except
only B on obv. and rev. — are absent from the coinage.2 The use of letters,
then (excepting B, which is found in nearly every reign), would seem to
have been only temporarily in vogue, chiefly during the reign of Manuel I
(a.d. 1238-1263).
In addition to the letters, John I and Manuel I made a considerable
use of the star and the pellet, so often found in later reigns. Although in
some cases the pellets seen in the field of the Trebizond coins may be
purely decorative, it can hardly be doubted that as a rule they are of the
nature of secret or differentiating marks which a numismatist ought not
to ignore. On the obverses of Manuel I we find the pellets varying in
number from 1 to 9 : on the reverses the number of pellets varies, some-
times, though by no means always, repeating the exact number of the
1 Cherson, the Crimean possession of Trebizond, may be borne in mind as a possible
mint, whether for the silver or the bronze. Specimens of the asper have often come
from the Crimea, though this does not prove that they were struck there : see de Saulcy,
Essai de class. . . . mon. byz., p. 421 ; Blau, op. cit., p. 155, says that the aspers of
Manuel I usually come from the Crimea and Georgia. Retowski procured specimens
during his residence in the Crimea (Komn., p. 4).
2 K, however, appears under Alexius IV.
xcii INTRODUCTION
pellets found on the obv.1 The stars on the obverses of Manuel I are
from 1 to 4 in number : —
4 stars on obv. and 3 on rev.
3 stars on obv. and 3 on rev.
2 stars on obv. and 2 on rev.
1 star on obv. (usually).
The pellet also plays its part in these star-series, as it does in other series
in later reigns.
In the following reign (John II) we find % (on reverses), and £X (on
obverses). The cross occurs: this was found already in the reign of
Manuel I, and is found under Alexius II. A curious symbol h (or ? mono-
gram of which B is a part) is seen in this reign (p. 264). The lis (p. 263)
is a new symbol.
Alexius II, under whom the equestrian types first appear, has the
)K on obv. and rev. ; also a quatrefoil ornament <5> on obv. and rev.
(p. 280). The coins offer a new symbol, a plant or flower "V which, on
the aspers, is thrice repeated on the obv. and thrice on the rev. On the
half-aspers 'V occurs on obv. and "V* on rev.
The coinage of Basil is perhaps only marked by pellets. Michael has
)K, also *.*. On the more abundant issues of Alexius III we note first the
reappearance of the lis (on obv. and rev.), seen previously on coins of
John II. A new symbol appears, a bird's head (on obv. and rev.), which
may be the head of an eagle, and so have perhaps an Imperial significance.2
The half-asper and quarter-asper are marked by B on obv. and rev.
Alexius III also uses the plant or flower of Alexius II in the form ^
(on obv. and rev.). These ' plant ' coins have also an additional symbol on
their obverses, either a cross or a sun.3 The latter device deserves atten-
tion. In one case (PI. XL. 1) it may be described as a globular mass,
radiate ; in another, as the rayed disk of the sun represented with human
features (PI. XL. 2). These representations are so distinct from the con-
ventional star-symbol, that it seems legitimate to find in them some special
significance. Now, in the reign of Alexius III, on the 5th May, 1361 A.D.,
there took place a remarkable eclipse of the sun, described by the chronicler
Panaretos * as ol'a ovk kyevero \v rfj ko.8' 77/iiay yevea ware ecpdvrjcrav koli
daTepes kv rw ovpavai. At the time of the eclipse, which was of more than
1 In many cases (as under Manuel I, pp. 243 f., infra, I have grouped the varieties
according to the number of pellets present. M. Retowski (op. cit.) has also thought it
worth while to enumerate the pellets, and he has combined with this enumeration an
instructive arrangement suggested by the position of the pellets.
2 As to the eagle on the bronze coins see p. lxxxviii, supra.
3 In M. Retowski's scheme of arrangement (Komn., p. 136, the coins with the sun
are regarded as issues of Alexius II.
4 § 29 in Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part 2 ; Evangelides, op. cit., p. 107 n.
§ 9. TREBIZOND. SYMBOLS AND LETTERS xciii
an hour's duration, Panaretos happened to be in the company of Alexius
and the emperor's mother, at the monastery of Sumelas, about thirty miles
from the capital, and he tells how they uttered many prayers and supplica-
tions. The use of the sun as a symbol would certainly serve admirably to
mark the date of issue of such aspers of Alexius III as were minted about
this period, and it may even be suspected that it was intended to have
a prophylactic influence.1 And doubtless the former great eclipse of the
reign of Basil,2 when the people in terror rose up and stoned the emperor,
was still remembered.
The symbols of Manuel III link themselves to those of Alexius II and
Alexius III, and are as follows : — ■
)K on obv. and rev. (also with B on obv. and rev.).
Y on obv. and rev. (also with B on obv. and rev.).
)f£ on obv. and Y on rev.
Bird's head on obv. and Y on rev.
Alexius IV has )j£ on obv. and Y on rev., and in this reign we find
the letter K (besides B and B) accompanying the )£ of the obverse, and also
joined to the Y of the reverse.
In the notes to this volume references will be found throughout to
the various articles and monographs that have been used in preparing the
Introduction and the descriptive Catalogue. On the historical side, these
references relate more particularly to the valuable works of Bury, Finlay,
and Hodgkin, and to those of Diehl, Fallmerayer, Jules Gay, Schlumberger,
and Ludwig Schmidt. Among the numismatic monographs to which
frequent reference is made are the essays of J. Friedlaender on the coins
of the Vandals and the Ostrogoths, and Mr. C. F. Keary's Coinage* of
Western Europe, which is especially interesting and suggestive on the
economic side. For the coins of the Duchy of Beneventum, M. Arthur
Sambon's papers in Le Musee (1908) have been very serviceable; but for
the coinage of the Lombard kings there is practically no guide beyond
a brief section in Mr. Keary's work. The coinages of the empires of
Thessaloniea and Nicaea have never been thoroughly investigated, and
there is much to be corrected in Sabatier's account of them in his Mon-
'uaies byzantines. To the recent monograph of O. Retowski on the
coinage of Trebizond I have already referred on p. lxxv.
As in my previous volumes on the Imperial Byzantine Coins, I have
pleasure in calling attention to the debt our national collection owes to its
generous benefactor, the late Count J. F. W. de Salis. A great number
of coins described in this volume are presentations from him to the
1 On some aspers of this series, p. 294, Nos. 4 and 5, the place of the sun is taken by
the cross.
2 Panaretos, Chron., § 9.
xciv INTRODUCTION
Trustees of the British Museum, and the original arrangement and attribu-
tion of the specimens in the Museum cabinets were no doubt largely due
to his rare numismatic acumen, and it is the more regrettable that he has
left behind no notes to explain or justify his views.
I have heartily to thank Mr. Grueber, the Keeper of Coins, and
Mr. G. F. Hill for their care in collating the descriptions with the coins
and for valuable suggestions made to me in the course of reading the
proof-sheets.
WARWICK WROTH.
CATALOGUE OF COINS
OF THE
VANDALS, OSTROGOTHS, LOMBARDS, ETC.
I.
COINS OF THE VANDALS
GAISERIC
A.». 428 — 25 Jak. 477
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Solidus
(Imitated from Solidus of Valentinian III,
a. d. 425—455)
DNPLAVALENTI N
VICTOR! AAVGGGZ
IANVSPFAVG Bust
The Emperor, wear-
of Valentinian III,
ing helmet and mili-
r., beardless, wear-
tary dress, standing
ing jewelled diadem,
facing, trampling
paludamentum, and
with r. foot onhuman
cuirass.
head with serpent
attached ; in his r.,
cruciform sceptre ;
in 1., globus sur-
mounted by Victory,
who crowns him ; in
field, R. M (Rome);
in ex., CO MOB
1
67-
N
•8
(3 for S)
[de Salis gift]
i. 1
2
66-6
N
•8
(A for A)
(A for A) (S for Z)
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-7]
3
664
N
•8
(PLA)
(A for A)
1 The attribution of the following coins to Gaiseric is conjectural (see Introd. § 1) :
no coins are known to be inscribed with his name (cp. Friedlaender, Miinzen der Vandalen,
pp. 1^18).
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
21-8
2L8
Metal and
Size
M -55
N
6
7
8
9
28-4
19-
25-
23-6
M -6
M -5
M -6
M -6
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
(Imitated from Tremissis of Valentinian III)
Inscr. Bust of Valen-
tinian III r., beard-
less, wearing' dia-
dem, paludamentum,
and cuirass.
DNPLAVAL[E?]NTI
NIAN3PFAVG
DNPLAVALENTINI
ANVSPF
Within wreath, small
cross pattee ; in ex.,
COMOB
Plate
i. 2
[de Salis gift]
Silver
(Imitated from Silver Coins of the Ravenna
mint of Honorius, a. d. 395—423)
DNHONOR.I VSPF
AVG Bust of Hono-
rius r., beardless,
wearing jewelled
diadem (with cres-
cent and pellet),
paludamentum, and
cuirass (part of inscr.
and type off flan).
VKBS ROMA Roma,
wearing- long robes
and helmet, seated
1. on cuirass ; in r.,
Victory holding
wreath ; in 1., scep-
tre ; in ex., KVPS
(part of inscr. and
tyj)e off flan).
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
i. 3
i. 4
i. 5
i. 6
GAISERIC— BRONZE
No.
10
11
12
13
Weight
175-
174-
154-1
154-8
Metal and
Size
M 1-
M 1-
M 1.
M 1.
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze
(Struck subsequent to the capture of
Carthage, a. d. 19 Oct. 439)
XLII (42nummi)
KAR.T HACO Male
figure (the Vandal
king ?) standing fac-
ing, wearing cuirass
and paludamentum ;
head bare ; 1. resting
on spear ; r. arm low-
ered ; exergue plain.
Border of dots.
(Described, T. Combe,
Vet. Pop. et Reg.
Num., 1814, p. 241,
No. 2)
(Type smaller than on
Nos. 10-12)
Horse's head 1., bri-
dled ; in the exergue
(which occupies
nearly half the coin),
XLM. Border of
dots.1
[Presented by Mr.
C. H. Read, P.S.A.,
1905]
[Cracherode
" 1799]
bequest,
[Purchased, 1847,
6-19-72]
(On Imperial Roman bronze coins counter-
marked XL" and LXXXIII see Introduc-
tion, § 1)
Plate
i. 7
i. 8
1 Types. Obv. The figure probably represents, as Priedlaender has suggested (M. d.
Vand., p. 36), the Vandal king, though he wears the Roman and not the Vandal dress.
The coins of Gunthamund and other Vandal kings show the king in Roman costume.
Rev. The horse's head, taken in conjunction with the legend KARTHAGO, must be
regarded as appearing here as the emblem or town-arms of Carthage. A horse's head
had appeared on silver coins of the city in the fourth century b. o. (see B. V. Head,
Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, PL 26, No. 40), and the Vandal type may have been
suggested, though not of course necessarily, by one such coin. The horse figures in the
foundation-legends of ancient Carthage : cp. Justin, xviii. 5 ' ibique [i. e. on the spot
where Carthage was subsequently founded] equi caput reperturn, bellicosum poten-
temque populum futurum signifieans '.
L COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
XXI (21 nummi)
KAR.T HA£0 Type as
Nos. 10-12 ; exergue
plain. Border of dots.
Horse's head as Nos.
10-12 ; in ex., XXI.
Border of dots.
14
114-7
M
•8
[Parkes Weber gift,
L 1906] 8
i. 9
15
146-
M
•85
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-459]
16
111-7
M
•85
[R. Payne Knight be-
quest, 1824 = Num-
mi veteres, p. 217,
No. 31]
17
95-8
M
•75
(Type smaller than on
Nos. 14-16)
i. 10
XII (12 nummi)
KAR.T HA£0 Type as
Nos. 10-12 ; exergue
plain. Border of dots.
Horse's head as Nos.
10-12; in ex., XII.
Border of dots.
18
86-5
M
•75
i. 11
19
75-2
M
■75
[de Salis gift]
20
67-2
M
■75
[Presented by Mr. C. H.
Read, P.S.A., 1905]
21
56-3
M
•8
22
49-
M
•7
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-13]
HUNERIC
a.d. 26 Jan. 477 — 23 Dec. 484
No.
Weight
21-
14-2
(worn)
Metal and
Size
M -55
M -5
Obverse
Reverse
Silver
(With name of the Emperor Honorius,
a.d. 395-423)
Inscr. Bust of Hono-
rius r., beardless,
wearing diadem
(with crescent and
pellet) and drapery.
Border of dots.
HONORJVS PV.A^T
HONORJVS PVSA^T
Inscr. Female figure
(Carthage) wearing
robe and mantle,
standing facing, each
hand outstretched
holding ears of corn 2 ;
in ex., star between
two branches (of
palm ?). Border of
dots.
ANN O K3
[Bought of Mr. East-
wood in 1865 ; from
the Charlemont sale]
ANN O llll K
[Bought of E. Asch-
kenasi of Tunis,
1854]
Plate
i. 12
1 Huneric, like his father Gaiseric, does not appear to have struck coins bearing his
own name (cp. Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., p. 34, as to a coin with the supposed name
of Huneric) : as to the attribution to him of the following coins, see Introd. § 1.
2 Compare a similar figure accompanied by the inscription FELIX KART£ on
silver coins of Hilderic described infra.
s The date, following Anno, is off the flan. K = Karthago. A specimen in the
Berlin Museum (procured in Rome) is dated ANNO V (see Fnedl., M. d. Vand., p. 19;
Keary, op. cit., pp. 33 f.). The dates are presumably regnal years of Huneric.
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Bronze
XLII (42nummi)
Female figure (Car-
thage) wearing robe
and mantle and with
hair wreathed, stand-
ingfacing ; each hand
raised and holding
ears of corn 1 ; whole
in laurel wreath with
circular ornament.
NX-|_N within laurel
wreath with circular
ornament.
3
200-5
M 1-1
[Purchased, 1847,
6-19-71]
i. 13
4
179-
M 1-05
5
182-1
M 1-1
6
159-
JE 1-05
[Louis Fraser, 1847 2]
7
126-9
M 1-
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-601]
XXI (21
Type (Carthage stand-
ing) as Nos. 3-6.
(A cross instead of a
pellet in the centre
of the circular orna-
ment)
nummi)
NXXI within laurel
wreath with circular
ornament.
i. 14
8
104-8
^E -9
[Purchased, 1847,
6-25-18 3]
i. 15
1 The figure on the obv. was no doubt derived from the similar figure that had
appeared on the coins struck at Carthage by Diocletian and his successors (see, e.g.
Cohen, MM. imp., vi, p. 464, No. 437). The legends on Diocletian's coins of this type
are:— Salvis Avgg. et Caess. avcta Kart., and Salvis Avgg. et Caess. fel. Kart. The female
personification of Carthage is represented on mosaics and other monuments of the fourth
and fifth centuries (see J. Maurice, Numismatique Constantinienne (1908), i, p. 344m.).
- Coins of Byzantine emperors of the Carthage mint were included in the same
purchase.
" Another example described, Priedl., M. d. Vancl., p. 38, No. 5. Specimens of the
com are rare.
HUNERIC— BRONZE
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
XII (12 nummi)
Type (Carthage stand-
ing) as Nos. 3-6.
NXII within laurel
wreath with circular
ornament.
9
73-
M
•8
[E. Aschkenasi, of
Tunis, 1854]
i. 16
10
647
M
•7
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-14]
11
87-6
M
•75
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 : purchased of
Sambon]
Mil
Bust 1. (the king),
beardless, wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass ; in
front, palm-branch.
Border of dots.
N
■ HI Border of dots.1
12
21-
M
■55
[Presented by Mr. J.
Doubleday, 1846]
i. 17
13
17-8
M
•45
[Doubleday purchase,
14
17-2
M
•4
[Doubleday purchase,
i. 18
1 Of the specimens referred to by Friedlaender (M. d. Vand., p. 39 ; p. 45), one was
found at Carthage, two others in Italy, in the Monte Roduni hoard. Specimens have
also been found in Algeria mixed with small bronze coins of King Hilderic (see Lettres
de Baron Marchant, ed. 1851, p. 196 ; cp. p. 201), and this fact suggests the possibility of the
coins belonging to Hilderic himself or one of his immediate predecessors. But as the
coins are in respect of their mark of value akin to those assigned to Gaiseric (p. 4) and
Huneric (p. 7) I assign them to this period, pointing out, however, the uncertainty
of the attribution and the possibility of their having been issued in a later reign than
Huneric's.
GUNTHAMUND
a.d. 24 Dec. 484—3 Sept 496
No.
Weight
294
32-8
17-3
15-6
Metal and
Size
Ai -65
M -6
M -5
M -6
Obverse
Reverse
Silver
100
Inscr. BustofGuntha-
mund r., beardless,
wearingjewelled dia-
dem (with crescent
and pellet), palu-
damentum, and cui-
rass. Border of dots.
DNR.eX£V[N]
MVNDV
THA
DNR-eX^VN THAM
VND
DN ( = 100 denarii1)
within laurel wreath
with circular orna-
ment. Borderofdots.
[Blacas coll., pur-
chased, 1867]
[E. Aschkenasi, of
Tunis, 1854]
50
DNR.XS VNTHA
Bust of Gunthamund
r., beardless, wear-
ing jewelled diadem
(with crescent and
pellet), paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
D-N within wreath'
with circular orna-
ment.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855 s]
[Bank of England gift,
1877]
Plate
ii. 1
ii. 2
ii. 3
1 DN almost certainly = denarii (as Babelon, Traite, i, pt. 1, p. 582). The only
difficulty is the coin No. 3, where DN appears without any accompanying numeral.
Friedlaender {M. d. Vand., p. 9) suggested that DH = Dominus nosier. Marchant's
interpretation Denarius novus has found no acceptance.
2 Presumably a laurel wreath, as on Nos. 1 and 2, but the leaves are very thin and wiry.
3 The other coins in this purchase were chiefly Italian.
GUNTHAMUND-SILVER
No.
Weight
15-3
14-8
15-5
Metal and
Size
Obverse
M -5
M -55
M -55
7-7
M 4
Reverse
[Campana sale, London,
1846, lot 1187]
[Parkes Weber gift,
1 906 ;from the George
Sim sale, 1890, lot
694]
Plate
25
DN[RXG [V]NTHA
Bust of Gunthamund
r., beardless, wear-
ing jewelled diadem
(with crescent and
pellet), paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
XXV within wreath.
[Purchased, 1854]
ii. 4
ii. 5
Bronze
For bronze coins that have been attributed
to Gunthamund (Keary, Coinages of W. Eur.,
p. 31) see infra, ' Small bronze of Vandalic
period,' Victory types, p. 21.
1 Marchant (cp. Friedlaender, op. eit., p. 25) published from the Dupoujet collection
a coin reading DN L on the rev. This coin is not represented in the British Museum,
and no original was known either to Friedlaender or to Keary. Its existence seems open
to doubt : possibly it is really a mis-read coin of Trasamund (see infra), who issued two
varieties of the '50' denarii piece, namely (i) with DN only, (ii) with DN L. We may
perhaps conjecture that Gunthamund issued only No. (i), and that this type was repro-
duced by his successor Trasamund at the beginning of his reign; afterwards, in order,
perhaps, to avoid confusion with the pieces of DN XXV, Trasamund modified the type by
the addition of the distinctive numeral L.
10
TRASAMUND1
a.d. 3 Sept. 496—6 Mat 523
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Hate
Solidus2
(with head of Anastasius I, a. d. 491-518)
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVG Bust of Anasta-
sius I, beardless, with
head three-quarters
r. ; wearshelmet(with
plume and cross),
diadem, and armour;
r. hand holds spear
behind his head ; 1.
hand holds shield de-
corated with group
of horseman attack-
ing prostrate enemy.
VICTOR.! AAVGGG
Victory in girdled
chiton standing
I, holding in r.
broad cross ; in ex.,
CONOB
1
67-1
AT -8
[de Salis gift]
At end of inscr., H; in
field r., star.
ii. 6
Tremissis
(with head of Anastasius I)
DNANASTASIVSPPF
AV Bust of Anastasius
I r.,wearing jewelled
diadem, paludamen-
tum and cuirass.
VICTOR.IAAGVSTO
R.VM Victory in
girdled chiton ad-
vancing r., holding
in r. wreath, in 1.
palm-branch; in ex.,
CONOB
2
22-2
N .55
(PR for PP)
[Purchased in 1850,
4-9-5]
ii. 7
1 On the spelling of the name see Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 7 : cp. Rev. arch., 1900,
July-Dec, p. 513, No. 205, inscr. with TRASAMVNDI. For the name on the coins
see Nos. 10-14, infra.
2 The Vandalic origin of this solidus and of the following tremisses was suggested
by de Salis. The coinage of these may, possibly, have begun during the last few years
of Trasamund's predecessor, Gunthamund.
TRASAMUND— GOLD ; SILVER
11
No.
10
Weight
22-3
22-
22-1
23-3
22-
22-5
224
16-7
Metal and
Size
N -55
N -5
M -55
N -5
N -5
N -55
Af .5
M -55
Obverse
(PR. for PP)
[de Salis gift]
(Ends PR.FAVP)
[de Salis gift]
(Ends PRFAVIG)
[de Salis gift]
(DNANASTA SIVSP
PAVG)
(DNANASTASIV3P
RFAI V)
[de Salis gift]
(DNANA8TA8IV8II
Al")
[de Salis gift]
(DNANA8TA8IV8P
PAV)
[de Salis gift]
Reverse
(VICTOR.IAAVGGTO
KVMA) (COMOB)
(VICTORJAAVGGTO
RVM) (COMOB)
(Inscr. partly obscure)
(COnOB) in field 1.,
S [de Salis gift]
(VICTORJAAVGGTO
KVMI) (style less stiff
than on Nos. 2-6)
(VICTOR.IAAVG8TO
RVM (ONOB) (style
as No. 7)
(VICTORIAAVGSTO
RVM) (CONOB)
(style as No. 7)
Silver
50 l
Inscr. Bust of Trasa-
mund r., beardless,
wearing jewelled dia-
dem (with crescent
and pellet), paluda-
mentum,and cuirass.
Border of dots.
DNRCTHR ASAMV
DS
D«N within wreath
with circular orna-
ment. Borderofdots.
[Purchased, 1862,
4-17-43]
Plate
ii. 8
ii. 9
1 Sabatier, i, p. 217, No. 1, describes and figures as being in the British Museum
a silver coin with D Nc — ( = 100 denarii). But this coin is certainly not in the collection.
12
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
11
12
13
14
Weight
15-7
16-8
14-6
15-
Metal and
Size
M -55
M -55
JR -55
JR -55
Obverse
DNR.STH. (rest off
flan)
[de Salis gift]
DNR^THSAMVNDS
[E. Aschkenasi, of
Tunis, 1854]
DNR.£TH[R. SA]MVN
DS
[Blacas coll., 1867]
DNK^TH SAMVUIS
Reverse
(Cross in circular orna-
ment)
(D.N)
(D.N)
(DN)
[The Earl of Ennis-
killen, 1856 2]
Plate
ii. 10
ii. 11
1 R$ = regis. Friedlaender (M. d. Vand., p. 8) remarks that the following word
is in the nominative. But the S at the end of THSAMVNDS may perhaps be a mark
of abbreviation, Thsamund" — Thrasamundi.
2 Friedlaender (Jl/. d. Vand., p. 28) describes (after Falbe, Recherches, PI. VI, No. 25)
a silver coin with D N XXV on the rev. The obr. legend is incomplete, but would seem
to be the name of Trasamund. The bronze coin in Sabat., i, p. 218, No. 6, is not of
certain attribution : it is here described, infra, among the small bronze of the Vandalic
period. Seal of Trasamund. Schlumberger (Revue num., 1883, pp. 457, 458, PI. X. 5) pub-
lishes the following seal in his own collection as the seal of the Vandal king: — Obv. Bust
of Trasamund facing between two crosses. Rev. TRASEMVND Cross potent on steps.
A word or two must be said as to this description, (i) The obv. bust appears to me to
be intended for the Saviour and not for a Vandal king, (ii) The rev. type perhaps suggests
a later period than the reign of Trasamund (the cross potent first appears on Byzantine
coins in the reign of Tiberius II Constantine, a.d. 578-582). Is the inscription on the
rev. clearly TRASEMVND and not— as Sabatier originally read it— SALVS MVNDI?
I note that Schlumberger's text gives TPASEMVND and his engraving TRASEMVND.
13
HILDERIC
a.d. 6 May 523—19 May 530 (d. 533)
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver
[50]
(with name of Justin I, a.d. 518-527)
Inscr. Bust of Justin
I ' r. , beardless, wear-
ing diadem, paluda-
mentum, and. cuirass.
Border of dots.
FELIX CARTA Fe-
male figure (Car-
thage) standing fac-
ing wearing robe,
mantle, and wreath ;
in each hand, ears of
corn. Border of dots.
1
15-6
M
•55
Ends INVSPPA
[de Salis gift]
ii. 12
2
14-2
M
•55
DNIVSTI NVSPPA
VG
(with name
Inscr. BustofHilderic
r. , beardless, wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[Purchased, 1868,
5-9-5]
of Hilderic)
FELIX KAKTC; Type
(Carthage standing)
as on No. 1. Border
of dots.
ii. 13
3
19-3
M
•55
DNHILDI RJXR.EX2
[de Salis gift]
ii. 14
4
17-2
M
•6
DNHILD. R.IXKEX
[Blacas coll., 1867]
ii. 15
5
18-2
M
•6
DNHILD. RJXREX
[Campana sale, 1846,
lot 1187]
1 In the Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Bi/z. Coins, i, p. 21, 1 have given reasons for sup-
posing that the coin bears the head of Justin I and not that of Justin II, and, further,
for regarding it not as an Imperial issue, but probably Vandalic. A similar view had
already been taken by Friedlaender (M. d. Vand., p. 32). Justin I was contemporary
partly with Trasamund, partly with his successor Hilderic. The present coin should, no
doubt, be regarded as issued at the instance or with the approval of Hilderic, who was
on terms of friendship with the Byzantine court and made an alliance with Justinian.
Hilderic himself uses the reverse type on Nos. 3-7. It may be remarked that the coins
with the head of Justin are of better style (at least on the obv.) than those with the head
of Hilderic (cp. PI. II. 12, 13 with 14-16).
2 In an African inscr. (C. I. L., No. 10,516) we find regis Ildirix.
14
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
6
18-5
M
•65
DNHIL. RJXR.EX
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
7
19-8
{pierced)
M
•65
DNHILDI
[Purchased, 1849,
6-28-3]
25
DNHIL. (rest obscure).
Bust of Hilderic r.,
XXV within wreath.
beardless, wearing
paludamentum and
cuirass. Border of
dots.1
8
9-3
M
•45
[Purchased, 1868, 5-9-6]
ii. 16
Bronze
Inscr. Bust of Hilderic
r. , beardless, wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
Cross potent within
wreath, with circu-
lar ornament. Bor-
der of dots.2
9
6-8
M
■35
H 1 L (rest off flan)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
ii. 17
10
8-4
M
•35
(Ends . R.EX ; begin-
ning of inscr. off flan)
[Doubleday purchase,
ii. 18
1 Other specimens, Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 31. Friedlaender (op. cit., p. 33)
also describes a silver coin with similar rev. which probably has on obv. the name and bust
of Justin I: cp. Nos. 1, 2, supra.
2 For other specimens see Friedlaender, op. cit., p. 31 ; Thomsen, Cat., Nos. 1075,
1076. Specimens occurred in a hoard found at Guelma in Algeria in 1843 : Num. Chron.,
xvii (1855), p. 5 and p. 11. See also Lettres de Baron Marchant, ed. 1851, p. 201 ; cp,
p. 196. The rev. type may perhaps have been suggested by the gold tremissis attributed
(supra, p. 2, No. 4) to Gaiseric.
15
GELIMER
a.d. 19 May 530— Dec. 533
No.
„r • , . Metal and
Weight) gize
19-1
19-5
18-5
M -65
M -65
M -6
Obverse
Reverse
Silver
50
DNKEXC EILAMIR.1
Bust of Gelimer r.,
beardless, wearing
jewelled diadem
(with crescent and
pellet), paludamen-
tum, and cuirass;
whole in wreath with
circular ornament.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-57]
(First half of inscr. off
flan)
D»N ; above, small
cross; all within
wreath, with circular
ornament ; whole in
border of dots.
(Two pellets between
letters)
[Blacas coll., 1867]
[deSalisgifV]
Plate
ii. 19
1 In an inscr., C.I. L., No. 10,862, AOMN GEILIMER.. On the silver dish found
in Italy bearing the king's name the inscr. is Geilamir rex Vandalorum et Alanorum : the
name is therefore spelt as on the coins (C. I. L., viii, suppl. 1, No. 17,412, p. 1651 ; Baron
J. Pichon's sale Catal. (Paris, 1897), p. 34, No. 205», PI. V). C. I. L.. No. 17,412, also has
Geilamir. For other spellings, L. Schmidt, Gesch. d. Vand., p. 124 n. In Procopius,
TeXifiep.
2 The following silver coins have also been attributed (correctly?) to Gelimer: —
Sambon, Sale Cat., Sotheby's, June, 1872, lot 670, ' Monogram, rev. Cross in wreath ' ;
Caucich's Bulhttino di numismatica italiana (Florence), An. iv, 1870, p. 31, PI. II. 2-4.
Similar types.
16
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Bronze
Inscr. HeadofGelimer
r. , beardless, wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
/nJT (Monogram of
1 pCI Geilamir)
^» ■!■ within
wreath.1
4
13-6
M
•35
CEIL
[de Salis gift]
ii. 20
5
7-2 -
M
•35
(Inscr. and type ob-
scure)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-458]
ii. 21
6
11-4
M-
35
CEIL
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
1 Specimens occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard: Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 45.
A variety of the monogram is described, Thomsen, Cat., No. 1079.
17
SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE
VANDALIC PERIOD
The types, attribution, provenance, &c, of these coins will be found
discussed in the 'Introduction', supra, § 1. The specimens are here, for
convenience, classed according1 to their reverse types, but in some cases an
attribution is suggested. It is by no means certain that all the coins here
described were minted by Vandal kings, though they seem to be mostly of
African origin and of the Vandal period. Some may have been issued by
tribes like the Mauri (cp. Nos. 179-181 infra).
VICTORY TYPES
Victory is one of the commonest types. The usual representation is
a figure of the goddess turned to the left, holding wreath and palm, but there
are several variations. The coins with the heads of Honorius (Nos. 1-11),
Theodosius II (Victory facing, No. 42), and Valentinian III (Nos. 12-14)—
Emperors who reigned a. d. 395-455 — may be of the reign of Gaiseric, though,
of course, possibly later. As to coins with DOMINO NOSTRO (without
name of ruler), see infra, No. 15.
No.
Weight
25-7
26-2
18.6
Metal and
Size
M -5
M -4
M -4
Obverse
Reverse
Victory to left
(with head of Honorius, a. d. 395-423)
Inscr. Head of Hono-
rius r., wearing dia-
dem and drapery.
DNHONORI &c.
[Gadban, 1865]
SPFAVG
[Gadban, 1865]
HONORI &c.
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. Victory stand-
ing or advancing 1.,
holding wreath and
palm.
VICTO&c; in field 1.,
P; in ex., RM
VICTOR &c. ; infield
1., P; in ex., RM ?
VI &c. ;
in ex.
infield L, P:
RM
Plate
18
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
4
18-6
M 4
DNHONORI &c.
[de Salis gift]
VICTO &c. (type
rude) ; in field 1., P;
in ex., R
5
16-
M -4
(Inscr. obscure)
[Gadban, 1865]
VICTOR. &c. ; in field
1, P
6
164
M -45
VSPFA
[Gadban, 1865]
IAAVGG ; in
field l.,S
7
17.2
M -45
NORI &c.
[Gadban, 1865]
VICTOR] IAAVG ;
in field 1, T
8
18-3
M -5
VSPFAVG
[Gadban, 1865]
IAAVGG ; in
field 1., T ; in ex.,
R.M?
iii. 1
9
18-6
M -45
...ONORJ
[de Salis gift]
AAVGG
iii. 2
10
16-3
.E 4
(Inscr. obscure)
[Gadban, 1865]
VICTOR.
11
18-2
M 4
AVG
[Gadban, 1865]
Victory to left (£
(with head of Valenti
Inscr. Head of Valen-
tinian IH r., wearing
diadem and drapery.
IAA
'alus Reipublicae)
uian III, a.d. 425-455)
laser. Victory advanc-
ing 1. , holding wreath
and palm.
12
17-7
.E 45
INIANVS...
[de Salis gift]
SALVS ....VBLICE;
in field 1., € ; in ex.,
R
iii. 3
13
14-8
M 45
[D]NVAL€NT....NV
SPFAV
[Gadban, 1865]
SALVS BUCE; in
fieldl.,T;inex.,RM
14
25-1
M 45
DMVAL6NTINI....
[Gadban, 1865]
....S...PVBUC.
VICTORY TYPES— BRONZE
19
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Victory to left (obi: Domino nostrd)
DOMINO NOSTKO
Head r., beardless,
wearing1 diadem and
drapery.
CART A GINEPP
Victory advancing 1. ,
holding in r., wreath,
in L, palm-branch ;
in ex., pellet.1
15
18-6
M
45
(No drapery)
[HP.Borrellsale,July
1852, lot 846]
(Dress long)
iii. 4
1G
16.
M
•4
[de Salis gift]
(Dress short)
iii. 5
Victory to left
(with blundered legends)
Inscr. Head r., wear-
ing diadem and
drapery.
Inscr. Victory advanc-
ing 1., holding in r.,
wreath, in 1., palm-
branch.
17
18-2
M
■45
..A CMIA.?
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
AVCVS ; in field
1., cross; in ex., . OA
iii. 6
18
13-2
M
■4
.... CNIN.
[de Salis gift]
....AV£V; in field 1.,
cross ; in ex., . .A
19
11-5
M
■4
(Inscr. off flan)
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR &c. ; in field
20
11-
M
■4
Dm &c.
[de Salis gift]
In field 1., cross.3
iii. 7
1 Cp. Sabat., i, p. 221, No. 9. DOMINO NOSTRO. Coins with similar obv.
occur infra, No. 54 (rev. Emperor standing) and No. 83 (rev. Gate). All are of neat,
almost delicate, workmanship and in unusually high relief (in general style they rather
resemble No. 42, infra, with head of Theodosius II, a.d. 408-450). I am inclined to
ascribe them to Gaiserie or to his successor Huneric. The rev. of Nos. 15, 16 apparently
emphasizes the fact that the coin was struck at Carthage, as do the thick bronze coins
already attributed to Gaiserie (p. 3, No. 10, supra). Domino nostro, without the addition
of the king's name, would, moreover, be suitable to Gaiserie or Huneric, because their
personal names were not, so far as we know, placed upon their coins, nor were such names
inscribed till the reign of Gunthamund, the third king. Gaiserie and Huneric may
simply have styled themselves on their bronze coins Dominus Noster: later on, under
Gunthamund, the Dominus noster (abbreviated DN) is supplemented by rex and the
king's name. (DN is familiar on Roman coins from the time of Constantine the Great,
but written at full length as Dominorum nostrorum or Domini N. it is rare.)
2 Cp. No. 12, supra.
3 In style not unlike the coins attributed to Masuna, infra, p. 39.
20
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Victory to left
(Inscr. usually represented by strokes : pro-
bably barbarous imitations — by the Mauri ?)
Inscr. mainly repre-
sented by strokes or
lozenges. Head r.,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
Inscr. mainly repre-
sented by strokes or
lozenges. Victory
advancing L, hold-
ing in r. wreath, in 1.
palm-branch.
21
7-
M
■35
[de Salis gift]
Above, L, cross.
iii. 8
22
13-2
M
45
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
(No inscr.)
(Types partly off flan)
23
10-8
M
45
(Inscr., MHH)
[de Salis gift]
iii. 9
24
13-6
M
4
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
25
18-
M
4
[de Salis gift]
iii. 10
26
15-
JE
4
[de Salis gift]
(Inscr. not indicated)
27
10-8
JE
•35
[Doubleday purchase.
1849]
(Type partly off flan)
28
17-8
JE
4
[de Salis gift]
(AVI III)
29
13-8
JE
45
[de Salis gift]
30
8-8
JE
45
[de Salis gift]
31
17-6
JE
4
[de Salis gift]
VICTORY TYPES— BRONZE
21
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Victory to left
(obv. inscr. DNR.C &c.)
Inscr. Bust r., wearing-
diadem, and drapery.
Border of dots.
Victory standing L,
holding in r. wreath.
Border of dots.
32
9-5
M
■4
[MX\?] . .IA1
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Pellets representing
inscr. ; in field r.,
cross ; in front, ?
iii. 11
33
9-
M
•35
DNR.C .AU
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Type barbarous, partly
off flan.
iii. 12
34
12-4
M
•4
DNR.C
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Type rude.
35
7-4
M
■35
DNC
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
36
9-1
JE
•4
DNI
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Type barbarous, partly
off flan.
iii. 13
Victory to left
(obv. inscr. doubtful)
"s&
Inscr. Bust r., wearing
diadem and drapery.
Border of dots.
Victory standing 1.,
holding in r. wreath.
(Type rude.)
37
6-6
^E
•4
Ends AS I2
[de Salis gift]
iii. 14
1 Mr. Keary (Coinages of W. Eur., p. 31, No. 4) has read this specimen as
'DNC . . . THA (obscure)' and attributed it doubtfully to Gunthamund. The attri-
bution is far from improbable, and the form of the legend on Nos. 33, 34 suggests that
it is either the coin of a Vandal king, or a copy of some such coin. No. 32 is of compara-
tively careful work on the rev., though the legend is very doubtful : Nos. 33-6 are more
or less barbarous. I therefore hesitate definitely to assign these coins to Gunthamund,
though it is not impossible that they reproduce some bronze coins of his that are no
longer extant, or that they are copies (as regards the ohv.) of his silver coins. Compare
Nos. 37-41, infra.
2 The beginning of the inscr. (if any) is off the flan, or broken away. Sabatier
(i, p. 218, No. 6) read this identical specimen AS»P and assigned it to King Trasa-
mund. Here, again, as in the case of Nos. 32-6, the obscurity of the legend and the
rudeness of the rev. types will prevent us from definitely adopting the attribution to
Trasamund or another Vandal king. The coins are related to Nos. 32-6, of which they
appear to be copies, further degraded.
22
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
38
39
40
41
Weight
9.7
6-2
54
2-1
42
43
44
45
13-8
6-2
18-2
16-6
Metal and
Size
M -4
M -35
M -35
.E -3
M -4
yE 4
JE -45
M -4
Obverse
. . . (letters obscure)
DV\
(No inscr.)
(No inscr.)
Reverse
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Victory facing
(with head of Theodosius II, a.d. 408-450)
Inscr. Head of Theo-
dosius II r., wearing-
diadem and drapery.
DNTHEO &c.
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. Victory advan-
cing- to front, holding-
wreath in each hand.
[C]ONCO &c.
(with uncertain head)
Victory standing- fa-
cing, within wreath.
Head r., beardless
(wearingdiadem and
drapery ?).
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Victory and Captive
(with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455)
Inscr. Head of Valen-
tinian III r., wearing
diadem and drapery.
DNVALE? &c.
[Gadban, 1865]
TlfllAUVSPFA
(no drapery ?)
Inscr. Victory 1.
dragging captive.
SALVS?; in ex.,?
..I AAVG
[de Salis gift]
Plate
iii. 15
iii. 16
iii. 17
iii. 18
rev.
iii. 19
ROMA- PAX— BRONZE
23
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
46
15-5
;e -45
TINIAN &c.
(Traces of inscr. )
[Gadban, 1865]
47
17-4
M -45
ANVSPFAVG
VICT... AAGG
[Gadban, 1865]
48
22-6
M -4
(Valentinian ? inscr.
IPFIV. ?)
[Doubleclay purchase,
1849]
pvBuce
Roma seated
(with uncertain head)
Head r., beardless,
wearing diadem (and
drapery ?).
Traces of inscr. Female
figure (Roma?) seat-
ed facing, holding in
r. globus surmounted
by Victory ; in 1.,
sceptre.1
49
8-
M -5
[de Salis gift]
Al DIP? Head r., beard-
ed (wearing diadem
and drapery?).
Traces of inscr. Roma ?
seated, as No. 49.
(Rude.)
iii. 20
50
9-4
M -55
[Doubleday purchase ,
1849]
iii. 21
Pax
(with uncertain head)
. . . . T . . Head r. ,
bearded ?
PAX AVG Pax stand-
ing 1. ; in 1., cornu-
copiae ; in r. , scep-
tre ? ; in front, globe ?
51
10-2
M -4
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iii. 22
1 Not unlike the imitations of silver coins of Honorius attributed, supra, p. 2, to
Gaiseric.
24
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
52
21-
53
20-5
54
17-7
55
Metal and
Size
M -45
M -5
M -4
M 4
Obverse
Reverse
Emperor standing to r.
(with head of Theodosius I, a. d. 379-395)
DNTHEODO SIVSP
FAG Head of Theo-
dosius I i\, wearing-
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
[de Salis gift]
VSR. MANOR. The
Emperor in military
dress standing- to
front, looking r. ; in
r., labarum ; 1. hand
rests on shield.1
(with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455)
[DN]VAL &c. Head
of Valentinian III r.,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. (obscure). Em-
peror standing 1. ;
in 1., spear ; in r.,
[globe?]1
(Obv. Domino nostro)
Inscr. Head r., beard-
less, wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
DOMINO NOS...
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. Emperor in mili-
tary dress standing
r. ; in r., labarum ; in
1., globus.2
VICTOR.! .A...
Plate
( Obv. Uncertain head)
Head r., beardless,
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
[Doubleday purchase,
Emperor (?) standing,
with arms out-
stretched. (Rude
figure.)
iii. 23
iii. 24
iii. 25
iii. 26
1 Reign of Gaiseric (?).
2 Cp. Nos. 15, 16, stqim (p. 19), and Sabat, i, p. 222, No. 10.
EMPEROR STANDING— BRONZE
25
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Emperor standing1 to 1.
(with head of Valentinian III, a. d. 425^455)
Inscr. Head of Valen-
tinian III, wearing-
diadem and drapery.
Inscr. Emperor in mili-
tary dress standing
I. ; in 1. , spear ; in r. ,
globus ?
56
24.3
.E
•45
DNVA....INIA...
ICI?
[de Salis gift]
iii. 27
(Obv. Uncertain head)
[Barbarous imitations ?]
Inscr. Head r. , wear- ; Inscr. Emperor in mili-
ing diadem andl tary dress standing
drapery. | 1. ; in 1. , spear ; in r. ,
globus ?
57
24-
M
•45
ANIA&c. ? (Inscr. obscure; globus
[Gadban, 1865] obscure)
58
18-6
M
■5
i
(Inscr. obscure) i (Without inscr.)
[Gadban, 1865]
1
iii. 28
59
11-5
M
•45
N . . . &c. i NKN . .
[Gadban, 1865]
iii. 29
60
8-
M
■4
(1 1 1 1 1 for inscr.) i (No inscr. ; type partly
[Doubleday purchase, ] off flan)
1849]
Two Emperors standing
Inscr. Head r., beard-
less, wearin g diadem.
Inscr. Two Emperors
standing to front,
each holding spear
and supporting glo-
bus between them.
61
21-3
M
•5
VSPFA
[de Salis gift]
GLO ... &c.
iii. 30
62
19-3
M
■4
.VS[P?]
[de Salis gift]
(Inscr. obscure ; type
partly off flan)
26
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Emperor and captive 1
Inscr. Head r., beard-
less, wearing diadem.
Inscr. Emperor r.,
dragging captive.
63
64
12-8
14-2
M
M
•35
•35
(Inscr. obscure ; type
rude)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
NIA?
[Purchased, 1878,
11-3-6]
V . . . Captive held by
Emperor's r. hand.
(No inscr.) Captive
held by Emperor's 1.
hand.
iii. 31
iii. 32
Lion, looking back
Head r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
Lion standing 1., look-
ing back.2
65
11-3
M
•4
[de Salis gift]
(Type partly off flan)
66
5-8
M
•3
[de Salis gift]
iii. 33
Lion standing r.
Inscr. Head r.
Lion standing r.
67
9-3
M
•4
(Inscr. obscure : repre-
sented by strokes ?)
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
iii. 34
rev.
Palm-tree 3
Bust r., beardless, wear-
ing diadem, paluda-
mentunl,and cuirass.
Palm-tree with fruit.
68
11-3
M
•35
(Dots for inscr.)
[Presented by Mr. J.
Doubleday, 1846]
iii. 35
69
7-4
M
•45
(Dots for inscr.)
[Doubledav purchase,
1849]
1 Cp. this type on coins of Leo I, a.d. 457-474.
Imitated from the Constantinopolitan bronze coins of Leo I, a.d. 457-474: cp.
Friedlaender, M. d. Vandahn, p. 50 ; PI. II. 3.
3 Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 40.
PALM-TREE— GATE— BRONZE
27
No.
Weight
70
71
7-2
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
11-2
7-6
64
18-6
15-8
14-
17-
24-
19-
12-5
21-7
Metal and
Size
M -45
M -25
M -45
6-
4-8
JE -5
^ -45
JE -5
M -55
iE -5
^E -45
M A
M -45
Obverse
(Traces of inscr.)
(Traces of inscr.)
(Dots for inscr.)
Reverse
[Townley coll.]
[Presented by Mr. J.
Doubleday, 1846]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
Plate
iii. 36
Gate
(with head of Valentinian III, a. d. 425-455)
Inscr. Bust of Valen-
tinian EU r. , -wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
DNVAL...INIA &c.
DNVAL &c.
TINIA &c.
M -35
M -35
V? AVG
[de Salis gift]
DNA
[de Salis gift]
VA
(Traces of inscr.)
[Gadban, 1865]
Ends NA
[Gadban, 1865]
(Traces of inscr.)
Onl., CIJ
[de Salis gift]
Gate with opening in
centre ; above, star.
AO .
[de Salis gift]
(Traces of inscr.)
[Gadban, 1865]
[Purchased, 1878,
11-3-5]
(Obv. Uncertain head)
Inscr. Head r., beard-
less, wearing diadem
and drapery.
.VI &c.
(Inscr. ?)
Gate with opening in
centre ; above, star.
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iii. 37
iii. 38
iii. 39
28
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(Obi: Domino nostro)
[DTOMINO NOSTRO
Bust r., beardless,
Gate with opening in
centre.
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.1
83
18-5
M
•45
[Presented by Sir J.
Anderson, 1875]
iii. 40
Temple
Head r., with diadem.
Temple.
84
5-2
M
•35
(Barbarous)
[Doubleday purchase,
184-91
iii. 41
Probably non-Vandalic.
Inscription
Inscr. Bust r. , wearing
diadem and drapery.
XVX within wreath.
85
19-8
M
•45
TIN IAN?
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iii. 42
rev.
(With head of Justinian I, a.d. 527-565)
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian I r., beardless,
Inscr. in wreath.2
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
86
14-5
M
■35
IVST &c.
VOT
XIII
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iii. 43
1 Cp. Nos. 15, 16, supra, p. 19.
2 On these small pieces with Justinian's name see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalm,
p. 43 and p. 51. The reverses are neatly executed, but not so the obverses. It may be
that these are really Imperial issues (a.d. 533 or 534) struck after the capture of Carthage
by Belisarius (cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 63-9 ; PI. IX. 11-17 ; PI. X. 5-8).
But if not Imperial, they must have been struck by some Vandal ruler who reigned
contemporaneously with Justinian (whose reign was a.d. 527-565), thus, either Hilderic
or Gelimer. Of these two Hilderic is the more probable issuer on account of his friendly
relations with the Byzantine court.
INSCRIPTION— MONOGRAM— BRONZE
29
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
87
9-5
M -35
IVSTI
VOT
XIII
[de Salis gift]
88
10-3
M -4
IVST
VOT
XIII
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
89
10-8
M -35
NAN 1?
VOT
XIII
90
11-3
M -4
IVS NIAN
[V]OT
Xjlll
"Procured at Carthage
and presented by the
Rev. Arthur Dixon,
1906]
91
11-8
M -35
IVST...ANVS
VOT
Xllll
iii. 44
92
12-4
M -35
(Traces of inscr.)
VOT
Xllll
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
93
12.8
M -4
.VST NIAN?
VOT
Xllll
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
Monograms
(Monogram of Theodosius II, a. d. 408-450)
Inscr. Head of Theo-
dosius II r., wearing
diadem and drapery.
"I O T (Monogram of
111 Theodosius
l/YI II) within
wreath.1
94
5-8
JE -35
(No inscr. visible)
Above, branch.
[Doubleday purchase,
1849 2]
iv. 1
1 This imitation of the coins of Theodosius II may possibly have been produced as
early as the reign of Gaiseric, but as the obv. heads are more or less rude and the coins of
small size, I would rather assign them to one of the later Vandal rulers nearer to the
time of Gelimer, who adopts a monogram as the rev. type of his bronze coins (p. 16, No. 4,
supra). It may be noticed, also, that No. 96 shows the obv. head enclosed in a wreath,
like the silver coins of Gelimer.
2 Procured from Africa, according to a note made by de Salis. On the monogram
see Priedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 48.
30
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
95
96
97
Weight
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
7-6
4-6
10-4
Metal and
Size
M -3
M -3
M. -35
106
22-8
23-2
6-6
(Jlan
injured)
11-5
18-5
14-6
10-6
20-2
Obverse
. ... AC
(No inscr. ; head in
wreath)
(Traces of inscr.)
M -45
M -4
M -35
M 4
M -4
M -45
M -45
M -4
Reverse
[de Salis gift]
[Doubleday purchase,
18491]
Plate
(M
[Doubleday purchase,
18491]
(Monogram of Marcian,2 a.d. 450-457)
Inscr. Head of Mar- [ Iwt? (Monogram of
IV.
iv. 3
8-5
M -35
cian r., wearing dia-
dem and drapery.
NOPFA/ (the begin-
ning of inscr. is off
the flan)
. NM? (rest off flan)
DNMARCIANVS
[de Salis gift]
Traces of inscr.
[de Salis gift]
Traces of inscr., AN?
&c.
RCIS
Inscr. ends AVC
Inscr. Head of Mar-
cian r., wearing dia-
dem and drapery.
Inscr. ends NVSI
(type 1.)
ISC'
Marcian) with-
in wreath.
Above mon., star,
[de Salis gift]
Above mon., star.
Above mon., cross.
[Purchased, 1878,
11-3-1]
Above mon., cross (S
blundered)
(Monogram varied)
(Mon. as No. 102)
[de Salis gift]
(Mon. as No. 102)
[de Salis gift]
Above mon., star ?
[Purchased, 1878,
11-3-3]
iv. 4
iv. 5
ap
(Mon. of Mar-
cian) within
border.
Above mon., cross.
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
iv. 6
iv. 7
'From Africa' (de Salis's note).
Issued in the period of Gaiseric, or later (?).
MONOGRAM— BRONZE
31
No.
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Weight
9-5
10-
12-8
16-1
16-6
13-3
10-
10-7
104
10-3
10-6
19-7
Metal and
Size
JE -35
JE 4
JE 4
Obverse
Inscr. obscure.
Inscr. obscure.
Inscr. Head of Mar-
tian r. , wearing- dia-
dem and drapery.
Inscr. ends IANVS?
Reverse
Above mon., cross.
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
Above mon., cross?
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
<n
(Monogram
of Mar-
tian) with-
in wreath.
Plate
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
Monogram of Leo I (a. d. 457-474)
JE
•35
M
•35
M
•35
JE
•35
JE
■35
JE
4
JE
•3
JE
•3
JE
45
Head r., wearing- dia-
dem and drapery.
.NNA.P
Traces of inscr.
[de Salis gift]
Traces of inscr.
(Type obscure)
PFR.A.(=PERA?)
SE
(Monogram of
Leo I) within
wreath.
(Border of dots instead
of wreath)
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
(Mon. partly off flan)
[Purchased, 1878,
11-3-2]
[de Salis gift ']
(Type partly off flan)
[de Salis gift]
(t<E)
(Parkes Weber gift,
1906 2)
iv. 8
iv. 9
iv. 10
iv. 11
1 A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard, Friedlaender, M. d. Vancl., p. 46.
2 The coin was originally purchased from an Italian coin-dealer.
32
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Monogram of Zeno (a.d. 474-491)
Head r., wearing dia-
dem and drapery.
JT O (Monogram of
^i T* Zeno) within
^^L wreath.
119
10.9
M
•35
Traces of inscr.
(..HO ?)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849 ']
iv. 12
120
12-5
JE
•35
[de Salis gift]
121
114
M
■3
[de Salis gift]
122
7-8
JE
•3
.NV.
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
123
13-2
M
•4
.EN.
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-11]
(ft)
iv. 13
124
14-7
M
■35
(Mon. as No. 123)
[Doubleday purchase,
~ 1849]
125
16-
M
■35
Traces of inscr.
(Mon. as No. 123)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-18]
126
12-2
M
■35
DN...
(Mon. as No. 123)
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
127
14-5
M
•35
Monogram of Anasta
Head r., wearing dia-
dem and drapery".
(feO
[Doubleday purchase,
1849 "]
sius I (a.d. 491-518)
O iti. (Monogram of
JS^J Anastasius)
l»^L within border
of dots.
128
11-6
M
•4
[de Salis gift]
iv. 14
129
13-
M
■4
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
1 This specimen came 'from Africa' according to de Salis's note.
2 'From Africa' (de Salis's note). •
MONOGRAM-BRONZE
33
No.
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
Weight
8-2
74
7-
7-1
11-2
Metal and
Size
7-7
8-2
7-
18-
140 10-5
M -35
M -35
M -35
M -3
M -3
JS 4
Obverse
Traces of inscr.
Traces of inscr. ( — V).
Border of dots.
(Type obscure)
(IN.&c.)
M -35
M -3
M -35
M -35
M -35
Border of dots.
Reverse
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Purchased, 1904,
64-309]
[de Salis gift]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
(ft)
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
,, [de Salis gift]
„ [Doubleday pur-
chase, 1849]
„ [de Salis gift]
Monogram of Justinian I (a.d. 527-565)
Head of Justinian I r.,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
Ends . I VST I ?
Ends IANV.
•kS"P (Monogram of
IfM Justinian)
1 0\ within wreath.
[de Salis gift]
Plate
iv. 15
iv. 16
iv. 17
w
iv. 18
iv. 19
1 Specimens of Nos. 139 and 140 occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (see Priedl.,
M. d. Vand., pp. 42, 43, 52). If these coins are of African, and not (as is conceivable)
of Italian origin, they were probably issued during the reign of Hilderic, which ended in
May, 530.
34
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
A
(with head of Justinian I)
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian I r., wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
JC within border of
£\ dots.1
141
7.5
M -4
DNIP....8I?
[de Salis gift]
iv. 20
142
14-4
M -4
IVSTI N..V
[de Salis gift]
143
21-8
M -4
. . N ? AV
[de Salis gift]
144
10-3
M -35
[Doubleday purchase,
iv. 21
145
11-2
M -35
■•
[Procured at Carthage,
and presented by the
Eev. Arthur Dixon,
1906]
146
6-8
M -35
(Without inscr.)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
147
8-4
M -35
■•
[Doubleday purchase,
148
7-
M -3
(Inscr. obscure)
[Presented bv Mr.
GeorgeFinlay,'l8542]
1 Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 43 and p. 52 (specimens in the Monte Roduni
hoard).
2 Found at Athens (see Finlay's Hist, of Greece, i, p. 446 n. ; cp. Brit. Mus. Cat.,
Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. 43 m.). These small coins (Nos. 141-8) are in much the
same case as those with the head of Justinian I described supra, p. 28, No. 86 sq. (rev.
VOT XIII &c). It is possible that they are Imperial issues, struck, a.d. 533 or 534,
after the capture of Carthage by Belisarius, but as their obverses (head and inscription)
are somewhat rude it is more likely that they are coins of Hilderic (cp. p. 14, supra).
S probably = 1 vovfi-n'iov ; cp. Justinian's coins struck at Thessalonica (B. M. C, Imp. Byz.
Coins, p. 43).
LETTERS, ETC.— BRONZE
35
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
A
(with head of Justinian I ? l)
Bust r., beardless,
wearing1 diadem [and
drapery].
^A
149
12-6
M -35
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
(Inscr. obscure, DNIV
STIN...?)
iv. 22
D
Bust r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
r™^ within wreath.
u
150
84
M -35
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iv. 23
151
84
M -35
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
K
Inscr. Head r., wear-
ing diadem and dra-
pery.
Kt
152
15-
M -35
SIVS...?
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
AY
Head r., wearing dia-
dem and drapery.
Jk/l within border
/ 3s \ of dots.
153
5-2
M -3
(Rude style)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849 ^j
iv. 24
1 Cp. the coins with S, Nos. 141-8, supra.
' From Africa ' (de Salis's note).
36
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
N
Inscr. represented by
dots. Head r. , wear-
\ 1 within border of
|\| dots.
ing diadem and
drapery.
154
124
M -35
(Head partly off flan)
[de Salis gift]
iv. 25
155
11-8
M -35
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
|S[o
Inscr. Bust r., wear-
ing diadem and dra-
pery.
IWT (?) "within bor-
1^1 der of dots.
156
12-3
M 4
Ends AVC
[de Salis gift]
iv. 26
T
Head r. [wearing dia-
dem and drapery].
1 within wreath.
157
16-6
M 4
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
■P
Inscr. Head r., wear-
ing diadem and dra-
I
pery.
158
11-
M -3
Ends A > 1
[Doubleday purchase,
Letters in angles (?).
iv.27
SACRED MONOGRAM— BRONZE
37
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
*
(with head of Justinian I)
Inscr. Head of Jus-
tinian I r., wearing
diadem and drapery.
ti within two borders
* of dots.1
159
11-1
M
•35
DNIVTI(sic) NIA
iv. 28
160
9-2
M
•35
Blundered inscr., VlAl
/IHI?
[Doubleday purchase,
1849 2]
& in wreath
Inscr. Head r., wear-
ing diadem and dra-
pery.
Jl with pellets in the
^ angles; whole in
wreath.3
161
7-6
M
•35
Ends VI U
[Presented by Mr. J.
Doubleday, 1846]
iv. 29
162
64
M
■35
(No inscr. on fian)
[Doubleday purchase,
18492]
163
6-7
M
•35
(No inscr. on flan)
(Without pellets)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849*]
Obv. A. Rev. $fc
A within border of
^ dots.4
iX(. within border of
^ dots.
164
23-6
M
•4
[de Salis gift]
iv. 30
1 Hardly Imperial, but more probably of the time of Hilderio : cp. note 2, p. 34,
supra. A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Friedlaender., M. d. Vand.,
p. 43 and p. 52).
2 ' From Africa ' (de Salis's note).
3 Later Vandal ; Hilderic or Gelimer(?).
4 Cp. the coins with rev. A described supra, p. 34. This coin, however, is of thicker
fabric.
38
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plato
A
Obi: Head. Rev. tffc
Head r., beardless,
ik, within wreath.1
wearing- diadem and
drapery.
165
9-8
JE
•35
Behind, • • • • (= inscr.)
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
iv. 31
166
11-7
M
•3
Behind, ••••(= inscr.)
TDoubleday purchase,
u 1849]
167
11-1
M
•4
In front, • •••( = inscr. )
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
168
5-4
(thin)
M
•4
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
169
11-
M
•35
[de Salis gift]
170
13-7
M
•35
(Dots for inscr. ?)
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
171
6.4
M
•35
[de Salis gift]
172
5-2
M
•3
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
Cross
Cross potent in wreath
(with head of Theodosius II, a. d. 408-450)
Inscr. Head of Theo-
Cross potent in wreath.
dosius II r., wearing
diadem and drapery.
Border of dots.
173
14-
M
•45
SIVSPFA
[Purchased in 1878,
" 11-3-7]
174
9-6
M
•45
[T]H€ODSIVSPF
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
iv. 32
_ ' For the style, &c, compare Nos. 161-3. They appear to be coins of the late Vandal
period, but the substitution of dots for the letters of the inscription and the rudeness of
the obv. heads suggest that the coins are not the issues of Vandal kings, but of some
barbarous tribes (the Mauri ?).
CROSS— BRONZE
39
No.
'Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
175
9-2
M
•35
(Traces of inscr., blun-
dered
[de Salis gift]
iv. 33
176
194
M
4
SIVSPFA
[de Salis gift1]
177
17-
/R
4
VSPFA
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
178
13-5
M
4
DNTH. (the rest off
flan)
(With head of Masuna ?, Rex Maurorum,
circ. a. d. 508, and later)
Inscr. (Name of
Masuna ?). Head r. ,
beardless, wearing
diadem and drapery.
Cross potent in wreath
(represented bv pel-
lets).
179
11-2
M
45
mNA8MA (border of
dots.
(Type defaced)
[Presented bv Mr. Jesse
Ha worth, 1888 2]
iv. 34
180
10-3
M
•35
.nNAan.
[Presented bv Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
iv. 35
181
11-1
M
•35
A3NA (rest of inscr.
off flan).
[Presented by Mr. Jesse
Haworth, 1888]
1 Nos. 176-8 are of thicker fabric than Nos. 173-5.
2 The dbv. inscription of Nos. 179-81 does not appear to adumbrate the name of any-
Roman emperor or Vandal king. I suggest that it is intended for the name of Masuna,
an important chieftain of the Mauri who gained territory at the expense of Trasamund
and the Vandals. According to an inscription in C. I. L., viii, No. 9835, Masuna was in
a.d. 508 ruler of Safar, Altava, and Castra Severiana in the west of Mauretania Oaesarien-
sis, and styled himself ' Rex Maurorum et Romanorum '. (Pro sal. et incol. reg. Masu-
nae [first two letters in ligature] gent. Maur. et Bomanor., &c.)
He is probably identical with the Mn<rcrwi/3j of Procopius. ' Masuna rex anno 508
fortasse est ipse ille Massona rex qui a. 534 una cum Ortaia Byzantiorum ducem
Solomonem incitabat ad bellum inferendum regi Maurorum ad montem Aurasium
Iabdae (Procop., Bell. Vand., ii. 13),' Commentary on C.I.L., No. 9835; cp. Schmidt's
Gesch. d. Vandalen, p. 120 ; Diehl, L'Afr. hyz., p. 43 and p. 264. If the attribution of
these coins happens to receive further confirmation it will be of some importance in
connexion with the whole series of small bronze coins of the Vandalic period (here
described, pp. 17 ff.). For it would become evident that the Mauri (and perhaps other
barbarous peoples) employed during the later Vandal period, and perhaps even after the
conquest of Africa by Justinian, a currency of small bronze which they modelled more
or less rudely on Roman or Vandal prototypes. The existence of the very numerous
types and varieties of small bronze coins which seem to furnish a superabundant coinage
for the Vandal kings will excite less astonishment if we consider that they were in part
the currency of the Mauri.
No. 20, p. 19 ; No. 110, p. 31 ; No. 188, p. 40, bear a certain resemblance to Nos. 179-81
just described.
40
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(Obv. uncertain head1)
Head r., beardless,
wearing' diadem and
drapeiy.
Cross potent in wreath.
182
27-
M
•45
DNVI (Valentinian
HI?)
Border of dots,
[de Salis gift]
iv. 36
183
16-
M
•45
Inscr. ends NA.
[P. Gadban, 1865]
iv. 37
184
21-2
M
•45
(Type blurred through
double-striking)
Border of dots.
[P. Gadban, 1865]
185
144
M
•45
Inscr. ends A ? VG
Border of dots,
[de Salis gift]
186
33-4
M
•55
(Bust broad, rudely
executed)
[E. Aschkenasi, of
Tunis, 1854]
iv. 38
187
18-1
M
•4
(Similar to No. 186)
[Townley coll.]
188
11-
M
•35
[.OCAnVI.?] (head
small)
[de Salis gift2]
iv. 39
189
10-5
M
•45
Traces of rude inscr.
(Double-struck)
[de Salis gift]
190
8-5
M
•35
Inscr. (IV ? &c.)
[de Salis gift]
191
8-7
M
•45
Dots for inscr. ; type
rude.
[de Salis gift]
iv. 40
1 Nos. 182-94 may be coins of the Mauri or, at any rate, non-Vandalic.
2 This somewhat resembles the coins assigned, supra, p. 39, to Masuna.
CROSS— BRONZE
41
No.
192
193
194
Weight
11.6
4-
43
195
196
197
198
199
200
12-
13-
7-
s->:
121
7-6
Metal and
Size
M -35
M -35
M -3
M 4
Obverse
Reverse
Border of dots,
[de Salis gift]
Border of dots.
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[de Salis gift]
Plain cross in wreath
Head r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
In front, palm-branch
or part of wreath ?
M -35 In front, part of wreath.
M 4
JE -35
.E -35
JE -3
201
12-8 I M -35
DH
Plain cross in wreath.
Plate
iv. 41
[de Salis gift]
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
Border of dots.
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
[de Salis gift]
Cross pattee in border of dots
Head r., beardless,
wearing [diadem
and] drapery.
Cross pattee and two
pellets. Border of
dots.1
iv. 42
iv. 43
iv. 44
Period of the later Vandal kings.
42
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS
No.
"Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Pentagram
Two (or three ?) rows
of CCCC (imitating
inscriptions ?).
Pentagram.
202
4-
M -35
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iv. 45
Plain (or with a type
that has been ob-
literated).
Pentagram.
203
7-3
M -4
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
iv.46
204
6-6
M -3
[de Salis gift]
II.
COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
ODOVACAR'
a.d. 23 Auu. 476—15 Maech 493
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
RAVENNA
Solidus
DNZENO PER.PFAVC
Bust of Zeno,2 beard-
less, with head three-
quarters r. ; wears
helmet with plume
and armour ; r. hand
holds spear behind
his head ; 1. hand
VICTOR. AAVCCC
Victory draped
standing 1., holding
in r. broad cross;
in ex., CONOB; in
field, r., star.
(not represented)
supports shield deco-
rated with the group
of a horseman r., at-
tacking with spear a
prostrate enemy.
1
68-2
N
•8
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-2]
(VICTOR. 1) (A for A)
after inscr., A
v.l
2
68-5
N
•8
[Purchased, 1874,
7-15-144*]
After CONOB, R.V
(Ravenna)
V. 2
1 As to Odovacar, who is here, for convenience, included among the Ostrogoths, see
'Introduction', supra, § 2.
2 The Emperor Zeno, a.d. 474-491. On the attribution to Odovacar of coins with
Zeno's name see ' Introduction', § 2, on coins with Imperial names.
44
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
3
66-9
M
•75
(Ends AYC)
(AAYCCC) after CO
NOB, RV
4
68-3
N
•8
(Ends AYC)
[de Salis gift]
(VICTOR. 1) after
inscr., Z
Tremissis
DNZENO PERPFAV
Bust of Zeno r.,
Cross within wreath ;
beneath, CO NOB
beardless, wearing
diadem and drapery.
5
22-2
N
•55
(1/1 for N ?)
[de Salis gift]
V. 3
6
21-7
N
•5
(P6R.P)
[de Salis gift]
v. 4
7
22-4
N
■5
(Ends P€KPFAVC)
(COM)
V. 5
Silver
DNSENO PER.PFAV
Bust of Zeno r.,
beardless, wearing-
diadem and drapery.
Eagle, with wings
spread, standing 1.,
looking back ; above
head, cross.1
8
14-5
(pierced)
M
•55
FLOD[OV]AC Bust
of Odovacar r., beard-
less, but with mous-
tache ; head bare ;
wears palu da men-
turn and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
gLO ^ (monogram of
P^ll Odovacar)
1 ^■^ within wreath,
with circular orna-
ment; beneath, R.V.
Border of dots.
v. 6
9
12-7
JR.
•5
[Purchased, 1882,
4-5-1 2]
v. 7
1 The types were probably suggested by the Imperial silver coins already struck in
Italy— probably at Milan— in the name of Zeno.
_ 2 This rare coin was sold to the British Museum by Miss A. Lucas, an English lady
resident in Rome, where, I believe, it was obtained. Cp. Keary, Coinages of Western
Europe, p. vii (corrigenda), referring to the specimen engraved on the title-page of
Pallmann's Gesch. der Vblherwanderungen. For other specimens see Friedlaender, M. d.
Vandalen, pp. 58, 59, PI. II. 1, 2 ; cp. M. d. Ostgothen, p. 8. The silver coin (with head
of Anastasius) assigned to Odovacar in Sabat., i, p. 195, PI. XVIII. 1, is of doubtful
description; see Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 8; cp. Engel and Serrure (TraiU de
Num., i. 23). As to the date, &c, of our No. 9, see ' Introduction', supra, § 2, ' Odovacar.'
The A in the monogram is carelessly formed, perhaps A.
ODOVACAR— RAVENNA— ROME
45
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Bronze
ODO VAC Bust of
Odovacar r., beard-
less, [but with mous-
tache?] ; head bare ;
B.0 ^ within wreath.
wears paludamen-
tum aud cuirass.
10
21-6
M
•4
[de Salis gift]
v. 8
11
14-4
M
•4
V. 9
ROME
Tremissis
DNZENOP ERPFAVC
Bust of Zeno r.,
Cross within wreath ;
beneath, CO MOB
beardless, wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
12
22-4
N
•5
[de Salis gift]
v. 10
13
22-2
N
•55
(DNZENO PER.PFA
VC)
[Blacas coll., 1867]
v. 11
14
22-3
N
•55
(DNSENO PERPFA
VC)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-14]
v. 12
15
22-
N
•5
(DNZ£NO P6KPFA
VC)
[Purchasedof an Italian
dealer, 1869, 7-9-61]
v. 13
Bronze
See infra, ' Quasi-auto
of Ode
nomous of Rome,' time
>vacar.
46
THEODORIC
son of Theudemir
a.d. Maech 493—30 Aug. 526
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
RAVENNA
Go
Id
(i) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by
Theodoric, circ. a.d. 493-518
So lid us
a.d. 493-518
DNANASTA SIVSPF
AVC Bust of Anasta-
sius, beardless, three-
quarters r., wears
helmet with plume
and ornament, and
armour; r. hand
holds spear behind
his head ; 1. hand
(not represented)
supports shield with
horseman device.
VICTOR. 1 AAVCCC
Victory draped
standing 1., holding
in r. broad cross ;
in ex., COMOB; in
field r., star.
1
68-7
AT -8
[Presented by Mr. Ed-
ward Wigan, 1864]
At end of inscr., A
V. 14
2
68-8
Ar -8
[Blacas coll., 1867]
At end of inscr., A
3
68-5
Af -8
(A for A)
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-17]
(VICTOR.I AAVCCC)
(CONOB); in field
1., R/ (Ravenna) ; at
end of inscr., 7L&
(monogram of Theo-
doric).
V. 15
4
69-
X .75
(A for A)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-1]
(Inscr. as on No. 3) ;
in field, 1., traces of
R/ ? which has been
apparently oblite-
rated; at end of
inscr., monogram of
Theodoric as on No. 3.
V. 16
THEODORIC— RAVENNA- GOLD
47
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
10
11
224
22-
22-2
22-
22-2
224
22-2
N -55
N -5
AT .5
N -55
M -5
N -55
M -55
Tremissis
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC Bust of Anasta-
sius, beardless, r.,
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
(A for A) above head,
cross.
[de Salis gift]
(TA) (AVC) above
head, star.
[Purchased, 1904,
64-73]
(A, A, A, A in inscr.)
above head, star,
[de Salis gift]
(A, A, A, A in inscr.)
above head, star,
[de Salis gift]
(A for A in inscr.)
above head, star,
[de Salis gift]
Q for D) (SIV2)
[de Salis gift]
(A for A, except second
A)
VICTORJAAVCVSTO
R.VM Victory stand-
ing on globus1 to
front, looking 1. ; in
r. wreath, in 1. glo-
bus cruciger; in
field 1., star; in ex.,
CONOB
(COS for ?VS) (star in
field r., instead of 1.)
IVCTORJAAVCVSTO
RON
(VICTORJAAVCVSO
RON)
(VICTORJAAVCVSO
ROM) (COUOB)
(VICTORJAA VIVST
OR.OM)
(VICTORJAA VCVST
ORN) (star in field r.,
instead of L).
(C for Q (COMOB)
(star in field r., in-
stead of 1.).
v. 17
v. 18
v. 19
v. 20
v. 21
1 The globus is often very slightly indicated, and is sometimes not to be distinguished
from the left foot of the goddess. It is more distinct on the tremisses struck at Rome
under Theodoric. The type can be traced back on Roman coins to the aurei of Augustus
(e.g. Coll. de H. Montagu, Monti. d'o>; PI. III. 77).
48
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
12
13
14
68-2
68-7
68-6
Metal and
Size
Ar -8
AT -8
K7 -8
15
22-6
16 22-6
N -6
N -6
Obverse
Reverse
Gold
(ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by Theo-
doric, circ. a. d. 518-526, andbyAthalaric?,
end of 526 and beginning of 527.
Solidus
DNIVSTI NVSPFAVC
Bust of Justin I,
beardless, three-
quarters r. ; wears
helmet with plume
and armour ; r. hand
holds spear behind
his head ; 1. hand
(not represented)
supports shield with
horseman device.
[Purchased, 1870,
2-1-2]
(Ends A/C)
[Bank of England gift,
1877]
VICTOR I AAVCCCA
Victory draped
standing 1., holding
in r. broad cross ;
in field 1., star; in
ex., COMOB
(A for A)
(A for A)
Tremissis
DNIVSTI NVSPFA/C
Bust of Justin I,
beardless, r. , wearing
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJAAVCVST
OR.VM Victory stand-
ing on globus to
front,1 looking 1. ; in
r., wreath ; in 1., glo-
bus cruciger; in
field r., star
COMOB
in ex.,
(Space before CVS) (N
for M) (cross sepa-
rated from globus).
(EndsOR.ll)
Plate
vi. 1
vi. 2
1 On the type see note 1, p. 47, supra.
THEODORIC— RAVENNA— SILVER
49
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
17
21-7
N
•55
[de Salis gift]
(Ends W\)
18
22-5
N
•6
(Ends AVC)
[de Salis gift]
(VICTORJAACVSTO
R.VM) (star 1. instead
of r.).1
vi. 3
Silver
(i) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by
Theodoric, circ. a.d. 493-518
Half Siliqua
DNANASTA SIVSPF
AVC Bust of Anasta-
sius r., beardless,
wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass.
jB within wreath;
■^ beneath, CONS
Border of dots.
19
18-6
M
•5
[Cracherode bequest,
1799 3]
vi. 4
DNANAST ASIVSA
VC Bust of Anasta-
sius r., beardless,
wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass ; be-
neath bust, two pel-
lets. Border of dots.
* within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament.
20
22-
M
•5
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1867]
vi. 5
21
22-6
M
■55
vi. 6
22
23-7
M
•5
(Pellets off flan)
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; procured in
Rome]
(Without ornament ?)
vi. 7
1 Head on obv. smaller than on Nos. 15-17, and more like that on the tremisses assigned
(infra) to Rome in the time of Theodoric.
2 In spite of CONS this coin does not belong to Constantinople either by type or
style. A wreath similar to that on the rev. (but encircling a cross) is found on the gold
tremisses struck in Italy by the latest Emperors of the West. The exact rev. type occurs
on silver coins of Rome, of Libius Severus, and of Anthemius, and on silver of Anthemius
assigned to Milan. This coin might possibly be of Milan, but hardly of Rome, for the
letters SC are not present. On the whole, Ravenna seems the most likely place of issue,
the head, and the wreath on rev. having affinities with Nos. 23-6, infra.
50
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
23
24
25
26
27
Weight
10-5
10-6
10-
114
10-2
Metal and
Size
Ai 45
M 4
M 4
M 45
.it 45
Obverse
Reverse
Quarter Siliqua
DNANAST ASIVSAV
Bust of Anastasius
r. , beardless, wearing
diadem and drapery. '
Border of dots.
Beneath, two pellets.
(DNANASTA [SI]VS
(DNANASTA SIVSA
VC; beginning of inscr.
obscure)
(DNANA STASIVS
[A]) (pbv. worn)
[Baron Kolb coll.,
1847]
*PSf\ (monogram of
|>r1 1 Theodoric) ;
■<AIX above, cross.
Whole in wreath.
[Parkes "Weber gift,
1906; purchased of an
Italian coin-dealer]
(BD)
beneath
mon.,star.
(ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by
Theodoric, a.d. 518-526
Quarter Siliqua
DNIVSTI NVSAVC
Bust of Justin I r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem and drapery.
Border of dots.
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
TJS ^ (monogram of
pj) Theodoric);
■ °^"^ above, cross.
Whole in wreath.
(o placed outside mono-
gram, beneath.2)
Plate
vi. 8
vi. 9
rev.
vi. 10
No doubt here, and in later reigns, the bust is intended to wear a paludamentum
and cuirass, but they are often so carelessly rendered that the details are not distinct
2 Nos. 27, 28, 29 are probably earlier than Nos. 30-4 because the monogram on
them appears to have been suggested by the monogram on No. 26, supra.
THEODORIC— RAVENNA— SILVER
51
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
28
10-8
M -4
(Ends NVSPAVC)
[de Salis gift]
vi. 11
29
10-7
M -45
(End of inscr. obscure)
[de Salis gift]
30
10-4
M -4
In front, counter-
mark, ? crescent.
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-4]
vi. 12
31
11-1
M 45
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-55]
GO
vi. 13
32
11-
M -45
GO
33
10-8
M -45
(Ends NVSPAVC)
(„) [de Salis gift]
34
10-
M .45
(Ends NVS[P?]AVC)
GO
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906; bought in
Rome]
Bronze
(i) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by
Theodoric, circ. a. d. 493-518
Inscr. Head of Ana-
stasius r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
drapery. Border of
dots.
Star within wreath.1
35
10-1
M -35
DNA (AVC?)
[Purchased, 1864,
7-19-27]
vi. 14
36
17-6
M -35
DNA VC
[Purchased, 1864,
7-19-26]
vi. 15
1 These coins are quite of Italian style. They recall, by their reverse type, the
silver coins with the head of Anastasius I described supra, p. 49, No. 20, &c, and assigned
to Theodoric, Ravenna.
52
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by
Theodoric, circ. a.d. 518-526
V>«4 (5 nummi)
DNIVSTI NVSPPA
VC Bust of Justin I
r. , beardless, wearing'
diadem and drapery.
Border.
^4 and cross ; all
t^ within wreath.
37
34-1
M
•6
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-72]
vi. 16
38
30-1
M
■55
vi. 17
39
25-3
M
•5
40
30-3
M
•55
it (5 nummi)
(Some of these may, possibly, have been issued
in the early part of the reign of Athalaric)
Inscr. Bust of Justin I
r. , beardless, wearin g
diadem and drapery.
Border.
*T ~W within
\ M wreath. '
41
25-7
M
•5
DNIVSTI NVSPPA
VC
[de Salis gift]
42
30-2
M
•55
[Offflan] NVSPPAVC
vi. 18
43
23-9
M
■55
DNIVSIII IPPAVC
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-70]
vi.19
44
32-3
M
•55
DNIVSTINI(mc) nv
SPPAVC
[de Salis gift]
vi. 20
45
28-4
M
•5
DNIVSTIII nvspp
A/C
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-109]
1 On nearly all these specimens the head is in the high relief characteristic of the
Ravenna mint.
THEODORIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE
53
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
46
47
48
49
24- -E -45
27.8
29-7
26-5
50 22-5
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
13-
M -55
M -5
JE -5
JE -5
JE -35
Obverse
DNIVSTI (double-
struck) NVSPPAVC
DNIVSTIII
AVC
DUIVSTIN
VC
• NVSPP
NVSPA
[D1NIVSTII (NVSPP
VSPPAVC
21-1
23-5
19-7
18-2
22-6
21-8
21-5
27-5
21-6
JE -45
JE -45
JE -45
JE 45
JE -45
M -45
M -45
JE -45
JE -45
NIV (head of some-
what rude style)
Reverse
[Blacascoll., 1867]
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-298]
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-91]
[Northwick sale, 1860]
Plate
vi. 21
.. TINIPI
DUIV STINIP
DNIVS TINIPI
..IV TINII
DNIV ..NIP
DNIV TINIP
DNIVS TI[NIP?]
..IVSTI NVS....
DN[IVS] TINIPAV
Above, star.
Above, star.
Above, star.
Above, star.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-151]
Above, star.
Above, star.
[Rev. Greville J.
Chester, 1877]
Above, star.
[Rev. Greville J.
Chester, 1877]
Above, star.
Above, star.
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
vi. 22
vi. 23
vi. 24
See also 'quasi-autonomous of Ravenna',
infra, for bronze coins attributed to the period
of Theodoric.
54
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
236-
(with
setting)
A 14
ROME
Gold. Triple Solidus
R.EXTHEODERJCVSV
ICTORCENTIVM
Victory in girdled
chiton standing r. on
globus ; in r., wreath ;
in 1., palm-branch ; at
end of inscr., palm-
branch; in ex., COM
OB. Border of dots.
REXTHEODERJCVSP
IVSPRJNCIS Bust of
Theodoric facing; head
bare ; hair curled ; wears
paludamentum and
cuirass ; r. hand raised ;
1. holds globus, on which
stands Victory 1., hold-
ing wreath and palm ;
at end of inscr., small
palm-branch.
Collection of Com. F. Gnecchi, Milan. Found
near Sinigallia in Italy in Dec. 1894. The
specimen is here reproduced on an enlarged
scale from a cast of the original kindly sent
by its owner. See Gnecchi in Bivista ital. di
Num., 1895, p. 149, PL III; A. von Sallet,
Miinzen und Medaillen (Handbiicher der
Konigl. Museen zu Berlin), Berlin, 1898,
p. 101 ; ed. Regling, 1909, p. 125.
This coin or medallion was set in antiquity
as a brooch, and the remains of the setting
(omitted in our frontispiece) are seen on the
rev. of the original. Its weight (including the
brooch-setting) is 15,320 grammes, or a little
more than 236 English grains. If (on a rough
estimate) we deduct 26 grains for the weight
of the setting, the weight of the coin will be
210 grains, i.e. it is (as Gnecchi, op. cit., has
already pointed out) a piece of three solidi,
based on a solidus of 70 grains. The heaviest
extant solidi (in Brit, Mus.) weigh 68-69 grains.
It mas- be noted, however, that a bronze weight
(in the Brit. Mus.) of Theodoric, marked 3 solidi,
weighs only 184 grains (Dalton, Cat. Early
Christian Antiq., No. 444 ; cp. Nos. 445, 446).
The place of mintage, as suggested by
CO MOB, was an Italian city ; presumably,
either Rome or Ravenna, As there is nothing
in the piece specially characteristic of Ravenna,
it may be assigned to Rome, for which city the
Victory on the reverse is suitable, as may be seen
by comparison with the Victory on the silver
fNo. 73, infra ; PI. VII. 5) and bronze coins
(quasi-autonomous of Rome) attributed to Rome
during the reign of Theodoric.
PR.I N C IS on the obv. is explained by Stuckel-
berg (Rivista ital. di num., 1898, pp. 63 f.) as
PRJNC. I. S, i.e. Princeps invictissimus (or
inchjtus) semper; cp. T. Allara, ib., p. 67.
Frontis-
piece
THEODORIC— ROME— GOLD
55
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Gold (Solidus; Tremissis)
With head of Anastasius I. Struck in the time
of Theodoric, tire. a.d. 493-518 (or 526?)
Solidus
DNANASTA SIVSPF
AVC Bust of Anasta-
sius, beardless, three-
quarters r. ; wears
helmet with plume
and ornament, and
armour; r. hand
holds spear behind
his head ; 1. hand
(not represented)
supports shield with
horseman device.
VICTOR. 1 AAVCCC
Victory, wearing
drapery, standing 1.,
holding in r. broad
cross ; in field r.,
star; inex.,COMOB
61
68-7
N
•8
[Cracherode bequest,
1799]
At end of inscr., A
vi. 25
62
68-5
N
•85
[J. E. Sinyanki, 1852]
(A foi A) At end of
inscr., -^
vi. 26
63
65-3
X
•75
[Edward Solly, 1846]
At end of inscr., 6 ; in
field 1., R7I (mono-
gram of Rome).
vi. 27
64
67.
X
•75
[Blacas coll., 1867]
(A for A) At end of
inscr., (T- ft (mono-
gram of Theodoric) ;
in field 1., R/l (mono-
gram of Rome).
vi. 28
65
68-9
N
•75
[de Salis gift]
At end of inscr., mono-
gram of Theodoric, as
on No. 64 ; in field 1. ,
R/l
vi. 29
66
68-3
N
•75
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-10]
At end of inscr. , mono-
gramof Theodoric, as
on No. 64 ; in field 1.,
56
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
67
68
69
70
224
22-
224
23.
71
72
22-8
21-6
N -55
N -5
N -55
AT -55
AT
M -55
Tremissis
(Victory to front)
DNANASTA SIVSPF
AVC Bust of Anasta-
sius r., beardless,
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
[Blacas coll., 1867]
[Mrs. Farren, 1845]
(A for A)
[de Salis gift]
(A for A)
[de Salis gift]
VICTORIA AVC VST
OKVM Victory stand-
ing on globus to
front, looking 1. ;
in r., wreath ; in 1.,
globus cruciger; in
field, r. and 1., star ;
in ex., CO MOB
(AV for AV)
(Globus cruciger de-
tached from hand)
(ACVSTOIWM) (CO
HOB)
(ACVSTOIWM) Cross
separated from glo-
bus.
(Victory in profile)
DNANASTA SIVSP
FAVC Bust of Ana-
stasius r., as No. 67.
[Blacas coll., 1867]
(Surface rough)
[de Salis gift]
VICTORIA AVC VST
OR.VM Victory ad-
vancing r., holding
in r. wreath ; in 1.,
palm-branch ; in
ex., COMOB1
(VM in ligature) (type
tol.) (CONOB2)
vii. 1
vii. 2
vii. 3
vii. 4
1 The profile Victory is usually found on the Frankish and Visigothic imitations
of the Imperial tremisses, and the fronting Victory on Italian imitations. The inscr.
COMOB and the style of the head (cp. No. 71 with Nos. 67-70) seem, however, in this
case to point to Rome.
2 This coin reads CONOB, but from the style of dbv. and ret: may be judged to
belong to the same mint as No. 71.
THEODORIC— ROME— SILVER
57
No.
73
74
Weight
15-
{broken
Metal and
Size
M -6
13-7
jR 45
Obverse
Reverse
Silver
with head of Anastasius I. Struck in the time
of Theodoric, tire. a.d. 493-518 (or 526?)
Half Siliqua
DNANASTA SIVSP
AVC Bust of Anasta-
sius i'., beardless,
wearing1 diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-36]
INVIC[TA] R.OMA'
Victory, in chiton
and peplos, advan-
cing- r. ; in r., wreath;
in 1., trophy resting
on her shoulder ; in
field, S C. Border
of dots.2
Inscr. Bust of Ana-
stasius3 r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
DNANASTASIVS...
(inscr. begins in
front of bust, read-
ing- outwards)
Quarter Siliqua
INVIC
TAROMA
(monogram of
Theodoric);
above, cross ;
beneath, star. Bor-
der of dots.4
F37
(Monogram varied)
[Loscombe sale, 1855]
Plate
vii. 5
vii. 6
1 The legend Invieta Roma occurs also on the 'Quasi-autonomous bronze coins of
Rome ', described infra, of the time of Odovacar, Theodoric, and Athalaric. It is found,
earlier, on the coins of L. Domitius Alexander struck at Carthage, A. d. 308-311 : Invieta
Roma Felix Karthago (Maurice, Num. constantinienne, i, pp. 360 f.). On the coins and
medallions of Priscus Attalus, a.d. 409-416, the legend Invieta Roma aeterna occurs
(Cohen, Me"d. imp., viii, pp. 204 f.). A contorniate in the E. F. Weber collection (Hirsch,
Sale Catalogue, 1909, No. xxiv, p. 207, lot 2911, PL 54) is inscribed Invieta Roma Felix
Senatus (Head of Roma).
2 Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 55, No. 2, and p. 56, No. 3.
3 If the descriptions referred to by Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 28, are correct,
there are also coins of this type with the head of Justin I.
* These coins may be assigned to Rome (i) on account of the rev. inscr. (though this
does not invariably indicate the Roman mint), (ii) because the obv. head (except perhaps
on Nos. 74, 75) is in lower relief and less carefully modelled than on Ravenna coins, (iii)
because the rev. is not ornamented with the heavy wreath characteristic of the Ravenna
mint.
58
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
"Weight
10-8
114
13-7
10-8
12-2
13-5
13-3
Metal and
Size
M 45
& 45
M 45
M 45
.It
M 45
M -5
Obverse
DNAN....SIVSPAVC
(inscr. begins in
front of bust, read-
ing outwards)
DNANAS SPP...
(inscr. begins in
front of bust, read-
ing outwards)
DNANASTASI..
(inscr. retrograde,
beginning behind
bust)
DAHAS TA . . . .
(inscr. begins behind
bust) (style rude)
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC (inscr. retro-
grade, beginning be-
hind bust) ; beneath
bust, O I I O '
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC (inscr. retrograde,
beginning behind
bust ; beneath bust,
• W.2
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC (inscr. retro-
grade, beginning be-
hind bust) ; beneath
bust, ?.
Reverse
(IN VICT AROM[Al)
(star partly off flan)
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
[\A) (MA in ligature)
Earl of Enniskillen,
1856]
(S for 3 in mon.)
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(IIAIVIC &c.) (base of
monogram varied)
[Cracherode bequest,
1799]
(INVIT AROMAC
M 3) (monogram as
on No. 79).
(INVIT AROMAC
M) (monogram as on
No. 79).
Plate
vii. 7
vii. S
vii. &
vii. 10
vii. 11
vii. 12
1 Probably for CONO[B] ; cp. No. 82.
2 Cp. Berliner Blatter filr Munz-Kunde, i (1863), p. 152.
3 The letters CM should apparently be read in connexion with the rest of the legend.
Mr. 6. F. Hill well suggests that they mean Caput Mundi, though it must be said that
the familiar ' Roma caput mundi ' inscription is not found on coins till a considerably
later date (it occurs on coins of Aix-la-Chapelle, of Frederick Barbarossa, 12th cent. ;
on coins of the Roman Senate, 13th cent. ; on the Papal coinage, Eugenius IV, 15th cent.;
see Gregorovius, Some in the Middle Ages, vol. i, p. 7, and vol. iii, p. 471 (Eng. trans.) ;
Engel and Serrure, Traite de Xum., ii, pp. 595, 596, 794; iii, pp. 1373, 1374).
THEODORIC— MILAN— GOLD
59
No.
82
Weight
9-5
83
68-2
84
68-
Metal and
Size
M 45
M -75
M -8
Obverse
A/NVI V2WC(inscr.
begins behind bust) ;
beneath bust, COHO
Reverse
(Inscr. blundered, V
PIVIC HVVVP1V?)
(monogram as on No.
79, but S for 2)
[de Salis gift]
(Contemporary forgery, or barbarous
imitation ?)
Bronze
(See ' Quasi-autonomous of Rome ')
MILAN
Solidus
with head of Anastasius I. Probably struck
by Theodoric, a.d. 493-518
Inscr. Bust of Ana-
stasius, beardless;
three - quarters r. ;
wears helmet with
plume and orna-
ment, and armour; r.
hand holds spear be-
hind his head ; 1.
hand (not repre-
sented) supports
shield with horseman
device.
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
[de Salis gift]
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
[Purchased, 1908,
" 5-6-3]
Inscr. Victory, in chi-
ton and peplos, stand-
ing 1., holding in r.
broad cross ; in field
r., star.
VICTOR! AAVCCC;
beneath, CO NOB
I IVD (monogram of
Mediolanum).
VICTORJ AAVCCC;
beneath, CO NOB
IIVD
Plate
vii. 13
vii. 14
vii. 15
60
ATHALARIC
son of Amalasuntha
31 Aug. 526—2 Oct. 534
No.
Weight
68-1
684
Metal and
Size
N -9
N -85
Obverse
Reverse
RAVENNA
Solidus and Tremissis
(i) with head of Justin I. Struck by Athalaric,
end of 526 or beginning of 527
(See under Theodoric, Ravenna, Gold (ii),
p. 48, supra)
(ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck by
Athalaric after Aug. 527—2 Oct. 534, and by
his successors, Theodahad and Witigis, a. d.
534-540
Solidus
DNIVSTINI ANVSPF
A/C Bast of Justinian
I, beardless, with
head three-quarters
r. ; wears helmet
with plume and ar-
mour ; r. hand holds
spear behind his
head; 1. hand (not
represented) sup-
ports shield deco-
rated with horseman
device.
(A; A/C)
[Bank of England gift,
1877]
(A ; A/C) (plume and
circular ornament on
helmet)
VICTOR. I AAVCCC
Victory, in chiton
and peplos, standing
1. , holding in r. broad
cross ; in field 1. , star ;
in ex., COMOB
(A for A) at end of
inscr., A
(CC«C) at end of inscr.,
A
[Townshend coll.]
Plate
vii. 16
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— GOLD
61
No.
10
Weight
68-5
68-8
67-8
68-5
68-4
68-2
654
22-6
Metal and
Size
N -8
M -85
N -8
M -85
M -8
N -85
N -8
N -6
Obverse
(A ; AVC)
[Royal coll.]
[Purchased, 1873,
12-1-2]
[de Salis gift]
(A ; A/C) (plume and
circular ornament on
helmet)
Keverae
(A for A) at end of
inscr., «A
(A for A) at end of
inscr., «A
At end of inscr., «A
(A for A) at end of
inscr., A
[Royal coll.]
(Ruder style)
(A ; ends AV)
[de Salis gift]
(A ; ends A/C)
[de Salis gift]
(A ; A/ ; C blundered)
(style barbarous)
(VICTOR.I AAVCCC)
at end of inscr., A
At end of inscr., A
(COHCO)
(Ends AAVCCCAV)
(CONICI for CO
MOB) (type bar-
barous)
Tremissis
(with CO MOB)1
DNIVSTINi ANVSP
FA/C Bust of Justin-
ian I r., beardless,
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
[Royal coll.]
VICTOR! AAVCVST
OR.VM Victory on
globus to front or
right, looking 1. ; in
r. , wreath ; in 1. ,
globus cruciger ; in
field r., star ; in ex.,
COMOB
Plate
vii. 17
vii. 18
vii. 19
vii. 20
rev.
vii. 21
1 It is possible that the exergual inscriptions COMOB and CONOB (see p. 62)
may indicate two distinct mints — Kome and Ravenna, but I have not ventured to make
this separation. All the coins have the rough, gritty reverses which are apparently
characteristic of the tremisses of Ravenna. As the capital of the Ostrogothic kings,
Ravenna is a more likely mint than Rome.
62
H. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
Weight
Metal and
Size
22-7
X -6
22-5
N -6
22-2
N -6
224
N -6
224
N -bb
21-8
N -65
22-2
N -6
22-3
N -6
22-2
N -65
22-5
N -6
22-5
N -bb
Obverse
[de Salis gift]
[Royal coll.]
(A/C)
[Royal coll.]
(Inscr. continuous;
AVC)
[de Salis gift]
Reverse
(COMOB)
(Star 1. instead of r.) 1
(with CO NOB)
(DNIVSTI NIANVSP
FA/C)
(PP for PF)
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-28]
(PP for PF)
[de Salis gift]
(Ends P(P?)AC)
[de Salis gift]
(PP for PF) above
head, X- in graffito.
(Ends ANVSPPAVC)
(Ends ANVSPPAIC)
[de Salis gift]
(CONOB) (star 1. in-
stead of r.)
[de Salis gift]
(CONOB) (star 1. in-
stead of r.)
(A for A) (CONOB)
(star omitted)
(AVSTOIWM) (CON
OB)
(A for A) (CONOB)
[Blacas coll, 1867]
(CONOB)
[de Salis gift]
(A for A) (CONOB)
Plate
vii. 22
vii. 23
viii. 1
viii. 2
1 The treniissis of Justinian, set in a third-century ring, described in Marshall,
Catal. of Finger Rings in the British Museum. No. 262, belongs to the same class as our
Nos. 10-14 (on rev. COMOB and Victory).
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— GOLD ; SILVER
63
No.
22
23
24
25
26
Weight
27
28
29
22-
22-2
22-7
22-2
21.
Metal and
Size
21-4
10-6
10-8
A -55
A -6
A -6
A -55
A -6
M -55
,& -5
.& -45
Obverse
(DUIVSTINI ANVSP
PA/.)
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-29]
(PI instead of PF)
(PI instead of PF)
(Ends PrlCI)
[Royal coll.]
(Ends PPACA) (end
of diadem detached
from head)
Reverse
(II for M) (CO NO
(R.?))
(CONO\)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-6]
(CONOV)
[de Salis gift]
(II for M) (CO IIOT)
(VICTOR! A A/AC VS
TOR.VA/V) (CONOI)
[de Salis gift]
Silver
(i) with head of Justin I. Struck by Athalaric,
end of 526 or beginning of 527
Half Siliqua
DNIVSTI NVSPAVC
Bust of Justin I r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
"DZT (m<
(monogram
of Atha-
.aric);
above, cross ; be-
neath, star ■ whole
in wreath.
Quarter Siliqua
DNIVSTI NVSPAVC
Bust of Justin I r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
[de Salis gift]
DN
ATHA
IARJ
CVS
within wreath.
Plate
viii. 3
viii. 4
viii. 5
viii. 6
64
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
30
31
32
20-8
18-8
20-6
33
34
21-8
16-5
(cor-
roded)
35
36
10-8
11-1
Obverse
Reverse
(ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck bv Atha-
laric after Aug. 527—2 Oct. 534
M -5
M -5
M -55
M -5
M -55
M -45
M 4
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
AVC Bust of Justin-
ian I r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
(P omitted; ends A/C)
(DNIVSTI NIANAV
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-56]
(End of inscr. obscure)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-15]
Half Siliqua
D
(monogram
of Atha-
lari c);
above, cross ; be-
neath, star ; whole
in wreath.
W
Plate
[Parkes Weber gift,
1 906 ; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
(Cross-bar of mon.
placed higher)
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 587]
viil 7
("P1
(star
omitted)
(Monogram as on !No.
33) (star omitted)
viii. 8
Quarter Siliqua
DNIVSTI NIANAVC
Bust of Justinian I
r. , beardless, weaimg
diadem and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(DNIVSTIN; rest ob-
scure, ends AVC)
DN
AT HAL within
ARICVS wreath.
RJX
[Parkes "SYeber gift,
1906; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
viii. 9
viii. 10
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE
65
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
37
10-2
JR
■45
TDNIVSTIN] IANA
VC
38
10-7
M
•4
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 587]
39
11-2
M
•4
40
10-6
M
•4
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
(HEX)
Bronze
(i) with head of Justin I
V (5 nummi)
Some of the bronze coins of this denomination
described supra under Theodoric, p. 52, may
have been issued by Athalaric, end of 526 or
beginning of 527. Cp. Thomsen, Cat., p. 82,
No. 993 (rev. monogram of Athalaric), but
the obv. described by Thomsen as intended
for Justin I may conceivably be of Jus-
tinian I. Cp. also Friedlaender, M. d. Ost-
gothen, p. 32, and Sabatier, i, p. 200, No. 9,
PL XVIII. 18 (obv. Head of Justin, rev. Mono-
gram of Athalaric ?)
(ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck by
Athalaric after Aug-. 527—2 Oct. 534
/\ (10 nummi)
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian I r., beardless,
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass.
<\ within wreath.
41
54-
M
•75
DNIVSTII TA1NVSPP
AVC
viii. 11
66
n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
42
Weight
60-5
Metal and
Size
43 37.
44
45
46
33-2
32-7
M -6
M -55
M -55
M -55
Obverse
15-8
47
48
49
16-4
15-
12-5
M -45
DNIV8TINI .NVSP
PAVC
DNIVSTIII. .NVSPP
AVC
DNIVSNI VSPPAVC
DNIVSII VSPPAVC
Reverse
Plate
[de Salis gift]
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-149]
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-296]
[de Salis gift]
viii. 12
viii.13
viii. 14
V (P nummi)
[DNIV]STINI ANVS
PP Bust of Justinian
1 1., beardless, wear-
ing diadem and cui-
rass.
[de Salis gift]
V within wreath.
viii. 15
M -4
M -35
M -4
50 13-4 M -4
(iii) with head of Justinian I and monogram
of Athalaric
Small Bronze
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian I r., beardless,
wearing diadem
and cuirass. Border
of dots.
IVST INIANII
VST I
Ends NIANI
NIAH,
BT
within wreath.
[Purchased, 1864,
7-19-31]
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-6]
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
viii. 16
viii. 17
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE
67
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
51
12-2
M -35
IVST Nl
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-461]
52
12-7
M -45
. VSTI N . . .
[de Sails gift]
viii.18
53
13-8
M -4
IVSTI
[de Salis gift]
54
15-1
M -4
IVSTI NIAN
[de Salis gift]
55
14-7
M -4
IVSTI H . . .
56
12-5
M -4
.VST INI.
(iv) with name o:
[Presented by Mr. J.
Doubleday, 1846 ']
f Athalaric (only)
[X]
INVICT AROMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing helmet with
plume, earring, neck-
lace, and drapery ;
hair long.
DN
ATHAL
AR.ICVS
R.EX
within wreath, with
circular ornament
above and X be-
neath.2
57
77-4
M -7
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
1 If the descriptions in Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 33, No. 6, and Sabatier, i,
p. 201, No. 14, PI. 18, 23, may be relied on there are also X nummi pieces with obv. Head
of Justinian, rev. Monogram of Athalaric.
2 The X, found also on silver coins, is strictly only the tie of the wreath (cp. the
M (40 nummia) coins of Justinian I at Rome, PI. XV. 2, where the X is very prominent),
but may possibly have been here regarded as also indicating the denomination (10 nummi)
of the coin.
68
H. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
58
59
Weight
604
52-
Metal and
Size
M -65
M -7
60
61
24-7
14-5
{■worn)
M -5
M 45
Obverse
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
[Northwick sale, 1860]
Reverse
(A for A)
[X]
Friedlaender (M. d. Ostgothen, p. 35, No. 11,
PI. I. 11) describes and figures after Pinci,
De nummis Ravennatibus, the following : obv.
FELIX RAVENNA Bust of Ravenna r., with
mural crown, rev. Monogram of Athalaric.
V (5 nummi)
Plate
viii.19
INVIC TAKOMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing helmet with
plume, earring, neck-
lace, and drapery ;
hair long.
[de Salis gift]
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11460]
■f DNATHALARJCV
1 SRJX
\i with pellet in
"" centre.
(A for A ?)
See also ' Quasi-autonomous of Ravenna :
viii.20
ATHALARIC— ROME— BRONZE
69
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
ROME
Bronze
X nummi
INVICT AROMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing helmet with
plume, circular ear-
ring with pendant,
necklace of two rows,
and drapery ; long
hair. Border of dots.
62
44-2
M
■lb
63
50-5
M
•75
64
40-3
M
•7
65
41-4
M
•7
66
45-1
M
•7
67
44-7
M
■7
(INBICT)
(INBICT)
(INBICT)
[Bank of England gift,
1877]
(A for A)
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
DNATAL ARJCVS
Athalaric standing
r. , holding inr. spear,
in 1. oval shield with
pellet in centre ;
wears helmet, cui-
rass, and paludamen-
S C
X
(i. e. Senatus con-
sulto ; 10 nummi).
Border of dots.1
(OH)
turn : in field,
(a)
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-5]
(A for A)
(A; A; A)
(A; A; A?) (on shield,
pellet in circle ?)
viii. 21
viii.22
1 Nos. 62-4 (with INBICTA) are probably the earliest coins of this series, for they
give the details with great fidelity : on the succeeding coins the details (especially the
treatment of the long hair) are less carefully executed.
70
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
68
69
70
71
46-1
37-6
39-6
41-5
M -7
M -65
M -7
M -65
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(INVIC TAR.OMA)
(INVIC TAR.OMA)
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(INVIC TAR.OMA)
[de Salis gift]
(DNATHAL ARJC
VS) (on shield, pellet
in circle)
(DNATHA[L] AR-IC
VS) (on shield, pellet
in circle)
(DNATHA[LJ [A]RJ
CVS) (shield - orna-
ment as on No. 69 ?)
(DNATHAL ARJC
VS) (shield-ornament
obscure)
viii.23
viii.24
viii.25
See also ' Quasi-autonomous of Rome '.
t
71
AMALASUNTHA
daughter of Theodoric ;
regent for her son Athalaric, 31 Aug. 526 — 2 Oct. 534 ; wife of Theodahad
from 534 till her death, 30 Apeil, 535
No coins appear to have been issued in her name.
72
THEODAHAD
son of Amalafrida, the sister of Theodoric
3 Oct. 534— (Nov. ?) 536
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
19-3
21-5
M -5
M -55
21-1 M -6
RAVENNA
Gold
For gold coins with the name of Justinian I
probably struck by Theodahad see under
'Athalaric', supra, p. 60 (ii)
Silver
(with head of Justinian I)
Half Siliqua
DNIVSTI NIANAVC
Bust of Justinian r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem and cuirass.
Border of dots.
(A/C)
w
(monogram
of Theoda-
had) within
wreath, with circular
ornament in upper
part.
(AVC obscure)
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 588]
[de Salis gift]
ix. 1
ix. 2
[J. G. Pfister, 1855] ix. 3
THEODAHAD— RAVENNA— SILVER ; BRONZE
73
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Quarter Siliqua
DNIVSTI NIANAVC
Bust of Justinian r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
DN
THEODA
HATHVS
REX
within wreath, with
circular ornament in
upper part, and X in
lower part.
4
11-3
M
•45
[Blacas coll., 1867]
(Without X ?)
5
11-
M
•45
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(A for A)
ix. 4
6
114
M
•45
(A/C)
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 588]
ix. 5
7
114
M
■45
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought at
Sotheby's, 1 July,
1890, lot 197]
(RJX)
8
11-2
M
■4
[Loscombe sale, 1855]
(R.IX1)
ix. 6
Bronze
(i) with name of Justinian I
V nummi
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass.
Border of dots.
V within wreath.
9
45-8
M
•65
(DNIV2TNII NVS
PPAVC)
ix. 7
1 The silver coin with rev. AMENITAS DEI, which has been sometimes assigned
to Theodebert I the Merovingian, and which Keary (Coinages of Western Europe, pp. 79 f.)
proposed to attribute to Theodahad, is Imperial Byzantine of Theodosius, the son of
Maurice Tiberius (Wroth, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 160, No. 293).
74
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Weight
54-5
53-2
53-3
48-2
51-3
Metal and
Size
m -65
M -65
M -6
M -6
M -6
Obverse
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-150]
(A for A)
6-3
{worn )
16
60-4
M -35
partly obscure)
(style ruder than on
Nos. 9-13)
Reverse
("Purchased, 1904,
6-4-133]
(inscr. continuous)
(DNIV3T... ; rest (Style ruder than on
Plate
ix. 8
ix. 9
Nos. 9-13)
[de Salis gift]
Small Bronze
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing1 diadem and
cuirass.
(Inscr. obscure ; ends
Nl?)
m
(monogram
of Theoda-
had) within
wreath.1
(ii) with name of Theodahad
[X]
M -7
INVICT AROMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing crested hel-
met, earring, neck-
lace, and drapery;
hair long.
DN
THEODA
HATHVS
REX
within wreath, in
lower part of which,
X
ix. 10
ix. 11
ix. 12
1 For similar specimens and varieties see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 44 and
p. 67 ; M. d. Ostgothen, p. 38 ; Tliomsen, Cat., p. 83, No. 1005 ; Sabatier, i, PI. XVIII. 30,
31, and 32.
THEODAHAD- ROME— BRONZE
75
No.
17
18
Weight
66-7
53-2
(worn)
Metal and
Size
M -85
M -7
Obverse
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; purchased of
an Italian coin-
dealer]
Reverse
Plate
ROME
Bronze
XL nummi
Struck Jan. 536 ? 1
19
21
181-7
163-2
154-8
M 1-05
M 1-05
M 1-05
DNTHEODA HATVS
REX Bust of Theo-
dahad r., beardless,
but with moustache ;
hair short ; wears
closed crown orna-
mented with jewels
and two stars, and
with pellet within
crescent at its apex ;
also robe ornamented
with jewels and a
cross. Border of
dots.
VICTORIA PRINCI
PVM Victory in gir-
dled chiton stand-
ing r. , on prow ; in r. ,
wreath; in 1., palm-
branch ; in field, S C.
Border of dots.
(Cross smaller than on
Nos. 19, 20)
(l/l)
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(H for M)
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-7]
[Townley coll.]
ix. 13
ix. 14
ix. 15
1 On the date see 'Introd.', supra, § 2, under 'Theodahad'. Mr. Hodgkin (Italy and
her Invaders, iii, p. 651) suggests that the legend Principum of the rev. may refer to the
union of Theodahad and Amalasuntha, but it is possible that Principum (instead of
Principis) may be used by analogy with the conventional ' Victoria Augustoritm '
found on the Imperial gold coins. The legend VICTORIA AVCVST. is also
stated to occur (Sabatier, Descript., vol. i, Theodahad, No. 2 ; Mem. Soc. Arch. St. Peters-
burg, 1851, p. 159; cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 39). The Victory type of the
rev. is derived from a specimen of the 'Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome' (time of
Theodoric), described infra and PI. XIII. 1, and figured in Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen,
PI. II and p. 68, and Sabatier, i, p. 211, No. 6, PI. XIX. 29.
76
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
22
23
24
Weight
150-
162-3
147-2
Metal and
Size
J£ 1-
M 1-05
M 1-
Obverse
(DNTHEO DAHATV
SREX)
(DNTHEO DAHATV
SKEX) (cross smaller
than on Nos. 19, 20)
(Dl/ITHCOD AHATV
SR.C X) (cross ob-
scure)
Reverse
(VICTOR.IAP MNC
IPVM)
[de Salis gift]
(VICTOR.IAP RJNCI
PVM)
[Earl of Enniskillen,
1856]
VICLOBIVb RJUCP
VM (sic) (3 C)
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906; from the York
Moore sale, Sothe-
by's, 9 March, &c,
1889, lot 1146 *]
Plate
ix. 16
ix.17
ix. 18
1 The engraving of the types and legends is careless. Perhaps the coin is an ancient
forgery. For modern forgeries of bronze coins of Theodahad see Num. Zeitschrift,
iii, p. 140 ; xxvii, pp. 123, 124. In some cases the name Theodahatus has been altered
into ' Theodebaldus '. Cp. Regling, Jahresberichte fiber die num. Literatur, 1901, 1902
{inZ.f. N., xxiv), p. 58.
77
WITIGIS
husband of Matasuntha, grand-daughter of Theodoric
Nov. ? 536 — Spring, 540 (deposition)
(died, 542)
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
RAVENNA
Gold
For gold coins with the name of Justinian I
probably struck by Witigis see under 'Atha-
laric ', supra, p. 60 (ii).
Silver
(with head of Justinian I)
Half Siliqua
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
DN
WIT
1 CES
REX
within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament ;
in lower part, X
1
22-6
M
•55
DNIVSTINI ANVSPr
AV
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
x. 1
2
22-
M
•55
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
IAV
[Devonshire coll.]
x. 2
3
19-5
(worn)
M
•5
DNIVSTI NIAN(A
VC?)
(Letters small)
[Devonshire coll.]
78
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
10
Weight
19-
20-8
19-6
11-1
9-6
11-
10-6
Metal and
Size
M -55
JR -5
M -5
M 45
M 45
M 45
Obverse
M 45
DNIVSTI NIANPfl
VC
DNIVSTI TNIAN1A
VC
DNIVSTI (NIANPF
A/C ?)
Reverse
[Devonshire coll.]
(M)
[Blacas, 1867]
('CIS)
[Partes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought at Sim
sale, Sotheby's, 23
June, &c, 1890, lot
694]
Plate
x. 3
Quarter Siliqua
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
DNIVSTI NIANVSA
3D
(monogram of
Theodoric)
within
broad wreath.1
(R. disjoined ; wreath
narrow)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-14]
DNIVSTI NIANA/C
[de Salis gift]
DNIVSTI
VC
[NIAN]A
DNIVSTI NIANA/C
KB)
S|\ \ in upper
part of
wreath,
circular ornament ; in
lower, X
(Mon. as on No. 8, but
(, for C ; limbs of E
shown) ; wreath has
circular ornament.
(Mon. as No. 9, but
limbs of T shown ;
no pellet) ; wreath
has circular orna-
ment.
x. 4
x. 5
x. 6
x. 7
1 As to the attribution of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, Italian coins
with Imperial names, Justinian I. The obv. of No. 7 closely resembles the obv. of
Matasuntha, infra, No. 1.
WITIGIS— RAVENNA— BRONZE
79
No.
11
12
13
Weight
Metal and
Size
69.6
47.
56-8
M -65
M -65
M -65
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze
10 nummi
Plate
INVICT AROMA
Bust of Roma r.,
■wearing- crested hel-
met, necklace, and
drapery ; hair long.
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
(Obv. badly preserved)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
DN
WIT
1 CES
REX
within
wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular
ornament ;
in lower
part, X
(Ornaments of wreath
obscure)
x. 8
x. 9
(ICIS) (circular orna- x. 10
ment obscure)
rev.
80
MATASUNTHA
grand-daughter of Theodoric, queen of Witigis
(Dec. ?) 536— (Spring ?) 540
No.
Weight
21-1
18-9
Metal and
Size
M -55
M -55
Obverse
Reverse
RAVENNA
Silver
Half Siliqua
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PA Bust of Justinian
r. , beardless, wearin g
diadem and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[Rev. Greville J. Ches-
ter, 1890 >]
8D
(monogram
of Matasun-
tha) within
wreath.
TICINUM ?
Silver
Half Siliqua
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAC Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing ornamented
diadem, paludamen-
tum, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 588]
K>
within circu-
lar border ;
whole in
wreath.3
Plate
x. 11
x. 12
1 The obv. head is of the same style as No. 7, PI. X. 4, of "Witigis, supra.
2 The low relief of the obv., the style of the drapery, &c, prove that these coins
(Nos. 2-5) were not struck at Ravenna. Ticinum (Pavia), the second Ostrogothic capital,
has probably the best claim to their issue, which may have taken place at the time of
the marriage of Matasuntha (Dec? 536) or, later, after the battle of Ticinum (a.d. 538),
when the Goths, defeated by the Imperialists, took refuge in Pavia. On these coins see
further ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Matasuntha,' where the possibility of Constantinople
being the mint-place is alluded to.
s A modern forgery of these types is noted in Num. Zeitschrift, xxvii, p. 123.
MATASUNTHA— TICINUM ?— SILVER ; BRONZE
81
No.
3
Weight
17-7
18-
18-6
Metal and
Size
M -5
M •«
.E .55
M -85
Obverse
[Sale at Sotheby's, 4
Dec. 1854, lot 17]
(Ends AC)
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12July,1853,lot588]
Reverse
Plate
[de Salis gift]
Bronze
20 nummi ?
DNIVSTINI ANVS....
(inscr. partly ob-
scure) Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing diadem, pa-
ludamentum, and
cuirass. Border.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-89] l
TCS IN (i- e. mon o-
k\J 1 gram of Mata-
IkM/ sunthaandK)
within wreath.
x. 13
x. 14
x. 15
1 Another specimen of this rare coin is described in the Thomsen Catalogue, p. 84,
No. 1013, PL II. 1013 ; and another was in the E. F. Weber collection (Sale Catalogue,
Hirsch, No. xxiv, Munchen, May, 1909, lot 3038). K may be explained as ' 20 ' (nummi),
the mark of value found on the Imperial coins of Justinian. The style of the rev. would
be quite suitable to Ravenna, but the obv. in its low relief and its treatment of the
drapery resembles the obverses of Nos. 2-5. The coin may therefore be assigned, like
them, to Ticinum. See further, 'Introduction,' supra, § 2, ' Matasuntha.'
82
ILDIBAD
Spring ? 540— May ? .3-41
Apparently did not issue coins.
ERARIC
May ?— Sept. ? 5-41
Apparently did not issue coins.
83
BADUILA
(also called TOT I LA)
nephew of Ildibad
Sept. ? 541 — July or Aug. 552
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
TICINUM
Gold1
a.d. 541-552
Solidus
DNANASTA SIVSPF
VICTORJ AAVCCC I
AV£ Bust of Anasta-
Victory in chiton
sius T r., beardless,
and peplos standing
with head three-
1., holding in r. broad
quarters r. ; wears
cross ; in field r.,
helmet, with plume
star; in ex., COM
and ornament, and
OB
armour ; r. hand holds
spear behind his
head ; 1. hand (not
represented) sup-
ports shield deco-
rated with horseman
device.
1
69-
N -lb
[de Salis gift]
x. 16
1 The mint-place was probably Ticinum (Pavia), the Gothic centre, now that Ravenna
was in the hands of the Imperialists. It is not unlikely, however, that some of the coins
may have been struck, for convenience, at other cities, such as Naples, which came into
Baduila's hands in May, 543.
84
H. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
20-2
20-2
Metal and
Size
22-2
21-6
21-8
224
N -55
N -55
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Anasta-
sius I r., beardless,
wearing- diadem, pa-
ludamentum, and
cuirass.
DNANASTA SIVSPP
A/C On head, crescent
and pellet.
DNANASTA SIVSPP
A/C On head, crescent
and pellet.
Inscr. Victory to front
moving- r., looking
1. ; in r. ,wreath ; in 1. ,
globus cruciger; in
field r., star; in ex.,
CONOB1
VICTOR.IAAVCVST
OIWM (COMOB)
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR-t A AVCVST
OIWM (COMOB)
[de Salis gift]
Af -6
N -55
N -55
N -6
DNANATA SIVSPP
A/C On head, *.
DNANASTA SIVSP
AVC On head, +.
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
DNANASTASIVSPP
AVC
VICTORJAAVCVST
OR.VM (CONOI)
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-20]
VICTOR.SAAVCOSTR.
VI
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR.IAA VCSTO
R.VM
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-18]
VICTOR.I AAVCV8T
N (Star, in field 1.)
[de Salis gift]
Plate
x. 17
x. 18
x. 10
x. 20
x. 21
x. 22
1 The globus on which the Victory stands on the tremisses of earlier reigns is now no
longer represented.
BADUILA— TICINUM— GOLD
85
No.
8
Weight
•2-2.2
10
11
12
13
■22-7
21-6
231
224
21-
Metal and
Size
N -5
N -65
N -55
M -6
N -6
N -65
Obverse
DNANASTA SIVSPA
VC On head, +.
Reverse
VICTORJAAVCVST
ORVM
[de Salis gift]
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-72] 1
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
DNANAST SIVSPPA
VC
[de Salis gift]
DNANASTA* SIVSP
PAVC
[Dr. G. F. Nott's sale,
1842]
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
[Royal coll.]
VICTOR! AAVCVST
ROVH
VICTORI AAVCVST
O^VM
[de Salis gift]
VICTOFUAAVCVST
ORV (without star)
(CONOR)
VICTORI A AVCVSTO
RAH (CONOR)
VICTORIAAVCVSTO
RVH (CONOR)
Silver
(i) with head of Justinian
issued circ. a.d. 541 2
Half Siliqua
A ' siliqua ' (weight not stated ; ? half
siliqua) is described in the Rossi Sale Catalogue
(Rome, 1880), p. 251, lot 3359, with obv.
Head of Justinian, rev. DN BAD V I LA REX in
wreath. The similar coin described by Fried-
laender (M. d. Ostgothen, p. 46, No. 1, PL II. 1)
as a ' siliqua ' is a quarter siliqua : see the next
description.
Plate
x. 23
x. 24
x. 25
x. 26
xi. 1
xi. 2
1 On Nos. 9-13 the neck of the obv. bust is abnormally long.
2 Coins of Baduila with the head of Justinian are very rare. It may be presumed
that they were issued for a short time at the beginning of Baduila's reign, but that the
king was soon induced by political reasons to reject the head of the reigning emperor
and to substitute for it (since commercial convention required the presence of an Imperial
effigy) the head of another emperor. He selected Anastasius, who had been the contem-
porary of Theodoric, and whose head had appeared on Theodoric's coins.
86
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
Weight
Metal and
Size
214
M -55
Obverse
Reverse
Quarter Siliqua
DMIVSTHI AlWS...
Bust of Justinian r.,
beardless, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
DN
BADV
I L A
REX
within wreath.
M- Size, -5 inch ; weight, 405 grammes (= 6-7 grains
troy). - National Museum, Copenhagen.
This rare coin is here photographed from a
plaster cast of the original kindly sent to the
British Museum by Dr. C. Jorgensen. It has
been previously described and figured by
Friedlaender in his M. d. Ostgothen, p. 46 a,
PL II. 1. It must be a quarter siliqua of light
weight, and not, as Friedlaender described it, a
siliqua. The obv. legend is very faint, but
sufficiently clear to show that it consists of the
name of Justinian, and not (as we should rather
have expected) of the name of Anastasius.
de-
rev.
Sabatier, i, p. 208, No. 17, PL XIX. 18
scribes a coin with obv. head of Justinian
Ql jpk i. e. monogram of Baduila (as on the
I^jCp/ bronze coins. PL XI. 14. infra),with-
L/WU. in wreath. He does not state from
what source this description is derived.
(ii) with head of Anastasius I
Half Siliqua
Issued 541 (or 542)-549 ?
Inscr. Bust of Ana-
stasius r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
DNANASTA
AVC
SIVSP
DN
BADV
I L A
REX
within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament ;
in lower part, X 1
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 586]
Plate
xi. 3
xi. 4
1 These coins cannot have been struck at Ravenna, but Nos. 14 and 15 are good
imitations of the productions of that mint, perhaps due to the employment at Ticinum
of an old Ravenna craftsman. The remaining specimens are of much cruder work, which
likewise characterizes the corresponding coins of the next reign.
BADUIL A— TICINUM— SILVER
87
No.
Weiffht
15 19-8
16
17
18
21.2
19-
16-7
{chipped)
Metal and
Size
■55
M. -55
A\ -55
19
64
M
•oo
Al 4
Obverse
DNANASTASIVS....
DNANAS TASIVS..
[Blacas coll., 1867]
DNANAS TASIVSPA
[de Salis gift]
DOMHOIAU .AS/VC
Above head, pellet
in crescent ; (tie of
diadem separated
from the diadem)
Reverse
X for L)
'Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
(+ before DN ; pellet
above L)
(R.IX, with pellet be-
neath the I)
(MX)
[Baron Kolb coll.,
" 1847 1]
Quarter Siliqua
{arc. 541 or 542 ?)
DNAIIA ITAIIVI
Bust of Anastasius
r. , beardless, wearing'
diadem and cuirass.
[de Salis gift]
■^Sr\ (monogram
j\r) of Theodo-
iC^lfc ric) within
wreath, in upper
part of which, cir-
cular ornament.2
Sabatier describes (i, p. 208, No. 9, PL XIX.
13) a quarter siliqua with obv. Head of Ana-
stasius, rev. r>3vrJ (monogram of Baduila),
as on p. 86, supra.
Plate
xi. 5
xi. 6
xi. 7
xi. 8
xi. 9
1 A similar (or possibly the same) coin is engraved by Banduri, vol. ii, Plate, p. 621:
Friedlaender (M. d. Ostgothen, p. 48) doubted his reading, which is, however, confirmed
in essentials by our No. 18. The obv. legend seems in the main blundered, but
DOMNOI (domino) may be compared with the DOMNVS on a silver coin of Theia
described infra.
■ 2 A later development of the coins with the monogram of Theodoric that we have
assigned, supra, p. 78, to Witigis.
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
20
21
22
23
Weight
9-5
64
8-7
21-7
Metal and
Size
M -5
M 4
M 4
Ai -55
Obverse
Reverse
Issued 541 (or 542)-549 ?
Inscr. Bust of Ana-
stasius r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
DNANAS TASIAVC
(letters blurred) ;
above head, star.
Ends ASTASI
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. obscure, ends
VSAVC
DN
BADV
I LA
R. I X
within wreath.
X in lower part of
wreath.
[de Salis gift]
(BADV) (R.EX) circular
ornament in upper
part of wreath.
[de Salis gift]
(iii) with head of Baduila
Half Siliqua
circ. a. d. 549 1
DNBADV ILAR.IX
Bust of Baduila r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
DN
BADV
I LA
KEX
within wreath.
Pellet in centre, be-
tween L and A
Plate
xi. 10
xi. 11
xi. 12
xi. 13
1 The appearance of a portrait of Baduila on his bronze coins (see infra, p. 91,
No. 38) may be assigned to the year 549. The head on this coin, inscribed with
Baduila's name, may also be another innovation introduced at about the same date.
No doubt it was intended to pass as a portrait of the king, though it is in reality hardly
modified from the head of Anastasius. As the types of the regal half siliquas had
become stereotyped, any startling change— such as one from the profile bust to the full-
face bust seen on the bronze money of Baduila— -would no doubt have impeded the free
circulation of the coins.
BADUILA— TICINUM— BRONZE
89'
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
24
25
20
1-2-3
12-2
11.
11-
Obverse
Reverse
M -35
M -35
M -35
M -35
Bronze
(i) with head of Anastasius I
circ. a.d. 541-54!) >
Small Bronze
(Type A)
DN ANASTASIVS P| DN
P A Bust of Anastasius B A D V
i'., beardless, wearing I L A
diadem and cuirass. R. E X
in wreath.
M. Size, 4 inch. Described in Thomsen, Catal.,
i, p. 84, No. 1015.
(Type B)
Inscr. Bust of Ana-
stasius i'., beardless,
wearing- diadem and
drapery.
(Traces of inscr. )
ANAS AVp ?)
Ends ASIVS
(Traces of inscr.)
M
(monogram
of Baduila)
within
wreath ; above mono-
e-ram, small cross.
Plate
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-450]
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
xi. 14
xi. 15
1 Baduila does not (as in the case of his silver money, p. 85, supra) appear to have
issued bronze with the head of Justinian. The coins with the head of Anastasius may-
be assigned to the period 541-549, in which last-named year, in all probability (see
p. 91, '(iii) Bronze,' infra), the profile bust of Anastasius was withdrawn in favour of
the full-face bust of Baduila.
Of the coins with the head of Anastasius there are three types, the order of which
is somewhat hard to determine. Type A corresponds to the regal half siliquae and
quarter siliquae (pp. 86-8, supra) issued 541 or 542-549? Type B perhaps precedes
C, as its monogrammatic reverse is based on old models (e.g. the bronze of Theodahad),
while C displays a rev. type of a new kind.
H
90
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
28
30
31
32
Weight
34
35
36
14-6
10-
11-5
11-8
8-2
13-
10-7
10-5
8-3
Metal and
Size
m -35
M -35
M -3
M -4
M -3
J£ -35
M -35
M -35
M -3
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(Type C)
Inscr. Bust of Ana-
stasius r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
drapery.
DNANA STA &c.
In front, N . .
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-462]
(Inscr. off flan)
Ends AVC
Ends AVC
(Inscr. off flan)
DN &c.
[de Salis gift]
(Inscr. off flan)
Traces of inscr.
DNREX
B
within wreath.1
Above inscr., *
[Cracherode bequest,
1799]
Above inscr., *
[Doubleday purchase,
" 1849]
(DN for DN)
[Doubleday purchase.
L 1849]
[de Salis gift]
(DN for DN)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
[Presented bv Mr. J.
Doubleday,' 1846]
xi. 16
xi. 17
xi. 18
xi. 19
xi. 20
xi. 21
1 Most of these coins are struck on flans of insufficient size, and the X in R EX, and
other details, are, therefore, often not visible.
2 This coin is modelled, as regards the obv., on the Felix Ravenna coins (PI. XIV. 8-1 3),
which we assign to the time of Theodoric and Athalaric (with the name of the city
compare Paul. Diac, H. L., ii. 15 'Ticinus, quae alio nomine Papia appellatur '). Two
specimens (weighing about 42 and 72 grains respectively) in the Brambilla collection
(C. Brambilla, Monete di Pavia (1883), PI. I, Nos. 3 and 4, pp.9 f.) show the X in the
lower part of the wreath on the rev., and the coins are for this reason perhaps to be
identified as 10-nummus pieces. However, specimens occur of varying module and
weight: thus, Brambilla, PI. I. 4, is considerably larger than our No. 37, and weighs
over 72 grains troy, as contrasted with the 46 grains of No. 37. We might consider these
two weights as representing the 10-nummus and the 5-nummus, but perhaps it is best to
regard them as a heavy and light coinage of the 10-nummus denomination. (Cp. the
heavy and light 10-nummus described, infra, p. 91, note 3.)
With regard to date, No. 37 may be most conveniently placed in the period 541-549,
because it will supply the large bronze currency, the small coinage being represented by
BADUILA— TICINUM— BRONZE
91
No.
37
Weight
46.
38
Metal and
Size
M -6
1143
M -7.
Obverse
Reverse
(ii) with head of Ticinus
a.d. 541 (or later)— 549
X nummi ?
Inscr. Bust of Ticinus
(female personifica-
tion of the city of
Ticinum) r., wearing
turreted head-dress
and drapery.
FELIXTI CINVS2
DN
BADV
I LA
REX
within wreath.
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 7]
(iii) with head or name of Baduila onty
a.d. 549-552
X nu
mmi
(Heavy coinage)
Inscr. Bust of Baduila, DNB
beardless, facing, ADV
wearingembroiderecl ELA
robes and closed REX
crown ornamented
with ball at apex,
and divided in front
by vertical bars into
two divisions. Bor-
der of clots.
ONBAO [VELA &c. ?] (I LA)
within wreath.'
Plate
X'. 22
xi. 23
the pieces bearing the head of Anastasius (supra, pp. 89, 90). But it may be doubtful
whether it was first issued in 541, i.e. from the very beginning of the reign of Baduila :
the lettering of the rev. perhaps suggests a time nearer 549 (compare rev. of No. 37 with
rev. of No. 38). Whatever, however, be the first date of issue, the latest date may be
fixed to a.d. 549, when the full- face head of Baduila was introduced on his large bronze
coinage (see No. 38).
3 This series would, at first sight, appear to present two distinct denominations, one
(No. 38) the double of the other (Nos. 39-43). On referring to the corresponding bronze
coins struck by Baduila at Rome (infra, pp. 93, 94) we find similar weights, one set of coins
being double the other. But at Rome both series of coins are marked X. Perhaps the
best course is to regard all these coins (at Rome and Ticinum) as intended for 10-nummus
pieces, representing both a heavy and a light issue of the denomination.
4 A comparison with the bronze coins of Rome (infra, p. 93) suggests that the issue
of these pieces began in A. d. 549, the probable date of the Roman coins. With regard
92
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(Light coinage)
39
62-7
M -65
DNBAOV ELAR.EX
(ILA)
40
65-7
M -65
DNBADV ELAREX
Star in each division
of crown 1
[Northwick sale, 1860]
(D"R) (E LA?) between
REX and wreath, X 2
xi. 24
41
71-6
JE -7
DNBAD (rest off flan)
star in each division
of crown.
[Parkes "Weber gift,
1906; bought at
"Webster sale, Sothe-
by's, 1886]
xi. 25
42
67-6
JE -7
. NBADA . (rest ob-
scure) star in each
division of crown.
(Circular ornament in
upper part of wreath)
[de Salis gift]
xi. 26
43
58-6
JE -05
DN[BADV] ELAR.EX
Star in each division
of crown.
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-23]
xi. 27
Small Bronze
a.d. 549-552
D N (no type)
|^k ^1^ within wreath,
Wvl-l in upper part
L/\^^& of which, cir-
cular orna-
ment; above monogram,
small cross.
xi. 28
JE. Size, -3 inch ; weight, about 12 grains. Berlin
Museum; described, Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgothen,
p. 51, No. 11, PL II. 11.
The monogram on 1
that this coin belong
he rev. would suggest
3 to class (i), supra,
to their place of mintage, it is difficult, for reasons of style and fabric, to avoid the
suspicion that they were struck at Rome. I have, however, assigned them to Ticinum
on the following grounds : (1) It is more likely that these coins, being a regal issue (on
the general model of the older Ostrogothic coins of the Ravenna mint) would be struck
at the royal capital — at that time Ticinum — than at Rome, where the coinage was pri-
marily a civic concern. (2) The letters of the reverse inscription closely resemble those
found on the rev. of No. 37, a coin which, on account of its obv. consisting of a personi-
fication of Ticinum, it is reasonable to suppose was struck at Ticinum itself. (3) The
Roman style of these coins may be sufficiently accounted for by the employment at
Ticinum of some skilful workman from the Roman mint.
1 Compare the crown of Theodahad, PI. IX. 13-18.
2 The X, originally the binding of the wreath, is here detached, as if a mark of value.
BADUILA— ROME— BRONZE
93
No.
Weight
44
45
Metal and
Size
121-4
116-5
JE -8
M -75
Obverse
Reverse
pp. 89, 90, but it is without the head of
Anastasius. Equally, it lacks the head of
Baduila, but the omission of the emperor's
head indicates that the coin belongs to the
time of Baduila's numismatic autonomy, and
■we may, therefore, assign it to the last period
of his reign, 549-552. It supplies a small
denomination to accompany the 10-nummus
piece, Nos. 38-43.
ROME
Bronze
a.d. 549-552
(with head of Baduila)
X nu
mmi
(Heavy coinage)
Inscr. Bust of Baduila,
beardless, facing,
wearin g embroidered
robes and crown or-
namented with ball
at apex, and divided
in front by vertical
bars into two divi-
sions. Border of dots.
DNBADV ELAR.EX
(partly obscure)
Ends [EJLAREX
Inscr. Baduila stand-
ing r., holding in r.
spear, in 1. oval
shield ; wearshelmet,
cuirass, and paluda-
mentum. In field r.,
X. Border of dots.1
[FLOREA?] [38]EMP
ER. Pellet in centre of
shield.
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-8]
FLVR[EA?] 88EMPE
R.
Plate
xi. 29
xi. 30
1 Nog. 44-9. Types. The dbv. portrait-bust may have been partly suggested by
the portrait-bust found on the Roman bronze coins of Theodahad (see PI. IX. 13), and is
represented with a similar closed crown (but without the stars ?). That the bust is full-
face, and not in profile, is probably due to the portrait on the Imperial coins of Justinian
which, since the year 538, had usually shown the emperor's bust full-face (see especially
the Roman bronze coins of Justinian, PL XVI. 6-10). The rev. type is borrowed from
the Roman coins of Athalaric (see PL VIII. 21-5), but the disappearance of the letters
S. C. is noteworthy. The significance of the inscr. Floreas semper is not quite obvious.
The most natural interpretation of the words is probably as a wish for the prosperity of
Rome, though on the present coin the head of Invicta Roma which appeared on the coin
of Athalaric (PL VIII. 22) is omitted. Still, however, the coins would be generally recog-
nized as emanating from the mint of Rome. The other alternative is to treat the words
as an acclamation for the long life of the king. (Gp. coins of the Constantine period,
94
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
40
47
48
49
50
Weight
113-7
69-6
66-2
54.
15-6
Metal and
Size
JE -85
jE -65
J£ -7
,E -65
M -35
51
52
18-5
15--2
iE -35
Obverse
[DN]BADV[EL]AR.EX
Reverse
"FLVP1REA [a?]8EM
^PERJ
[de Salis gift]
(Li glit coinage)
ONBAOV [ELAR.EX]
(without ball on
crown)
DNBADV ELAR.EX
(partly obscure)
(without ball on
crown)
ON BAD VELA[R.]EX
(without ball on
crown ?)
...REA SSEM[P]
[Northwick sale, 1860]
FLOR.EAS SEMPER.
FLOR.EAS
Small Bronze
Inscr. BustofBaduila,
beardless, facing,
Lion advancing
within wreath.1
r-,
wearing crown and
robes. Border of
dots.
Ends ADVE
Above, * (border
dots instead
wreath)
[Purchased, 1864,
7-19-32]
of
of
xii. 4
[DNB] VrL (=VEL)
[de Salis gift]
xii. 5
DNB [A]DVELA
[de Salis gift]
xii. 6
Plate
xii. 1
xii. 2
xii. 3
Constantine Caes. Viras; Hei-culi Cues. Vincas ; Maurice, Num. Constantinienne, i, p. 347.
Cp. also Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. 99 n., Vita on coins of Justin II.)
Denomination. Nos. 44-6 seem to represent a value that is double that of
Nos. 47-9 ; thus, the 20-nummus and the 10-numraus. But it will be observed that
all these coins are marked X ; therefore (unless we are to assume that Baduila's engraver
mechanically copied the X from the coins of Athalaric regardless of its changed meaning)
we are almost bound to believe that all these specimens were intended to pass current as
pieces of ten nummi, though issued both of a heavy and of a light weight (cp. the bronze
coins of Ticinum, supra, Nos. 38-43).
Bate. Baduila first came into possession of Rome on 17 Dec, 546, but the city (which
had been practically deserted) was soon given up, and it is in the highest degree unlikely
that he issued money at that time. But in 549 Baduila, after a siege, again recovered
Rome, and he now recalled the exiled senators, began to rebuild the city, and was him-
self present at games held in the Circus Maximus. There can be little doubt that it was
in this year that the issue of these coins was first undertaken.
1 The coin is modelled on the small Roman bronze of Justinian, with the same rev.
See PI. XVI. 9, 10.
95
THEIA
July or Aug. 552-553
No.
Weight
•23.
9 ■}.-:>
22-1
Metal and
Size
X -6
N -55
N -05
(base)
N -65
N -6
Obverse
Reverse
TICINUM
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Auasta-
sius I r., beardless,
wearing' diadem, pa-
ludaraentuni, and
cuirass ; on head,
pellet in crescent.
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC (without pellet
and crescent).
[Bought of an Italian
coin-dealei-, 1869]
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
DNANASTA SIVSPP
AVC
[Royal coll.]
DNANAS TA8IV2P
PA
DNANASTA 3IVSP
PAVC
Inscr. Victory to front,
moving r., looking
1. ; in r., wreath ; in
1., globus cruciger;
in field r., star ; in
ex., CONO
VICTORIA AVC VST
OIWM (COHOI)
VICTORJAAVCVCT
ORJV
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR! AAVCVST
OKVII (pellet after
CONO)
VICTORJAAVCVST
OIWII
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJAAVCVST
ORVN
[de Salis gift]
Plate
xii. 7
xii. 8
xii. 9
xii. 10
xii. 11
96
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
10
11
12
Weight
22.7
21-2
21-
Metal and
Size
20-8
17-6
20.
■->•■> .o
N -6
N -65
N -6
M -6
jh -55
M -55
M -5
Obverse
DNANASTA S1VSPP
AVC
DNANAST A2IV2P
PAVC (onhead,cross).
DNANSTA SIVSrA1
(on head, star ?).
Reverse
VICTORJAAVCVITO
RW
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJAAVCVST
OKVI (COMO)
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJAAVCVST
OVI (COIIC)
[de Salis gift]
Half Siliqua
Inscr. Bust of Anasta-
sius I r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass.
DNANASTA SIVSP
PA
[de Salis gift]
DNANAST ASIVSA
V[£?] On head, cres-
cent
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
DNANASTA SIVSA
VC On head, crescent.
[Blacas coll., 1867]
DNANA8 TA8IV8P
AC On head, pellet
in crescent.
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-16]
Inscr. within wreath,
in upper part of
which, circular or-
nament ; in lower
part, X
DN
THE
I A
R.EX
DN
THEI2
AR.EX
DN
THIL3
AR.EX
DOM
NV2TH
EI*AP
REX*
Plate
xii. 12
xii. 13
xii. 14
xii. 15
xii. 16
xii. 17
xii. 18
1 The head is treated very much as on Nos. 11, 12, infra.
2 Either a badly formed I, or L.
5 THILA occurs on a coin in the Rossi catalogue (Rome, 1880), p. 251, and on
a silver coin described in Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 53, No. 3.
4 Name of Them. Procopius calls this king Teias. On the coins his name appears as
THEIA, TEIA, THELA (Paris: Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 53), and THILA.
THEIA— TICINUM— SILVER
97
No.
13
Weight
9-5
Metal and
Size
M -55
Obverse
Reverse
Quarter Siliqua
DNANASTA SIVSP
PA/ Bust of Anasta-
sius I r., beardless,
wearing1 diadem and
cuirass ; on head,
pellet and crescent.
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]1
DN
THE
I A
REX
within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament.
Plate
xii. 19
The form THEIA may be judged to be the official spelling of the mint, more especially
as it occurs on No. 12 in an inscr. on which some extra thought appears to have been
expended (i.e. DN is expanded to Dom(i)nus, and a unique title, P — presumably Pius —
is added). The variety TEIA is very rare, apparently occurring only on a coin in the
Strogonoff collection, described by Sabatier (i, p. 209, No. 2). With regard to THELA
and THILA, I would suggest the probability that they are engravers' blunders, aising
thus: — a badly formed I in THEIA (cp. our No. 10) would give rise to THE A or
THELA. Of THELA, THILA would be an easy variant, either I being deliberately written
for E (a common interchange), or an E with the projecting limbs faintly represented (as
is sometimes the ease) being mistaken for I.
Attribution. Dr. H. Bradley, in his interesting account of The Goths (London, 1888),
has suggested (chap. 28, p. 311) that these coins may have been issued by Thelane, the
son and titular colleague of Odovacar. But this view must be negatived, because (1) we
do not know that Thelane was also called Theia, and this series of ' Thela ' and ' Theia '
coins clearly emanated from a single issuer ; (2) these coins belong to the continuous
series of Ostrogothic silver coins, and, by style and fabric, take their place in it as the
latest, not the earliest, issues ; (3) it is not improbable that ' Thela ' is an engraver's
blunder, and does not reproduce any actual name.
1 The silver (or bronze ?) coin with rev. monogram, described by Sabatier (i, p. 210,
No. 6), after Lagoy, is ascribed to Theia on no sure grounds, as Friedlaender (M. d.
Ostgothen, p. 52) has already pointed out. So far as is known, Theia issued no coinage
in bronze.
98
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE COINS OF
ROME AND RAVENNA
We have here (PI. XII-XIV), as has been generally admitted, coinages
struck at Rome and Ravenna. Of these, the Roman series is the more extensive
and important, and may he first discussed.
ROME. The types of these Roman coins, and the entire absence from
them of the regal or Imperial name, suggest that they were issued on some
special occasion or in accordance with the grant of special privileges. Such
a coinage may have taken place at any period when the Ostrogoths were
masters of the Imperial City, or, on the other hand, in the period, under
Justinian, when Rome had been won back for the Empire. But although the
hypothesis of the Imperial origin of these coins is not at first sight an unlikely
one, it is seen to be hardly tenable when we take into consideration the bronze
coins (PL XV, XVI. 1-10) which Justinian issued for his newly-regained city.
Of these there are at least two distinct issues, each bearing a portrait of the
emperor and a large M, the familiar Byzantine mark of value (40 nummia),
and it is extremely hard to find a place for a third Imperial coinage of Rome —
and that, moreover, a coinage entirely anonymous and with the mark of
value in Roman numerals (XL).
The coins, then, may be best regarded as issues made while Rome was Ostro-
gotliic. I am not aware of any quite decisive data for fixing the exact period
of coining, but an accumulation of evidence of various kinds will be found to
lead us in the direction of Theodoric rather than that of the latest Ostrogothic
rulers. At the outset, one king— Theodahad— may certainly be rejected as
a claimant, because we know that the large bronze money which he caused to
be issued in Rome bore his own name and — what was an innovation — his own
portrait (PL IX. 13). For a nearly similar reason, one of Theodahad's successors,
Baduila, may be excluded. Theia, the last king, had no authority at Rome ;
and in the reign of Witigis Rome was mainly in the hands of the Imperialists,
and its coins may be expected to bear the stamp of Justinian.
There remain only Theodoric and Athalaric his successor. Athalaric is
known to have struck at Rome small bronze coins, ' X nummi,' with his own
name (PL VIII. 21-5), and these, it must be noted, bear the head of Invicta
Roma, the head that figures on the obverse of the large quasi-autonomous
bronze coins now in question (PL XIII, XIV). Athalaric, therefore, may
seem to have some claim, but still more, perhaps, Theodoric, who is not other-
wise represented by any bronze coins at the Roman mint.
The whole of this Invicta Roma coinage, with its thick flans and bold
types, contrasts in a rather remarkable way with the ordinary coins of the
Ostrogothic series, but it becomes less strange when we study its genesis.
Now, among the issues of the Roman mint that immediately precede the
Ostrogothic issues are thick bronze pieces bearing the head of Zeno (circ.
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME AND RAVENNA 99
a.d. 474: PI. XII. 20-3). Evidently it was from this source that our coins
derived their peculiar fabric, their prominent border of dots, their mark of
value XL, and one of their types, the Victory: even their obverse type, the
bust of Invicta Roma, was probably suggested by the legend Invicta Roma
found on the prototype coins.
The ' Invicta Roma ' coins are mainly of three classes : —
(i) With rev. Victory (PI. XIII. 1).
(ii) With rev. Eagle (PI. XIII. 2-8 ; also rev. Two Eagles and Tree,
PI. XIII. 9-11).
(iii) With rev. Wolf and Twins (PI. XIV. 1-7).
I suggest that this coinage first began in the time of Theodoric, under
whom life and government in the city of Rome went on without any violent
changes ; and that the first type struck was No. (i) with the Victory reverse,
a type which was modelled on the nearly similar reverse of the Roman bronze
coins bearing the name of the Emperor Zeno (PI. XII. 20-3), which were
probably struck by the Senate (SC) during the reign of Odovacar and which
would be in circulation at least till Zeno's death in 491, and perhaps until
the accession of Theodoric in 493.
Coins of this ' Victory ' type are now very rare : perhaps the borrowed
design was soon displaced by a more distinctively Roman emblem — the
Eagle (ii) or the Wolf and Twins (iii). As this coinage displays three (or,
rather, four) types, it is probable that it extended over a considerable period.
Thus, it may have constituted the large bronze coinage of Rome under
Athalaric as well as under his predecessor, Theodoric.1
Type i, the Victory-reverse, will naturally be assigned to Theodoric, as
imitated from the ' Victory ' coins with Zeno's head (PI. XII. 20-3). Type ii
(the Eagle) might also be assigned to him, and type iii (Wolf and Twins) to
Athalaric ; but seeing that the precedence of type ii over type iii is not com-
pletely certain, the safest course will be to group types ii and iii together
as Roman coins ' of the time of Theodoric and Athalaric '.
Athalaric's successor, Theodahad, struck at Rome large bronze coins with
his own head upon them (PL IX. 13-18). 2 In the troubled times that followed
his deposition (a.d. 536) the bronze currency of Rome consisted chiefly of
the portrait-coins of Baduila and (as will be seen infra, ' Coins with Imperial
names ', p. 108) of Justinian.
RAVENNA. These are small pieces of ten nummi, all having on the
obv. the bust of FELIX RAVENNA. There are three reverse types : —
(i) Victory (p. 106).
(ii) Eagle (PL XTV. 8).
(iii) Monogram of Ravenna in wreath (PL XIV. 10).
1 For the smaller bronze coinage of Rome, Athalaric himself provided by allowing
the Senate to strike pieces of X nummi with the bust of Invicta Roma on the obv. and
his own name on the rev. (PI. VIII. 21).
2 But the Romans may even, for a time (and previous to the issue of the portrait-
coins of Theodahad), have continued to mint the Invicta Roma bronze : compare the bust
of Invicta Roma on some of the Ravenna bronze of Theodahad (PI. IX. 12) with the
bust on some of the 'Invicta Roma' (Theodoric and Athalaric) coins (PL XIV. 7, &c).
100
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
As Ravenna was the capital and residence of Odovacar and of the Ostro-
gothic kings, and finally the residence of the Imperial representative, it is not
easy to point to a period when it is likely to have issued these quasi-autonomous
coins. Such coins (as we have just seen) were, indeed, in use at Rome, hut
Rome always enjoyed a semi-independence : it was still in possession of its
ancient Senate (who apparently controlled the local coinage), and it was
never — in our period — the capital or permanent residence of king or emperor.
In point of style these coins, perhaps, most resemble the bronze coins of
Athalaric,1 and the best course may be to assign them to him and to Theodoric.
No.
Weight
211-1
Metal and
Size
M 1-05
Obverse
Reverse
ROME
XL nummi
(with head of Zeno)
Probably struck in the time of Odovacar,
a.d. 477-491
Inscr. (reading out-
wards from front of
neck). Bust of the
Emperor Zeno r.,
bearded, laureate.
Border.
"l]MPZENOFELI[CIS
il?]NOSENAVC2; be-
neath head . . . .3
IMVICT A ROMA
Victory in girdled
chiton advancing
r. ; in r., wreath;
in 1., trophy resting
on her shoulder ; in
field, S C (Senatus
consulto) ; in ex.,
•XL. Border of dots.
[Northwick sale, 1860]
Plate
xii.20
1 Notice the wreath, which is of the same style as the wreath on coins of Athalaric.
The obv. type is, moreover, found joined to a rev. with the monogram of Athalaric on
a bronze coin which Friedlaender (M. d. Ostgothen, p. 35, PI. I. 11) repeats from
the original description bv Pinci, though this description may require verification.
A coin of Baduila (PI. XL22) displays a bust of FELIX TICINVS, but this coin is of
coarser (and, no doubt, later) style than the FELIX RAVENNA coins.
2 The obv. inscriptions on these coins are hard to read, but there seems to be no good
authority (as M. Sambon has remarked to me) for reading on any of the coins of this
class the names of Zeno and Leo in conjunction, and the legend given by Sabatier
(i, p. 141, No. 21), viz. ZENO ET LEO CAES NOV. CAES, is probably misread. N, in
NO, is written for M ; SEN = S£M(per).
3 In the Catal. of the Mus. Naz. di Napoli, ii, specimens (Nos.15,202-4) are described
as reading 1 1 1 1 beneath the head ; but on our examples letters seem to be represented.
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME
101
No.
Weight
213-6
2514
306-
283-6
Metal and
Size
M 1.1
M 1-15
M 1-15
M 1-1
Obverse
CISSIMOS
E N A VC ; beneath head,
IIOI?
INPZENOFE
....NAVC; beneath
head, I.I.
IIIPXENOFEL N
.SEIIAVC; beneath
head, . . I .
IMPZENOSEMPER.A
VC (inscr. beginning
behind head) (bust
draped) 1
XL nummi
Probably struck in the time of Theodoric,
circ. a.d. 493
Reverse
[Townley coll.]
[Northwick sale, 1860]
[de Salis gift]
MVICT A R.OMA
Bust of Roma r., wear-
ing helmet, earring,
necklace, and drapery ;
hair long. Border of
dots.
Victory in girdled chiton
standing r. on prow ;
in r., wreath ; in 1.,
palm-branch resting
on her shoulder ; in
front, lighted altar, be-
neath which, II; be-
hind, v Border of dots.
M. Size, 1-05. Berlin Museum. (Figured in Fried-
laender, M. d. Vandalen, PI. II, p. 68 ; cp. Sabatier,
i, p. 211, No. 6, PI. XIX. 29 ; Rev. num., 1858, p. 200,
PI. X. 7.) F
This coin may be placed next after the coins
with the head of Zeno (Nos. 1-5, supra) because
it has a similar reverse-type (Victory). 1 1 on
the rev. is perhaps the mark of the officina.
As to the legend INVICTA ROMA, see
note, supra, p. 57.
Plate
xii. 21
xii. 22
xii. 23
xiii. 1
1 The inscription and bust show signs of having been touched by a modern graver's
tool; the coin is, however, antique, and this obv. legend is found on other coins
Thomsen, Catal., p. 4, No. 58 ; Windisch-Gratz coll., vi, p. 6, No. 50 ; cp. Sabatier, i, p.'
No. 16.
e.g.
140,
102
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
XL and XX nummi
Probably struck in the reigns of Theodoric
and Athalaric, circ. a.d. 494(?)-534
(a) First Series
XL
(with rev. Eagle) 1
Inscr. Bust of Roma r.,
wearing crested hel-
met, pendent ear-
ring, necklace, and
drapery ; hair long.
Border of dots.
Eagle with wings
spread, standing I.,
looking back ; in
field L, x- Border
of dots.
6
215-8
M
1-1
I[N]VIC TAROMA
Exergue plain.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-451]
xiii. 2
7
143-5
M
■95
INVIC TAROMA
[BaronKolb coll., 1847]
/X \2
( I J Exergue plain.
xiii. 3
8
177-2
M
1-
INVIC TAROMA
In ex., • A »3
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-9]
9
156-5
M
1.
IMVICT AROMA
In ex., • A •
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-598]
xiii. 4
10
157-3
M
1.
IMVIT AROMA
In ex. , • A •
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-452]
1 This series may be placed immediately after the coin with rev. Victory, described
on p. 101, because the mark of value XL is, as on that piece, placed beside the type and
in the form ~. (The XL on Nos. 24 f., infra, rev. Wolf and Twins, is differently
arranged.) The eagle, if imitated from a coin (as need not necessarily be the case),
may have been suggested by the eagle on the (Italian) coins of Zeno ; see Sabatier,
PI. VIII. 3, 4, 5.
2 This is an exceptional arrangement of the mark of value.
3 This and other similar numerals in the exergue may be best explained as offieina-
marks ; they run from 1 to 5.
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME
103
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
11
128-
M -9
IMVICT AROMA
In ex., • 1 1 •
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-455]
12
152-2
M -95
IMVICT AROMA
In ex., • T»
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-453]
13
130-3
M 1-1
IMVICT AROMA
In ex., • T«
[Purchased, 1835]
xiii. 5
14
174-7
M 1-
INVICT AROMA
In ex., • A •
[Purchased, 1893,
10-7-39]
xiii. 6
15
135-2
M -95
IMVICT AROMA
In ex., • € •
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-10]
xiii. 7
16
139-8
M 1-05
IMVICT AROMA
In ex., • 3 •
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-454]
17
183-
M -95
IMVIC TAROMA
In ex., • [3] »l
18
174-2
M 1-05
INVIC TAROMA
X
(with rev. Tree i
IMVICT AROMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing crested hel-
met, necklace, and
drapery ; hair long.
Border of dots.
In ex., • € •
[de Salis gift]
X
md two Eagles)
Fig-tree, beneath
which, on each side,
eagle with head
turned back ; in ex.,
• XX* Border of
dots.2
xiii. 8
19
167-4
M -95
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; bought of an
Italian coin-dealer]
xiii. O
1 Only the top of the numeral is visible, the rest being off the flan.
2 The eagles on the rev. connect these coins with Nos. 6-18, supra (rev. Eagle), which
are of the denomination XL.
No explanation of the rev. type has been offered except by Eckhel (Doct. num. vet.,
viii, p. 216 ; cp. Priedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 57), who suggested that the two eagles
symbolized Rome and New Rome (Constantinople), but this explanation takes no account
of the tree. As to the general meaning of the type, it is hardly doubtful that it refers in
104
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
20
129-
M
•9
(Ends MA)
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-600]
xiii.lO
21
116-2
(worn)
M
•85
[de Salis gift]
22
115-3
M
•85
(IMVICT A ROMA)
[Baron Kolb coll.,1847]
23
'82-5
M
-85
(IMVICT A ROMA)
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-599]
xiii.ll
(/3) Second Series
XL
(with rev. Wolf and Twins)
IMVICT AROMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing crested hel-
met, pendent ear-
ring, necklace, and
drapery ; hair long.
Border of dots.
Wolf 1., with head
turned r., suckling
the Twins, Romulus
and Remus ; above,
XL. Border of dots. '
24
189-8
M
-95
(A; A)
In ex., .[II].3
xiv. 1
25
221-
M
1-05
[Purchased, 1835]
In ex., .Ill*
xiv. 2
some way to the ancient glories or legendary history of the Eternal City, because the
obv. type is Invicta Roma, and other coins of the same class represent the Roman
eagle (p. 102) and the wolf and twins (p. 104). The tree is almost certainly a fig-tree,
and it is natural to identify it with the ficus ruminalis beneath which Romulus and Remus
were suckled by the wolf. A well-known denarius (second century B.C.) of Sextus
Pompeius Fostulus (Grueber, B. M. C, Rom. Coins, i, p. 131) shows the wolf suckling the
twins, and the shepherd Faustulus surveying the scene : in the background is the
fig-tree with three birds perched on its branches (one variety of our coins, Nos. 19-23, is
stated in the Thomsen Cat., p. 80, No. 978, to show a bird on the tree : so also Sabatier,
i, PL XIX. 28, p. 211, No. 5).
If the tree of our coins is the ficus ruminalis, the substitution of the eagles for the
twins is of course remarkable ; and the only comment I am able to make is that the
Ostrogothic type seems, at any rate, to have been derived from a much older original.
A small bronze coin of Scepsis in the Troad (Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Munzen, i,
p. 46, No. 5, PI. II. 6), which— from its obv. type, a Capricorn— is probably of the time of
Augustus, shows on the rev. a gnarled fig-tree, near the trunk of which stands an eagle
with head turned back towards it, a type identical, except for the absence of the second
eagle, with the Ostrogothic type. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the Scepsian
reverse is, itself, doubtful, though it is probably of Imperial and not of local significance.
1 There are no very strong reasons for placing these later than the XL coins
described as the 'First Series ', supra, p. 102 : the position of the mark of value seems,
however, to indicate that their place is here and not earlier (see p. 102, note 1).
2 Apparently I I, as on Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 58, No. 1, and Thomsen,
Cat., p. 80, No. 972.
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME
105
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
26
234-2
M
1-05
(Inscr. partly ohscure)
In ex., • 1 1 1 1 •
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-456]
27
233-2
M
1-05
(A R.OMA)
In ex., • 1 1 1 1 1 •
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-457]
28
224-6
M
1-15
In ex., «V»
29
236-6
M
1-05
(IMVIC TAROMA)
(Exergue worn)
xiv. 3
XX
IMVIC TAR.OMA
Bust of Roma r.,
wearing crested hel-
met, pendent ear-
ring, necklace, and
drapery ; hair long.
Border of dots.
Wolf 1., with head
turned r., suckling
the Twins, Romulus
and Remus ; above,
two stars1; in ex.,
• X • X • Border of
dots.
30
118-
(broken)
M
-95
Between the stars, 1 ?
xiv. 4
31
111.
M
-85
[de Salis gift]
Between the stars, 1
xiv. 5
32
126-2
M
-8
(INVIC &c.)
[de Salis gift]
Between the stars, Jfc
xiv. 6
33
100-
M
■8
[Royal coll.]
Between the stars, JJ
(in ex., XX)
xiv. 7
1 The two stars are not ornaments or mint-symbols, but part of the type, as may be
seen on comparison with the representation of the Wolf and Twins on the medallions of
Constantine the Great (Froehner, Mid. de I'emp. rom., pp. 287, 288 (obv. bust of Vrbs
Roma) ; Grueber, Cat. Rom. Medallions, p. 86, Nos. 6 and 7).
The group is a reproduction of an older representation, such as that found on the
medallions of Constantine (just referred to) ; on the denarius of Fostulus (second century
B.C. ; cp. p. 104, supra) ; and on Romano-Campanian coins of the late fourth century and
early third century b. c. (cp. figures in KUo, 1909, p. 34). On the group see further
E. Petersen's ' Lupa Capitolina ', in KUo, 1908, pp. 440 f., and 1909, pp. 29 f. It may be
added that the festival of the Lupercalia was still celebrated at Rome at the beginning
of the reign of Theodoric (Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 321 ; Gregorovius, Hist, of City of
Rome, bk. ii, chap. 1, vol. i, p. 269, Eng. trans.).
106
H. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
RAVENNA
X nummi1
1. With rev. Victory
Time of Theodoric?
FELIXR. AVENNA
Bust of Ravenna r.,
wearing mural crown,
earring, necklace, and
drapery. Border of dots.
R. V Victory advancing
1. ; in r., wreath ; in L,
palm-branch. Border of
dots.
M. Size, -65 inch.
This coin is described and figured by
Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 60, No. 3,
PI. IH. 3, but only on the authority of Ramus
and Pinci.
2. With rev. Eagle
Time of Theodoric ?
FELIXR. AVENNA
Bust of Ravenna
r. , wearing mural
crown, earring,
necklace, and dra-
pery. Border of
dots.
Eagle, between two
stars, standing on
branch to front,
looking 1. ; beneath,
X. Border of dots.2
34
60-
M -7
[Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 7]
xiv. 8
35
38-8
M -65
xiv. 9
1 As to the date of these coins see p. 100, supra.
2 With the eagle type cp. No. 6, p. 102, supra. It is no doubt the eagle of Rome.
Two stars are seen above the Wolf and Twins on No. 30, p. 105, supra.
FELIX RAVENNA. Compare the inscr. Felix Carta, on Vandal coins of Carthage
(supra, p. 13) and the Felix Ticinus on the coins of Baduila (supra, p. 91). Felix Roma
does not occur on Ostrogothic coins (invicta Roma perhaps taking its place), but is found
on monuments of the time, as on the tiles of Theodoric and of Athalaric : reg(nante)
d(omino) n(ostro) Theoderico, felix Roma (see Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages,
bk. ii, chap. 2, pp. 315, 316, Bng. trans. ; Cabrol, Diet, d'arch. chret., s. v. brique,
p. 1322 and p. 1326). The legends FLAVIA LVCA, FLAVIA TICINO, &c, on Lombard
coins may also be recalled in this connexion (see 'Introduction', supra, § 3, on legends
of Lombard coins).
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF RAVENNA
107
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
3. "With rev. Monogram of Ravenna
Time of Athalaric ?
FELIXR. AVENNA
Bust of Ravenna
r., wearing mural
crown, earring,
necklace, and dra-
pery. Border of
dots.
■p p* within wreath,
|Yj" in upper part
r'M— of which, cir-
cular ornament ; in
lower part, X.1 Bor-
der of dots.
36
48-1
M
•7
(Ends NA)
xiv.10
37
46-5
M
■6
[R. Payne Knight be-
quest, 1824; Nummi
veteres, p. 304, No. 2]
38
49-6
M
•65
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
xiv. 11
39
46-6
M
•65
[de Salis gift]
(RE)
xiv.12
40
52-2
M
•65
Above monogram, +
xiv. 13
4. With obv. Invicta Roma
Time of Athalaric ?
INVICTA R.OMA
Bust of Roma r., wear-
ing helmet and drapery.
"rt ^ within wreath, in
IV | upper part of
f^^^ which, circular
ornament ; in
lower part, X.
M. Size, -6 inch.
This coin is engrav
Friedlaender, M. d. C
PI. III. 4, hut only on
De Nummis Raven.
ed and described by
stffothen, p. 60, No. 4,
the authority of Pinci,
__ 1 On Nos. 36, 37 the X is boldly represented and almost separated from the wreath,
as if clearly to denote the denomination of the coin (as on Nos. 34, 35). On Nos. 38-40
the X is smaller, and has more distinctly the appearance of being the tie of the wreath.
108
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I
struck at
ROME AND RAVENNA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
3114
287-5
207-2
248-6
JE 1-1
M 1-15
M 1-
M -95
ROME
Period I. Dec. 536-538 ]
M (40 nomrni)
DWVSTIUI ANVSPP
AVC Bust of Justi-
nian r., beardless ;
hair short, but ar-
ranged in fringe in
front ; wears diadem,
cuirass, and paluda-
mentum. Border of
dots.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
(A for A)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-84]
(Beginning doubtful ;
ends AV)
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-241]
P*l above, + ; in ex.,
ROMA; whole in
wreath, inupperpart
of which, circular
ornament; in lower
part, X.
(A for A) ; beneath
M, ~K ; on L, + ; on
r., +
(A for A) ; beneath
M, A" ; on 1., + ; on
r., +
(A ? for A) ; beneath
M, A" ; on 1., X ; on
r., #
(A for A) ; beneath
M, 7k ; on 1., 3fc ; on
r-,+2
xv. 1
xv. 2
xv. 3
xv. 4
1 On the date of the Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Rome and Ravenna
see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, under ' Coins with Imperial Names '. All the Roman
coins of Period I show the head in profile ; those of Period II have the bust facing,
except on the tremissis, where, by the convention of Byzantine coins, it is in profile.
2 Nos. 1-4 are of thick fabric. Nos. 5-14 are of thinner fabric and inferior work-
manship : they are without the officina-mark (&).
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN-ROME— M 109
No.
Weight
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
154-8
138-
163-8
146-1
170-5
152-2
144-8
126-
152-7
161-6
Metal and
Size
M -95
M 1-05
M 1-2
JE 1-2
M 1.15
M 1-15
M 1-05
M 1-05
JE 1-15
M M5
Obverse
15
102-8
^E -85
(DUIVSTI[N ?]l AN
VSPPAV)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-85]
(DHIVSTINI ANVSP
PAV)
[de Salis gift]
(N for U ; ends PPV
AC)
(N for \A ; ends PPV
AC)
(Ends ANVSPPAV)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-83]
(DNIVSTINI ANVS
&c.
[Royal coll.]
(DNIVSTIN IANVSP
PAVC)
[Townley coll.]
(DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC)
[Townley coll.]
(Type double-struck)
[Townley coll.]
(DNIVSTI NIANVSP
PA)
[Townley coll.]
Reverse
(ROM); on 1., +; on
r,*
(A for A); on 1., +;
Plate
xv. 5
on
'1$
M'
On 1., + ; on r., ^N
[Townley coll.]
Onl. *; onr., +
[Townley coll.]
On 1., X; on r., +
(A for A); on 1., *;
on r., +
(A for A) ; on 1., * ■
on r., + (circular
ornament absent)
On 1., * ; on r., +
On !.,[*?]; onr., +
Onl., *; onr., -hop-
per part of wreath
has ® ; lower part,
X)
xv. 6
xv. 7
Kfi
(20 nummi)
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian I r., as on No. 1.
Border of dots.
DWVSTIW ANVSP
PAV
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-271]
l>* in wreath; in up-
per part of which,
© ; in lower part, X
On 1., + ; on r., *
xv. 8
xv. 9
110
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
16.
115-5
M -9
DMIASTMI ANVSP
PAV
[Doubleday purchase,
1849]
On 1., + ; on r., *
XV. 10
17
134-5
M -85
DMIVSTIV1I ANVSP
PAV
[Blacas coll., 1867]
On 1., + ; on r., ¥:
18
117-4
M -85
DWA3TII/II [ANVSP
PAV ?]
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-270]
On 1., $£ ; on r., +
XV. 11
19
128-5
JE -8
DHIVonTI NIANVoo
PP
[Townley coll.]
On 1., ¥: ; on r., +
xv. 12
20
97-5
M -85
DHIVST INIANVSP
On 1., ¥: ; on r., +
(without •) (wreath
without ornaments)
21
113-8
M -8
DNIV«/> TINIANTS?]
[Townley coll. J
On 1., ¥: ; on r., +
(without •)
22
85-5
M -9
DNIVSTIN IANVSPP
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-269]
On 1., *; on r., +
(without •) (upper
part of wreath has
<S> ; lower part, N.' l
xv. 13
23
82-2
M -9
DHIVST TINIANV
[Townley coll.]
On 1., & ; on r., +
(without •) (wreath
without ornaments)
xv. 14
1 (10 nummi)
DNIVSTIN1 ANVSP
PA Bust of Justi-
nian I r., as on No. 1.
(Border obscure)
1 between * and * ;
all in wreath.
24
43-1
M -65
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-284]
Below, within wreath,
AMOfl (Roma: AM
in ligature).
xv. 15
25
64-1
iE -65
(End of inscr. obscure)
[de Salis gift]
(Mark of value smaller
than on No. 24)
xv. 16
1 Cp. the wreath on No. 14. This coin has been washed or plated with silver.
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— ROME— SOLIDUS
111
No.
26
27
28
Weight
29
68-3
68-3
68-5
23-
Metal and
Size
N -85
N -85
N -85
N -8
AT -65
Obverse
Reverse
Period II. 538-549
Solidus1
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Justi-
nian I, beardless,
full-face ; wears hel-
met with plume, and
cuirass ; in r., globus
cruciger ; 1. (not re-
presented) holds
shield, on which,
horseman device.
(Ends A/C)
[Dr. Nott's sale, 1842]
(Ends A/C)
[Lord Elgin]
VICTOR I AAVCCC
Victory wearing chi-
tonandpeplos, stand-
ing facing ; in r. ,
long cross ; in 1.,
globus cruciger ; in
field r., star; in ex.,
CONOB
(PeUet after last C)
(A for A)
[Bank of England gift,
1877]
At end of inscr., A
(Ends AVC) (RJ) at end of inscr., A
(R.OMOB instead of
CONOB)
(In the Berlin Museum : cp. Zeit.f. Num., i, p. 303.)
Tremissis
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Justi-
nian I r., beardless,
wearing jewelled dia-
dem, paludamentum,
and cuirass.
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR.IAAVCVST
OR.VM Victory in
girdled chiton mov-
ing r. on globus,
looking 1. ; in r.,
wreath ; in 1., glo-
bus cruciger; in ex.,
ROMOB2
Plate
xvi. 1
xvi. 2
xvi. 3
xvi. 4
xvi. 5
1 The attribution of Nos. 26-8 to Rome-is not determined by any decisive evidence,
but seems probable, seeing that the coins cannot so well be attributed to Constantinople
or to any other mint. No. 26 appears to me to be of Italian style and fabric, and its
provenance — the collection of Dr. Nott— to some extent bears this out : the lettering
on the obv. is small and close. Nos. 27, 28 are of much the same style as No. 26.
2 Of neat work : with ROMOB compare the preceding solidus (PI. XVI. 4) in the
Berlin Museum. The tremissis with the supposed monogram of Roma (obv. head of
Justinian, rev. Victory r.), assigned to the Roman mint by Pinder and Friedlaender,
Miinzen Justinians, p. 24, PI. III. 5, is evidently Visigothic.
112
H. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
30
31
32
33
34
Weight
200-1
867
96-3
76-2
79-8
Metal and
Size
M L15
M -65
M -lb
M -65
M -65
Obverse
Reverse
M
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAV Bust of Justi-
nian I, beardless, fac-
ing, wearing helmet
with plume, cuirass,
and paludamentum ;
in r. , globus cruciger.
0 M a above, +
neath, >K :
wreath.
be-
whole in
[Maximilian Borrell,
1850]
DNIVSTINIA NVSP
AVC Bust of Justi-
nian I, beardless, fac-
ing, wearing helmet
with plume, cuirass,
and paludamentum ;
in r., globus cruciger;
1. (not represented)
holds shield orna-
mented with horse-
man device. Border
of dots.
[Purchased, 1835] >
[de Salis gift]
(DNIVSTINI ANVSP
AVC)
between >fc and >K ;
whole in wreath ; in
upper part of which,
circular ornament.
Plate
xvi. 6
xvi. 7
xvi. 8
1 A very fine specimen of this coin, stated to have been found in Rome, was shown
at the British Museum in March, 1910.
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— ROME ; RAVENNA 113
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Small Bronze
IVSTIN IANVS Bust
of Justinian I, facing,
as on No. 31. Bor-
der of dots.
Lion advancing r.,
within wreath.1
35
15-6
JE 4
[Purchased, 1864,
7-19-30]
xvi. 9
36
17-7
M 4
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-156]
xvi. 10
Period III. Circ. a.d. 552/3
XX
See a coin of this denomination described in
Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins,
vol. i, p. 70, No. 402.
RAVENNA
Grc. a.d. 555-565 2
Solidus
DNIVSTINI ANVSPP
AVC Bust of Justinian,
beardless, facing ;
wears helmet with
plume, cuirass, and
paludamentum ; in
r., globus cruciger ;
1. holds shield with
horseman device.
VICTORJ AAVCCC
Victory in chiton and
peplos standing fac-
ing ; in r., cross
(with P) ; in 1., glo-
bus cruciger ; in field
r., star; in ex., CO
NOB
37
66-8
A/ -75
(A/O
[de Salis gift]
At end of inscr., A
(CONOH)
1 A specimen occurred in the Monte Boduni hoard (Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen,
p. 43) : see also Pinder and Friedlaender, Munzen Justinians, p. 54. The lion type was
borrowed by Baduila : see supra, p. 94, No. 50.
2 As to the date of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Coins with Imperial
Names/ Gold, Justinian I.
114
n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
38
39
40
41
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
68-
68-3
67-2
53-
42
34-1
43
44
45
22-7
22-
22-7
N -85
N -85
N -85
M -lb
N -7
AT -6
N -65
N -65
(Ends ANVSPPA/C)
[de Salis gift]
(TININI)
[Purchased, 1865,
8-10-14]
(PF for PP)
At end of inscr., T
[Blacas coll., 1867]
At end of inscr., \
(CO NOP)
(R. I) At end of inscr.,
S
(R. I) at end of inscr.,
i ; pellet after CO
NOB
Semissis
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Justi-
nian I r., beardless,
wearing diadem with
crescent and pellet,
cuirass, and paluda-
mentum.
VICTOR.IAAVCCC
Victory wearing
mantle over lower
limbs seated r. on
shield and cuirass ;
on her knees she sup-
ports a shield on
which with her r.
hand she inscribes
numerals (rudely re-
presented); in front,
T ; behind, star ; in
ex., CONOB
(B formed like D)
Tremissis
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Justi-
nian I r., beardless,
wearing diadem with
crescent and pellet,
cuirass, and paluda-
mentum.
[de Salis gift]
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-26]
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR.IAAVCVSTO
R.VM Victory moving
r. , looking 1. , holding
in r., wreath ; in 1.,
globus cruciger ; in
field r., star; in ex.,
CONOB
(A for A)
(CONOR.)
(Ends R.VH)
xvi. U
xvi.12
xvi. 13
xvi. 14
xvi. 15
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— SILVER 115
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
46
21-2
A
•6
[de Salis gift]
(VICTOR.IAAVCV2T
OIWH)
47
22-7
AT
•55
[de Salis gift]
(VICTOR.IAAVCVST
OR.VII)
xvi.16
48
22-5
AT
•6
[Bank of England gift,
1877]
(Ends IWN)
49
21-5
N
•65
[de Salis gift]
(Ends IWN)(B formed
nearly like H)
Silver1
CN (250)
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PA/C Bust of Justi-
nian r., beardless,
wearing diadem with
crescent and pellet,
cuirass, and paluda-
mentum. Border of
dots.
C • N within wreath,
in upper part of
which, circular orna-
ment ; in lower part,
X
50
21-6
M
•55
[Purchased, 1906,
11-4-1]
xvii. 1
51
16-3
M
•55
[Purchased of anltalian
coin - dealer, 1867,
7-4-111]
(N has ornamented
base)
xvii. 2
52
21-9
M
•55
(Ends A/)
[Purchased of an Italian
coin - dealer, 1867,
7-4-114]
xvii. 3
53
16-3
M
•5
(Crescent and pellet
wanting)
Beneath CN, X2
[Purchased, 1868,
5-14-128]
xvii. 4
54
15-2
M
•55
(Crescent and pellet
wanting)
(CN.), beneath CN,
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-48]
xvii. 5
55
20-3
M
•55
(Ends ANVSHA/C)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-49]
(Without pellet) above
CN, +
xvii. 6
See Babelon, TraiU, i, p. 579, and ' Introduction,' supra, § 2, ' Denominations.'
This is, strangely enough, in addition to the X which forms the tie of the wreath.
116
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Weight
21-8
15-8
13-8
11-3
9-7
8-3
8-6
Metal and
Size
M -6
M -5
M -5
M 45
M 45
M 4
M 4
ObverBe
(DNIVSTIN IANVSP
Pi letters partly con-
fused)
(Ends AV)
[Purchased of an Italian
coin -dealer, 1867,
74-113]
Reverse
Above CN, star1
(Without pellet) be-
neath CN, star
(Without pellet) be-
neath CN, star
PKG (125)
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
DNIVSTI NIANVS
[A/?]
UNIVS[TIN IA]NVS
PIA/C
[de Salis gift]
DNIVSTIN I ANVSP
PAV
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-52]
DNIVSTI NIANVS
[Purchased of an Italian
coin - dealer, 1867,
7-4-122]
PK€ within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament ;
in lower part, X
Above numerals, +
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-53]
Above numerals, star 2
(Limbs of K short) be-
neath numerals, star
(without ornaments
in wreath)
Beneath numerals,
scroll-ornament '
PK (120)
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian r., beardless,
wearing diadem with
crescent and pellet,
and cuirass. Border
of dots.
P • K within wreath
Plate
xvii. 7
xvii. 8
xvii. 9
xvii.
10
xvai.
11
xvu.
12
1 The symbol has rather the appearance of a leaf, but is probably a rudely-formed
star ; cp. No. 60, infra.
a Probably a misformed star rather than a leaf; cp. No. 56, supra.
3 Cp. No. 51, supra.
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— SILVER 117
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Eeverse
Plate
63
10-2
M
45
DNIVSTI NIANAVC
xvii.
13
64
104
M
45
DNIVSTI NIANVSP.
[Purchased of an Italian
coin - dealer, 1867,
74-115]
xvii.
14
65
10-2
M
45
[DN]IVSTINI ANVS
(PIC.)
Rev. *t
DNIVSTI NIANVS
A/C Bust of Justinian
r. , beardless, wearing
diadem with crescent
and pellet, and cui-
rass. Border of dots.
•J1 within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament ;
in lower part, X
66
16-2
M
•5
[Royal coll.]
xvii.
15
67
154
M
•55
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-13]
xvii.
16
68
16-7
M
•5
[D]NIVSTIN IANV
SIC
[de Salis gift]
xvii.
17
Rev. ^r<
DNIVSTI NIANAVC
Bust of Justinian r.,
as on No. 66. Bor-
der of dots.
?fc within wreath.
69
22-1
M
•55
[de Salis gift]1
xvii.
18
70
21-9
M
•55
[Purchased of anltalian
coin -dealer, 1867,
74-110]
xvii.
19
71
17-
M
•55
(DNIVS.... ANSAV
[de Salis gift]
xvii.
20
1 The monogram on the rev. ia in high relief, like the numerals PK on No. 63, supra.
118
II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS
No.
Weight
72
73
74
75
11-6
11-
12-
104
Metal and
Size
iR -55
^l -5
^l -5
M -5
76
7.7
^l 45
Obverse
Reverse
i?e». *t*
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Justi-
nian r., beardless,
wearing- diadem
with crescent and
pellet, and cuirass.
Border of dots.
[Purchased of an Italian
coin - dealer, 1867,
74-116]
[Sale at Sotheby's,
20 Dec, 1852, lot
376]
(DNIVSTI NIANV
SIC)
[de Salis gift]
DNIVSTI NIANVSI)
Rollin sale, Sotheby's,
12 July, &c, 1853,
lot 587]
*J* with step at base,
beneath the globus ;
all within wreath,
with circular orna-
ment and X
(Circular ornament
wanting)
(Circular ornament
wanting)
Plate
xvu.
21
xvu.
22
Rev. *
DNIVS[TI NI]ANA/
C Bust of Justinian r.,
beardless, wearing
diadem and cuirass.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-54]
* within wreath, in
lower part of which,
X
xvu.
23
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— BRONZE 119
No.
Weight
77
49-3
Metal and
Size
M -65
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze
10 nummi
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PAVC Bust of Justi-
nian, beardless, fac-
ing, wearing cuirass
and paludamentum ;
holding in r. globus
cruciger ; 1. (not re-
presented) holds
shield with horse-
man device.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-145] >
/JC within wreath.
For other Imperial bronze coins of Ravenna,
of denominations \r\ and 1, see Brit. Mus.
Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 70, 71.
Plate
xvu.
24
1 Another specimen was published by Baron d'Ailly (in Rev. num., vii (1842), p. 19,
PI. II. 4), who suggested its attribution to Rome. But the treatment of the bust, when
compared with the solidi of Ravenna (supra, p. 113, Nos. 37-41, PI. XVI. 11, 12 ; notice
especially the rendering of the eyes), seems to me to indicate Ravenna. The denomina-
tion I (10 nummi) may, as d'Ailly has pointed out, be indicated in the rev. type.
120
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTIN II
struck at
RAVENNA
a.d. 565-578
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Gold
See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins,
i, pp. 11)3, 104
Silver1
CN (250)
DNIVSTl NVSPPAV
C Bust of Justin IE r. ,
beardless, wearing
diadem with cres-
cent and pellet, and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
CN within wreath, in
upper part of which,
circular ornament ;
in lower part, X
1
10-6
M
45
In field r., +
xvii.
25
2
8-2
;R
45
(Ends AV)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Beneath, >K
xvii.
26
3
114
M
•5
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
xvii.
27
4
104
M
45
[Purchased, 1868,
5-14-129]
5
114
M
•5
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-37]
6
11.
M
45
(Ends AV)
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1867,
74-123]
1 As to the attribution of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Coins vrith
Imperial Names,' Silver, 'Justinus.'
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTIN II-RAVENNA— SILVER 121
No.
Weight
9
10
11
12
13
Metal and
Size
11-
11-
10-7
11-2
11-2
11-3
6-
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
M 45
M 45
M 45
.51 -55
M -5
M 45
M -35
PKe
DNIVSTIN IVS(s«'c)P
PAVC Bust of Justin
II r. , beardless, wear-
ing diadem and cui-
rass. Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
(125)
PK6 within wreath.
Beneath K, 5K1
Rev. *I*
DNIVSTI NVSPPAV
C Bust of Justin II r. ,
beardless, wearing
diadem with cres-
cent and pellet, and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
(I for C)
(A)
(Ends A/ 1)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-42]
(Ends NVSPI ?)
(type and lettering
rough)
JJ within wreath, in
*I* upper part of
which, circular orna-
ment ; in lower part,
X
[de Salis gift]
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-38]
(Base of cross varied)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-39]
Rev.
DNIVSTI NVSPPAV
C Bust of Justin II r.,
as on No. 8. Border
of dots.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-43]
5 within wreath, in
upper part of
which, circular orna-
ment ; in lower part,
X
xvii.
28
xvn.
29
xvii.
30
xvii.
31
xvii.
32
xvii .
33
1 The leaves of the wreath are not compressed as on the other Ravenna coins, and
the treatment of the obv. bust is somewhat peculiar ; but it is difficult to suggest any
other mint.
122
IMPERIAL COINS OF TIBERIUS II
Mints of
ROME and RAVENNA
See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, pp. 123-4
IMPERIAL COINS OF MAURICE TIBERIUS
No.
Weight
22-1
Metal and
Size
N -6
Obverse
Reverse
ROME
Tremissis
DNmemA vricpp
AVI Bust of Maurice
Tiberius r., beard-
less, wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass. Raised
border.
VICTOMAAVCVSTO
IWM Victory in chiton
advancing to front,
looking 1. ; in r.,
wreath ; in 1., globus
cruciger ; in ex., CO
NOB
Plate
[Rev. R. Mylne, 1909] In field r., star.
RAVENNA
See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine
pp. 154 f. (Solidus, tremissis, &c.)
xvii.
34
1 This coin is of neat work, rather recalling the Roman tremissis of Justinian I
described supra, p. Ill, PL XVI. 5.
Ill
COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
Cire. a.d. 568-584
Reigns of
ALBOIN
568 — spring 572
CLEPH
spring 572-574
INTERREGNUM
574-584
No.
Weight
23-2
Metal and
Size
N -65
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
(with name of Justin II, 565-578)
Inscr. Bust of Justin
II r., beardless, wear-
ing diadem, cuirass,
and paludamentum.
Annular border in
high relief.
DNIVSTI NVSPPAVI
Before the head a
leaf-like incision,per-
haps accidental.
Inscr. Victory advan-
cing to front, looking
1. ; in r. , wreath ; in
1. , globus cruciger ; in
field r., star; in ex.,
CO NOB. Annular
border in high relief. '
ViCTORJAAVCVSTO
fcVN
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1869,
7-9-63]
Plate
xviii. 1
1 Nos. 1 and 2 diifer but little from the Imperial tremisses struck at Ravenna
(B.M.C., Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 104, Nos. 291-3, PI. XIII. 16), but are perhaps best
explained as Lombardic imitations.
124
III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
23-
15-8
11-
10-7
10-2
9-2
Metal and
Size
N -7
M -55
M -55
M -5
M -45
M -5
Obverse
DNIVSTI NVSPPAV
[de Salis gift]
Reverse
VICTOR.IAA IVDVS
TRVN (CONOH)
Silver
(i) with name of Justinian I, 527-565 1
CN (250)
DNIVSTINI ANVSP CN within wreath.
PAVD Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing- diadem with
crescent, cuirass,
and paludamentum.
Border of dots.
[Purchased of anltalian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-112]
*1*
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
D...VSTIIII A3IAV
C pellet in crescent
on diadem (linear
border)
DNIVSTI [NIAN1VS
PPA
DNIVSTI I (rest ob-
scure)
DNIVSTII ANVSPP
N
J> within wreath,
*T* in upper part
of which, cir-
cular ornament ; in
lower part, X
(X obscure)
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-120]
(Bar of cross, forked
instead of potent)
[de Salis gift]
(Bar forked)
[Purchased of anltalian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-119]
(Bar forked)
[Purchased of anltalian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-118]
Plate
xvm.
2
XVlll.
3
XVlll.
4
xvm.
5
xvm.
XVlll.
7
1 Cp. the Imperial coins of Justinian struck at Ravenna, supra, p. 115.
ALBOIN, CLEPH, INTERREGNUM— SILVER
125
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
8
10-4
M
•5
DNIVSTINI ANVSP
PA/
[Purchased of anltalian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-117]
xviii.
8
•F
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Linear
border.
JJ within wreath, in
A upper part of
which, circular orna-
ment; in lower part,
[X]
9
4-6
M
•35
DNIVSTIII A..AVC
(no border)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-44]
xviii.
9
10
5-8
M
•35
\NIVST AIVIVC
xviii.
10
11
5-6
M
•45
DIIVIIAI (rest ob-
scure)
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-121]
xviii.
11
f
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian1 r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots.
t^ within wreath, in
T upper part of
which, circular orna-
ment; in lower part,
12
5-5
M
•4
(.iivsti?) ivirnic
on head, cross.
[Pur chased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-125]
xviii.
12
13
5-4
JB,
■4
DNIVST SPPA/C?
(partly obscure)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-51]
xviii.
13
1 The legend of these coins is blundered and abbreviated, and it would suit Justin II
as well as Justinian, but an attribution to Justinian may be preferred because this rev.
type is found on the Ravenna coins of Justinian (which are, however, of larger module)
and because the style of the obv. is somewhat better than in the case of the imitative
coins of Justin II, described infra, Nos. 14 f.
126
III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
14
15
16
17
18
19
114
11-7
10-7
10-3
11-6
6-7
Metal and
Size
M -5
M -5
M 45
M 45
M -5
M 45
Obverse
Reverse
(ii) with name of Justin II, 565-578 '
*1*
Inscr. Bust of Justin
II r. , beardless, wear-
ing diadem and cui-
rass. Border of dots.
DNIVSTI NVSPPA
(linear border)
OIIVST NVSPPAII
ONIVSTI NVSPPAII
DNIVSTI NVSPPA/I
HVm/> VI ami (type
rude)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-1145]
NVSPPA/
(partly obscure) (no
border)
JP within wreath, in
*I* upper part of
which, circular orna-
ment; in lower part,
X
(X omitted)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-1141]
(Bar instead of globe
at foot of cross)
(circular ornament
omitted)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-1140]
(Cross pattee ; base
varied)
[de Salis gift]
(Type as on No. 16)
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; purchased in
Rome]
(Type as on No. 16, but
ruder ; base varied ;
ornaments in wreath
omitted)
(Type as on No. 16)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-10]
Plate
xvm.
14
xvm.
15
xvin.
16
xvm.
17
xvm.
18
xvru.
19
1 Cp. the JR of Justin II struck at Ravenna, supra, p. 121.
ALBOIN, CLEPH, INTERREGNUM— SILVER
127
No.
Weight
21
Metal and
Size
20 4-8
6-1
Obverse
Reverse
.at 4
M 45
(iii) with types of Tiberius II Constantine,
578-582 •
Inscr. Bust of Tiberius
II r. , wearing diadem
and cuirass. Border
of dots.
Inscr. obscure, VNUII
PPAV?
Inscr. obscure, Vl/MS
COP?
Cross potent on two
steps,within wreath.
[Purchased of anltalian
coin-dealer, 1867,
74-129]
[de Salis gift]
Plate
xvm.
20
XVlll.
21
1 Compare the silver coin struck at Ravenna by Tiberius II in B. M. C, Imp. Byz.
Coins, i, p. 124, No. 161, PL XVI. 18. There is a similar Ravenna type of Maurice
Tiberius, op. cit., No. 281.
128
Circ. a.d. 584-615
Reigns of
AUTHARI
Apbil (?) 584—5 Sept. 590
and
AGILULF
Nov. 590—615
No.
Weight
22
23
24
25
21-9
20-
23-
22-3
Metal and
Size
M -65
N -65
A" -65
A -75
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
with name of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602 1
Inscr. Bust of Maurice
Tiberius r., beard-
less, wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass. Annular
border in high relief.
DNfTVWK CTIbPPVI
[de Salis gift]
DUfDAVR CTIbPPVI
[de Salis gift]
DNIDAVR CTbPPVI
[de Salis gift]
DNfTVWR CTbPPVI
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. Victory advan-
cing to front, looking
1. ; in r. , wreath ; in 1. ,
globus cruciger ; in
field r., cross ; in ex.,
CO NOB, blundered.
Border as on obv.
VICTOR.IAAVIVITO
IWN (C ONOK)
VICTOMAAVIVITO
RVLI (CONOA)
VNTOVMAAVIVI
TOKVN (CONOR)
VICTOMAAVIVITO
R.V (CONOR)
Plate
xvui.
22
xvm.
23
1 Compare the tremissis struck at Ravenna by Maurice Tiberius, B. M. C, Imp. Byz.
Coins, i, pp. 155, 156. On the Ravenna coins the Emperor's eye on the obv. is represented
lesB clumsily, and in the field of the rev. is a star instead of a cross.
AUTHARI— AGILULF— SILVER
129
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
26
21-1
M -75
(base)
.NmAVR CTdPPV
(letters carelessly
formed)
VIITOR.IAAVIVITO
R.V (CONOR.)
[de Salis gift]
xviii.
24
27
12-2
AT -65
(base?)
DUmVI (lb?)PPVI
(without border)
[Purchased, 1864,
7-16-31]
VIIIIOTVIVITO (10
HOIR.) (type very
rude)
xviii.
25
Silver
with name of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602
CN (250)
Inscr. Bust of Maurice
Tiberius r., beard-
less, wearing1 diadem
and cuirass. Border
of dots.
C N within wreath.
28
16-
(chipped)
M -5
DNmA VR.CTIPA
[de Salis gift]
Between the numerals,
• ; above N, star.1
xviii.
26
29
12-2
M -55
DNTIb€R.m AVR.IC
(partly obscure)
[de Salis gift]
xviii.
27
30
4-5
M -35
Ends MAR.IAI ?
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-50]
xviii.
28
PKC (125)
Name and bust of Maurice
Tiberius r.
PKG within wreath;
above K, star.
M, 45 inch. Hirsch's Se
E. F.Weber's coll.,Munci
tie Catalogue (No. xxiv) of
len, 1909, Pl.LIX, No. 3102.
1 A similar specimen in Hirsch's Sale Catalogue (No. xxiv) of Consul E. P. Weber's
coll., Miinchen, 1909, PI. LIX, No. 3101.
s
130
Circ. a.d. 615-652
ADALWALD
615-624 ?
ARIWALD
624-636
ROTHARI1
636-652
No.
Weight
31
Metal and
Size
23-2
N
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis2
with name of Heraclius, 610-641
Inscr. Bust of Hera-
clius r. , beardless,
wearing1 diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass. Annular
border in high relief.
ONHIR.ACL PCKP'A
VI ; on head, cross.
Inscr. Cross potent.
Border as on obv.
VIITORJAAVCVSTO
R.VN; in ex., IOHOO
(= CO NOB)
[de Salis gift]
Plate
XVlll.
29
1 Brambilla {Tremisse di Rotari, Pavia, 1887) has read on a tremissis in the Brescia
Museum the name ROTHARY, but Engel and Serrure (Traitt, i, p. 31) agree with
M. Prou in considering this to be only a blundered imitation of the legend on an
Imperial coin. Moreover, one side of this tremissis bears the name of a moneyer, and
moneyers' names are not otherwise known to occur on Lombard coinage.
More recently, V. Dessi (Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 298) declares the coin to be of
Rothari, speaking from an examination of a photograph of it, which, however, he has
not published. The coin is in the Museo Civico of Brescia, is of very thin fabric, and
weighs 1,380 grammes (i.e. over 21 grains) : —
Obv. MARINVS MON . REX in monogram. Head r.
Rev. DN OTARI VIVTORIIV Victory holding long sceptre and cross. In ex.,
CONOI.
I yet strongly doubt whether this coin was intended to bear the name of Rothari.
Compare another blundered tremissis in the Erba Sale Catalogue, Paris [1900], p. 51
lot 558.
In connexion with Rothari, several numismatists have already called attention
to an enactment in the Lombard Laws (which he first reduced to writing) enforcing
ADALWALD— ARIWALD- ROTHARI— GOLD
131
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
32
22-6
N
•6
DNH6RACLI VSPPA
VSI
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJAAVSTOI
II ; in ex., CONOB
xviii.
30
33
22-5
N
•55
HeRACL VSPPAVC
[de Salis gift]
VITORJAAVIVITOR
V; in ex., IOMOM
xviii.
31
34
22-7
N
•6
DNH6R.ACL 1 VSPPA
VCCC
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR.IAAVCVST
OKVM ; in ex., CON
OB
xix. 1
35
22-5
N
■65
DNH£RV\CL 1 VSPPA
VCCC (bust similar to
No. 34)
VICTOMAAVCVST
OKVI; in ex., CONOB
[de Salis gift]
36
224
N
•55
DH6RA LIVSPPAV
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJAAVIVSTO
R.VN; in ex., CONO
xix. 2
37
23-3
N
•55
DMHIR[A]CLI? ADII
AVCC
[de Salis gift]
VAIORJAAVVSTOIV
N ; in ex., IONOB
xix. 3
38
22-
N
•65
DNHIR.A CIVIPAVC;
on head, »\*
[de Salis gift]
VIIONINVIVIIONV
II; in ex., CONOD
xix. 4
39
22-6
M
•65
CAIHI.. AOVIH
[de Salis gift]
VIITOR.VAIIIOIIW
\A ; in ex., IOHO
xix. 5
a penalty (the loss of a hand) on any one who struck gold money or stamped it without
the king's command. This passage, though it proves that a gold currency was in
common use at the time, does not necessarily imply (as has been asserted) that Rothari
struck coins bearing his own name ; nor, again, need we suppose that the Lombards first
began to employ a gold coinage under Rothari, for his law may very well have been
a re-enunciation of a much older enactment.
2 The British Museum possesses three varieties of a rare semissis (weight,
34-5 grains) with the name and head of Heraclius. Its rev., with inscr. VICTORIA
AVCVSTOIWN CONOB (or abbreviated), has the type of the Constantinople
semissis of Heraclius (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. XXIII. 13-15), viz. cross potent on
globus, but the globus is represented like a wreath with a pellet in the centre. Prom
their fabric these coins are undoubtedly Italian. I was formerly inclined from the
style of their obverses to regard them as Lombardic, but I now think they may best
be regarded as Imperial coins of the Ravenna mint, which otherwise (so far as I know)
would not be provided with any coins of this type and denomination ; it must be said,
however, that the inscriptions on the coins are not free from blunders.
3 P6R.P, as on the Ravenna tremissis of Heraclius, B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, No. 434.
132
HI. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
40
22-5
41
42
43
3-4
M -55
M -4
M -4
M -4
.niqnACi ovsppn
v
[Purchased, 1867,
12-24-3]
IAU.ATIMHATOI/1
Al ; in ex., dOHOb
xix. 6
Silver
with monogram of Heraclius, 610-641
Bust of Heraclius r.,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Border of
dots. (Type rude)
In front, HA
(Type 1.)
[de Salis gift]
(TypeL)
[de Salis gift]
T n (monogram of
** Heraclius);
above, cross ; be-
neath, pellet.1 An-
nular border.
[Purchased of anltalian
coin-dealer, 1867,
7-4-130]
(Cross represented by
pellets)
(Cross represented by
pellets)
xix. 7
xix. 8
1 Compare the Ravenna silver coin of Heraclius in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 247,
No. 450, PL XXIX. 21.
133
Circ. a.d. 652-671
RODWALD
652
ARIPERT I
653-661
PERCTARIT and GODEPERT
661-662
GRIMWALD
662-671 '
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Tremissis
with name of Constans II, 641-668
44
45
46
47
48
22-
22-8
22-9
22-7
22-4
AT -55
N -55
N -65
N -6
Af -6
Inscr. Bust of Con-
stans II r., beardless,
wearing1 diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass. Annular
border.
DNIOITA NTINVI
[de Salis gift]
[+?]STANCON T.IN
PS PC; above head, .\
VATONV VAT INS
Tl
[de Salis gift]
VITONIA VATINS
VI
[de Salis gift]
onhwic hvinp
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. Cross potent.
Annular border.
VICTIRJAAVIVITI;
in ex., IONOA
ICTORJAAVSJO; in
ex., CONOB
[de Salis gift]
ICTORJA AVSTOS;
in ex., CONOB
ITORJA IVSTO ; in
ex., CONOB
VIOTIVIVINBOTV;
in ex., DOHOI
xix. 9
xix.lO
xix. 11
xix.12
xix.13
1 W. Boyne {Annuaire de la Soc. franc, de num., x, p. 461) has proposed to assign to
this king a rare tremissis of Lombardic fabric which bears both on the dbv. and rev. a
monogram which may be read as Grimoaldus rex : see Engel and Serrure, TraiU, i, p. 32,
Fig. 90, and Gariel, Monnaies royales de France, Part 2, PL IV, Nos. 84, 85, pp. 86, 87,
where the monograms are read as those of Carloman and Charles the Great.
134
PERCTARIT
son of Aripert I
Second reign, a. d. 672-688
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
22-
21-2
23-
22-2
Obverse
Reverse
N -45
M -45
N 45
N -45
Tremissis
with name of an emperor, blundered
Inscr. Bust of an em-
peror r., beardless,
wearing diadem,
paludamentum, and
cuirass ; above head,
S and \ Linear or
annular border.
IVIIV VUOV:; before
head, B
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
head, B
[de Salis gift]
IVIIV VIl/IVI ; before
head, B
IVHV IVOHVI ; before
head, B ; behind, •
Inscr. Cross potent.
Annular border.
Plate
NIONVAVHOI1; be-
neath, AN AN
IVIIV VIIOVI ; before r.OniAnilO; be
neath, UNUII
six. 14
xix.15
niOHVAVHOI ; be- xix.16
neath, AHAH
[de Salis gift]
niOHVAVHOI ; be-
neath, Al/IAH
[Woodhouse gift, 1866]
xix.17
1 O (twice repeated) occurs in all these blundered series (Nos. 1-14). It is, doubtless,
ultimately derived from the ' Victoria Augustorum ' legend, but on these coins the
letters are placed — evidently with decorative intention — so that one of them is always
at the extremity of the horizontal bar of the cross.
PERCTARIT— TREMISSIS
135
No.
Weight
5
22-5
6
14.
7
19-2
8
16-3
9
18-
10
21-1
11
19-7
12
21-5
13
22-
14
22-1
Metal and
Size
At -45
El. -45
El. 45
El. -45
El. -5
El. -5
N -5
N -5
N -55
N -5
Obverse
IVHVA AVIHVII; be-
fore head, B
[Royal coll.]
VAV VI I. IV; before
head, B
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
VAV I VAVA.; before
head, B
[Purchased, 1908,
7-7-4]
VAV VAIV; before
head, B
VI WIVI.; before
head, star.
[Purchased, 1908,
10-8-2]
VI.VI. VIIOVA; be-
fore head, 2 (with-
out ornaments above
head)
HVAIA VNOVA; be-
fore head, <; behind
head, star (without
ornaments above
head)
INVNV VIONVI
(without ornaments
above head)
.HIVA .VAOHI
(without ornaments
above head)
IVNVA VHOIV
(without ornaments
above head)
Reverse
niOHVAVHOI ; be-
neath, UANAH
VOIAIAVOA; be-
neath, IAVA
AIOVAV.WIO; be-
neath, AAAV
VOVVVVVIO ; be-
neath, AAAA
[Parkes Weber gift,
L 1906]
IOVIVVIO; beneath,
AAVA
IVOIVVIVIOI;
neath, AIM A
[de Salis gift]
be-
ll IO[n?]VAVnO; be-
neath, ANAU
[de Salis gift]
IIIONVIVNOI ; be-
neath, AHAN
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-12]
IIIOHVIVHOI ; be-
neath, A NAM
[de Salis gift]
niONVAVNO ; be-
neath, AHAn
[de Salis gift]
Plate
xix.
18
XIX.
19
XIX.
20
XIX.
21
XIX.
22
xix.
23
xix.
24
XIX.
25
136
HI. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver
PAVIA?
Type 1
! E IV (i-e- Perctarit
Rex) within circle
(scyphate).
Traces of inscr. Bust
of king r., in cui-
rass,1 within incuse
circle.
15
3-4
M
•5
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
xix.
26
Type 2
P€ (in monogram) and
fy,2 represented as
below. Whole with-
in circle (scyphate).
Similar to obv., but not
always struck up ;
letters reversed, and
in incuse. Whole
within incuse circle.
16
2-6
M
•45
•€'&
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
xix.
27
17
2-3
M
•45
• • •
•IF-
[Baron Kolb, 1847]
xix.
28
18
3-3
M
•55
• • •
[de Salis gift]
xix.
29
19
2-7
M
•45
• • •
[de Salis gift]
xix.
30
1 Rudely represented and faintly struck, as on the specimens figured by Promis,
Monete del Romani pontefici, Turin, 1858, PI. X ; cp. p. 101.
2 R EX is thus written on the tremisses of Cunincpert and Aripert II described infra.
PERCTARIT— SILVER
137
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
20
2-6
M 45
• • •
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
xix.
31
21
3-3
M -55
ep-
[J. G. Pfister, 1855 •]
xix.
32
1 I follow the usual attribution of these coins (see Thomsen, Cat., p. 85 ; Gnecchi
Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, p. 198 ; Brambilla, Monete di Favia, pp. 39,
40 : Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, p. 96, makes no reference to these pieces), but it
must be admitted that they do not fit very well into this place in the Lombardic series.
Perhaps, however, the issue of silver in this form was only a temporary experiment, and
the peculiar bracteate-like fabric, with the broad annular border, may be accounted for
as derived ultimately from the fabric of the gold coins of Ravenna. A writer in
H. Grote's Blatter/. Miinzfreunde, Leipzig, 1881, p. 804, has gone so far as to deny
altogether that these are coins of the Lombard period and claims them as bracteates of
about the time of Frederick II (thirteenth century), the letters of the inscr. being read as
IPER, i.e. Imperator. But this view must almost certainly be rejected, if only for the
reason that in the hoard of these coins that was discovered in 1833 at Biella in Piedmont
(Promis, Monete dei Bomani pontefici, Turin, 1858, pp. 101-3, PI. X) there occurred several
specimens of the gold tremissis of the Lombard king Liutprand (a.d. 712-744), whose
coins can hardly have been so long hoarded as to form part of a deposit of the thirteenth
century..
138
CUNINCPERT
son of Perctarit
a.d. 688-700
(with his father, 680-688)
No.
Weight
21-7
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Tremissis
M -75
20-9 N -75
DNCVNI NCPEfr
Bust of Cunincpert
r. , beardless, wearing
diadem, cuirass, and
paludamentum.
Before head, D
shoulder, D ?
on
QA for N ; € for E) be-
fore head, M 2
SCSMI HAHIL St.
Michael, winged and
wearing long robes,
standing 1., holding
in 1. circular shield ;
in r., long cross.1
Annular border in
high relief.
[de Salis gift]
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
xx. 1
1 The head of the cross is formed by three pellets. R = REX. SCS = SANCTUS
(Michael).
2 M also on a specimen in the Gnecchi Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902,
lot 3946. Keary (Coinages of W. Europe, p. 96) has read it as H. On tremisses of this
type various letters are found in front of the head:— B (and D on the shoulder: Onecchi,
Cat., No. 3948) ; D (and D ? on the shoulder: Brit. Mus.) ; M (Brit. Mus. ; Gnecchi, Cat,
No. 3946); V (and D on the shoulder: Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3947). We also find a hand
placed before the head, but no letter on the shoulder : see the specimens described in
Thomsen, Catalogue, No. 1034, and in the Gnecchi Sale Catalogue, No. 3949. These are
probably mint-masters' marks, but it is doubtful whether they indicate the names of mints.
CUNINCPERT— TKEMISSIS 139
[According to Brambilla (Monete di Pavia, p. 28), citing Promis, there
is a tremissis of Cunincpert with rev. Star and inscr. Flavia Mediolano
(cp. the coins of Aistulf and of Desiderius described infra). But Dessi
(Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 301) seems to doubt the attribution of this
type to Cunincpert, which, certainly, does not seem a probable one.]
Dessi (Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 308) has suggested that the hand was placed on the
coins as a reminder to forgers of the penalty they would incur under the law of Rothari:- —
' Si quis sine iussione regis aurum figuraverit, aut monetam confixerit, manus eius inci-
datur.' But if this were the intention of the hand, we should expect it to be engraved on
all the coins of Cunincpert, and not only on certain varieties whereon it seems to take
the place of letters. (So also in the case of the tremisses of Liutprand described infra.)
Moreover, an instance of such a warning to evil-doers is probably not to be found on
ancient or early mediaeval coins, though in modern times we have such inscriptions
as the Has [litteras] nisi periturus mihi nemo adimat on the edge of the crowns of Oliver
Cromwell (a warning against the illegal clipping of the coin), and the inscription ' To
Counterfeit is Death ' on the paper-money of the early American Colonies (circ. a.d. 1771
and later).
140
LIUTPERT
son of Cunincpert
a.d. 700 (eight months)
In the Gnecchi Sale Catalogue (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902,
lot 3951, the following triens is attributed to this king, though -with a note of
interrogation : —
Obv. DhTl-VT VDHVX Bust of king r.
Rev. SCS AH ILL St. Michael standing 1. Cp. Marchant, Lettres
(ed. 1851), p. 303, No. 3.
According to Brambilla, Monete di Pavia, pp. 28, 29, citing Promis, there
is a tremissis of Liutpert with rev. Star and inscr. Flavia Mediolano. But
Dessi (Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 301) seems to doubt the attribution
of this type to Liutpert.
RAGINPERT
son of Godepert
a.d. 700
No coins have been attributed to this king.
HI
ARIPERT II
son of Raginpert
a.d. 701-712
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
204
N -75
Tremissis
DNA RJP€fc Bust of
Aripert II r., beard-
less, wearing dia-
dem, cuirass, and
paludamentum.
Before head, M 1
SCSMI HAHIL SJ.
Michael, winged and
wearing long robes,
standing 1., holding
in 1., circular shield ;
in r., long cross.
Annular border in
high relief.
[de Salis gift]
xx. 3
1 M also on a specimen in the Gnecchi Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902,
lot 3954. Keary (Coinages of W. Europe, p. 97) has read it as H. As on the tremisses
of Cuninepert (p. 138, supra), a variety of letters appear : — C in front of head (Gnecchi,
Cat., No. 3952 ; cp. No. 3953) ; M in front of head (Brit. Mus.) ; M in front of head
and M on bust (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3955) ; no letter before head, but M on bust (Gnecchi,
Cat., No. 3956) ; S in front of head (Berlin ; figured in Dahn's Urgesch. d. germ. u. rom.
Vdlker, iv, p. 243). A curious variety is described in Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3956 : — oho.
DM ARI P€RT R6X Bust of king r. ; M on bust. Rev. VIVIT l/IOIWI VHTO
RJAAI Victory facing, looking 1. ; in 1., globus; beneath, COHOR.. This coin
possibly does not properly belong to the Lombard regal series ; but from the character
of the rev. (which is not Lombardic but based on an Imperial prototype) one would be
inclined to assign it to Aripert I (a. d. 653-661) rather than to Aripert II. The follow-
ing tremissis, described by Promis, Monete di secche italiane (Turin, 1867), pp. 5f., PI. 1. 1
(cp. Engel and Serrure, TraiU de num., i, p. 33 ; Brambilla, Monete di Pavia, p. 26) can
hardly belong to the Lombard regal series, but is probably an issue of Central or Southern
Italy (Beneventum ?). The dux IFFO is otherwise unknown. Obv. ARJPCR. XC€L
R.6X Bust of Aripert, bearded, facing, draped, holding globus cruciger. Rev. IFFO
SLOMVSO DVX. Cross potent.
142
ANSPRAND
a.d. 712 (three months). Ob. 13 June, 712
A tremissis in the Vienna Museum has been assigned to Ansprand by
Arneth (cp. Marchant, Lettres, ed. 1851, p. 303, No. 5, PI. XXI. 10). It
resembles the tremisses of Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Liutprand (with rev.
St. Michael), but is described as reading SPRANBc on the obv. The coin,
however, is of rude style, and this reading may be doubtful : in the engraving
published in Marchant, op. cit., the legend appears as SPPAIIfc. From the
style of the bust (with 'f- ornament) and the broad, spread flan, I suspect that
it is in reality a coin of Liutprand (cp. our No. 3 of Liutprand described infra).
143
LIUTPRAND
son of Ansprand
a.d. 712 -Jan. 744
No.
Weight
18-
Metal and
Size
AT -9
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Liut-
prand r., beardless,
wearing1 diadem,
cuirass, and paluda-
mentum.1
DNLIV TPRV\Nfc(?)
partly obscure ; be-
fore head, M 2
Inscr. St. Michael,
winged and wearing
long- robes, standing
1., holding in 1., cir-
cular shield ; in r.,
long cross. Annular
border in high relief.
•SCS 1 1 1 1 1_
[de Salis gift]
Plate
xx. 4
1 A leaden seal with the name of Liutprand, published by Sohlumberger in Rev. num.,
1905, p. 356, is probably of Liutprand, Duke of Beneventum, A. d. 751-758, as suggested
by Sambon in Le Mus4e, 1908 (Bull. Num.), p. 9.
2 Here, as on the similar coins of Cunincpert and Aripert II, various letters, &c,
occur : —
H [? M] before head (Rivista ital., 1908, p. 303, No. 6).
LV „ „ (Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 145).
M „ „ (Brit. Mus., No. 1).
N „ „ {Rivista ital., 1908, p. 304, No. 10).
H „ (Gnecchi, Cat., 1902, No. 3960).
S ,, „ ; on bust, fy. (Brit. Mus., No. 2; Gnecchi, op. cit.,
No. 3962).
„ „ ; on bust, + (Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 7).
s
s
6
T
T
V
V
Hand
Hand
on bust, A {Rivista ital., 1908, p. 304, No. 11).
on bust, A (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3958).
(Brit. Mus., No. 3).
(Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 144 ; Thomsen, Cat.,
lot 1035 ; Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 8).
L on bust (Gnecchi, Cat, No. 3959).
(Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3961 ; Rivista ital., 1908, p. 304,
No. 13).
on bust, C (Rivista ital., 1908, p. 304, No. 12).
144
HI. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
18-6
19-5
8-3
8-4
Metal and
Size
N -95
N -9
M -5
M -5
Obverse
DNLVT PM[P?]
(inscr. and type
blurred and con-
fused) ; before head,
S ; on bust, Be
DN-V TPRANfc; be-
fore head, T
Reverse
SCS IIIIIL
(type blurred)
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1869,
7-9-66]
SCSM HAHIL
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Plate
xx. 5
Silver
Inscr. Bust of Con-
stans II (Constan-
tinus III) r., beard-
less, wearing dia-
dem and cuirass.1
Border of dots.
DIICOI TANTI
DNIOI. Allllll2
u
(i.e. DN LI
VTPRAND
(or LIVDP
RAND) R.EX) within
wreath.
[de Salis gift]
[Campana sale,
lot 1187]
1846,
xx. 6
xx. 8
1 The Lust was probably copied from the silver coins of Constans II, struck at
Ravenna : see B. M. C, Imperial Byz. Coins, p. 310, Nos. 399 f., PI. 35, Nos. 17, 18.
2 Two specimens occurred in the Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 140, but the reading
DN LOITPRAND maybe suspected. The assignment of coins of these types to Liut-
prand was suggested by de Salis, and there is no difficulty in reading the monogram as
Dn. Liudprand rex (or Liutprand, if the X is made to do duty for T also). The attribution
is not, however, without its difficulties : thus, it will be observed that the coins are
totally different in fabric from the silver pieces that were apparently introduced by
Perctarit (PL XIX. 26-32). Again, we should expect that the obv. would, at this period,
bear the name of the Lombard king, and not the name of an emperor. Perhaps, however,
the Lombards, having been in the habit of servilely copying the Imperial silver coins,
without (except in the case of Perctarit) originating types of their own for the silver
coinage, may have felt no repugnance in copying an Imperial obv. (Constans II, in this
instance), being content to record the king's name on the rev.
145
HILDEPRAND
nephew of Liutprand
Associated with Liutprand, 735 — Jan. 744
Sole reign from Jan. 744, about six months.
No coins are known of this ruler.
146
RATCHIS
brother of Aistulf
Sept. 744-749
(Second reign, Dec. ? 756 — Maech, 757)
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
DIVRA TCHIS Bust of
Ratchis, bearded, fac-
ing, draped. On 1. of
head, A ; on r. of head,
T ; on drapery, A/T
Hland+fc.
SCS 1 1 NIL St. Michael,
winged and wearing
long robes, standing 1.,
holding in 1., circular
shield ; in r., long cross ;
in field r., star. Annu-
lar border in high relief.
M. Weight, about 20 grains. Collection of His
Majesty the King op Italy. Described and
figured by G. Ruggero in Rivista ital. di num., 1908,
p. 137.
The name of Ratchis has also been read in
the monogram on the tremissis, p. 151, No. 3,
PI. XX. 15, but, as Keary (Coinages of W.
Europe, p. 98, No. 1 ; cp. Engel and Serrure,
Traite, p. 33) has remarked, ' without much
probability.' To arrive at the true interpreta-
tion of this monogram we must compare it with
the tremissis in PI. XX. 16, p. 151, No. 4, which
Keary was inclined to assign to 'Athalgis'.
This comparison shows that the small R. in
No. 3, p. 151, is in all probability a mere moneyer's
letter, for on No. 4 another letter (A) is seen ;
and, further, that the straggling stroke on
No. 3 that looks like part of a large R. is only
part of N or V, as on No. 4. The monograms
on the two coins may, indeed, be pronounced
to be identical, at any rate in all essentials.
Ruggero, writing in the Rivista ital. di num.
for 1908 (p. 138), has suggested that this mono-
gram should be read LVCA, an interpretation
that can, I think, be readily accepted. More-
over, in type and legends, the reverses of both
coins, especially No. 4, agree admirably with
the Flavia Luca coins figured in PI. XX. 13, 14,
and described under ' Quasi-Autonomous Coins
of Lucca ', Nos. 1 and 2, p. 150.
Plate
147
AISTULF
brother of Ratchis
July, 749— Dec. ? 756
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
Type 1
+ DN AI^TVLF REX
In centre, monogram
composed of CRX ;
beneath, +.
SCS IIIIIL St. Michael,
winged and wearing
long robes, standing 1. ;
in 1., circular shield ;
in r., long cross. An-
nular border in high
relief.
N. Size, -8 inch. Gnecchi Sale Cat., May, 1902
(Hamburger), p. 199, No. 3963, PI. XXIX. 3963.
A very similar specimen in the Museo Civico,
Brescia, is described by Promis in his Monete
di zecche italiane (Torino, 1867), p. 9, PL I. 3.
Another variety, in the Gariel collection, is
described by Gariel, Monnaies royales de
France, part ii, p. 87, No. 86, PL IV. 86.
Gariel (ii, p. 87) interprets the monogram on
the obv. as that of Charles [Charlemagne] the
son of Pepin, and supposes that the coin was
struck in 754 to express ' la reconnaissance par
Astaulfe de la suzerainete du roi des Franks et
d'une sorte de lieutenance du royaume lango-
bard . . . etablie par Pepin en faveur de son fils
Charles '. Some doubt may be felt as to this
interpretation, more especially as it implies 'un
fait dont les historiens n'ont fait mention nulle
part '. A simpler view would be to regard the
coin as a purely Lombardic issue and to explain
the CRX as 'Christianus rex', an expression
that occurs in the formula of enactment of the
Lombard laws : — ' Ego in Dei nomine . . . ex-
cellentissimus Christianus et Catholicus Lango-
bardorum rex.'
Plate
148
III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Type 2
*
D~N AISTVLFR.6X
Cross potent with
limbs of ecpial length.
Annular border in
high relief.
+ FLAVIALVCA Star
(or flower ') within
circle. "Whole in
linear border.
1
17-4
N -65
[Collection of Miss
Sarah Banks, pre-
sented, 1818]
xx. 9
1 The type may be regarded either as a star of twelve rays, or as the corolla of
a flower with its petals and stamens. — Solidns. Promis (Monete di zecche Ualiane,
Torino, 1867, pp. 7 f., PI. I. 2 ; cp. Engel and Serrure, Traiti de num., i, p. 34, Pig. 94 ;
and cp. Marchant, Lettres (ed. 1851), p. 304, No. 7, Vienna coll.) describes the following
solidus, which he ascribes to Aistulf: Obv TMLFIJc Bearded bust of the king,
facing, holding globus cruciger. Rev. VICTO R.IA SA Cross potent, with mon. ^^
at its foot ; in field r., Z ; in ex., CO. Some doubt may possibly be felt as to whether
this coin really bore the name of Aistulf ; but, in any case, it may be doubted whether
it belongs to the regal series of the Lombards. The solidus was a denomination that
formed no part of their usual issues, and the types and thick fabric of this coin rather
suggest Central or Southern Italy as the region of its mintage. Promis, indeed (p. 9),
maintains that it was struck in Ravenna by Aistulf, subsequent to his occupation of
that city in 751 ; but, in that case, we should expect the flan to reproduce the bracteate-
like fabric that was characteristic of the Imperial solidi of Ravenna.
149
DESIDERIUS
757— June, 774
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Tremissis
Inscr. Cross potent
with limbs of equal
length. Annular
border.
Inscr. Star (or flower)
within circle. Whole
in linear border.
1
10-6
El. -65
+ DND€SID€&.IJe
+ FliAVIAkVCA
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
xx. 10
2
17-2
El. -6;")
D.HD€SID€fcR.€X
(type represented by
dots instead of lines)
+ FLAVIALVCA
[Purchased, 1847,
6-19-100]
XX. 11
3
16-6
E'. -65
+DNDGSIDGR/VSBc.(A
pellet at each ex-
tremity of the cross).
+ FkA»E.AC€NTI/)G
[de Salis gift] l
xx. 12
1 Besides these tremisses of Desiderius, bearing the names of Lucca and Placentia
(' Flavia Placentia Augusta'), there are others known of the same type inscribed with
the names of Milan (' Mediolano '), Pavia (' Ticino '), Castel Seprio (' Sibrio ', ' Sebrio '),
Treviso, Vicenza (' Vicentia '), and Vercelli (' Vircelli '). Specimens (now in the Museum
of Coire) occurred in the llanz hoaj'd referred to infra, p. 152, under ' Italian tremisses of
Charlemagne'. Whether these tremisses all emanated from a central mint (Lucca or
Pavia), or whether they were actually struck at the cities whose names they bear, is
a question that can only be determined by a careful comparison of a large number of
specimens.
150
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS COINS OF LUCCA
Struck at some time after June, a. b. 774 l
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
•
Tremissis
Type 1
+ FLAVIALVCA Star
(or flower) within
circle. Whole in
linear border.
•VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI
VI V Cross potent, with
li mbs of equal length.
Annular border.
1
21-
El. -65
[Sp. Mostras, 1852]
xx. 13
2
20-8
El. -65
(+FLAVIVCL(I ?)V)
[de Salis gift]
(•VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI
V)
xx. 14
1 Nos. 1 and 2 resemble the tremisses of Aistulf and Desiderius, but as they are not
inscribed with the name of any Lombard ruler, and bear a meaningless legend on the
rev., the presumption is that they were issued after the fall of Desiderius, the last of the
Lombard kings. Nos. 3 and 4, judged by their metal, fabric, and rev. type and legends,
are clearly Lombard coins of about the same period as Nos. 1 and 2. The monograms
that they bear almost certainly indicate the name of Lucca, though they have been
sometimes interpreted as the names of Ratchis and Athalgis (see supra, p. 146, under
' Ratchis '). It is not easy to fix the precise date when these pieces (Nos. 1-4) were
issued. The Lombard kingdom was overthrown in June, 774, when Charlemagne became
master of Pavia and captured Desiderius, and the obvious view would be to regard
these coins as issues made in the latter part of 774, or a little later. But it must be
borne in mind that there exist similar ' star ' (or ' flower ') tremisses of Lucca which bear
the name of Charlemagne {infra, p. 152, 'Italian tremisses of Charlemagne'). It is
a question, then, whether our Nos. 1-4 preceded the Carolingian issues, or whether
they were minted at some later period when the Carolingian gold coins had ceased
to be current. I do not attempt to settle this point, but it may be remarked that
specimens of our Nos. 1-4 were absent from the Ilanz hoard, which included tremisses
of Desiderius and of Charlemagne (the latter pieces bearing the mint-names of Lucca
and also of various other Italian cities). The non-inclusion in this hoard of these
' quasi-autonomous ' coins of Lucca may, of course, be accidental, but it, so far, suggests
that these tremisses were issued subsequently to the Carolingian tremisses. For quasi-
autonomous tremisses of Pisa, of the same class as our Nos. 1, 2, see Th. Friedlaender,
Numismata medii aevi inedita, Berlin, 1835, pp. 18 f., PI. I, Nos. 7, 8.
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS OF LUCCA— TREMISSIS
151
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Type 2
^0/ (monogram of
rV/A Lucca). With-
I |f in linear bor-
der.
VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI
VI VI VI Cross potent,
with limbs of nearly-
equal length. Annu-
lar border.
3
18-8
(chipped)
El. -55
[Sp. Mostras, 1852]
xx. 15
4
20-2
chipped)
El. -55
(<»)
(VAVAVAVAVAVV
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
xx. 16
152
ITALIAN TREMISSES OF CHARLEMAGNE
These coins are not represented in the British Museum, but it is desirable
to refer to them as illustrating- the quasi-autonomous pieces of Lucca described
p. 150, and because of their unusual historical and numismatic interest.
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
D.N.CAIWLVSR.eX
Cross potent
Reverse
Plate
+ FL.AVIA.LVCA
Star (or flower) within
circle. Whole in linear
border.
(See
H. Tremissis. Bibliotheque nationale, Paris.
Prou, Monnaies Carolingiennes, 1896, p. lxxv.)
On other specimens the dbv. type is a facing bast
of Charlemagne (see Engel and Serrure, TraiU de
num., i, p. 35, Fig. 96).
The hoard discovered in 1904 at Ilanz, Can-
ton Grisons, Switzerland, contained, besides
one or two tremisses of Liutprand, many 'star'
(or 'flower') tremisses of Desiderius, and many
similar ' star ' (or ' flower ') tremisses bearing
the name of Charlemagne. These Carolingian
pieces were further inscribed with the name of
several Italian mints : — Milan, Pavia, Bergamo,
Lucca, Seprio. For a description of this find
see F. Jecklin, Der langobardisch-karolingische
Miinzfund bei Ilanz, Miinchen, 1906 ; see also
the reviews of this monograph, Rev. num.,
1906, p. 361 (Blanchet) ; Rivista ital. di num.,
1906, p. 273 (Perini).
xx. 17
153
UNCERTAIN
of
LOMBARDIC SERIES
No.
Weight
19-5
21-1
Metal and
Size
A -65
M -65
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
VNIIVIINIIVIIIVIIV
Nil VII II Cross potent.
Annular border in
high, relief.
V-lllll TOTO+(?)
Bust r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Annular
border.
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-74]
From the style, and the character of the rev.
legend, probably of the eighth century. There
was a Duke Toto of Nepi (Hodgkin, Italy and
her Invaders, vii, p. 279), whose date is circ.
a. d. 767 ; but it would probably be rash to
attribute the coin to him, nor is the reading of
the obv. beyond dispute, for it may possibly be
+OTO+ or +0±0±.
VITIIOITIIHATIO
VII Cross potent; be-
low, OHO±. Annu-
lar border in high
relief.
(dots
instead of letters).
Bust r., beardless,
wearing diadem and
cuirass. Annular
border.
[Purchased, 1867,
12-24-4]
The obv. is of much the same style as No. 1 .
Plate
xxi. 1
xxi. 2
154
III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS
No.
Weight
22-7
22-6
Metal and
Size
N -65
N -65
Obverse
Dl l[M?]AV[R>?]T
'[T?]liqPAVI Bust
r., beardless, ■wearing-
diadem and cuirass.
Annular border.
[de Salis gift]
Reverse
VIITOR.VHIIOIR.VI
Cross potent; below,
10 HOT. Annular
border in high relief.
On the obv. an attempt seems to be made to
write the name of Maurice Tiberius (a.d. 582-
602), but the form of the cross potent on the
rev. suggests that the coin is not earlier than
the period of Heraclius, circ. a. d. 610.
VIHIII. IIAinV Bust
r ., beardless, wearing
diadem and drapery.
Annular border.
[de Salis gift]
VI ATOIUMOATV
Cross potent ; be-
neath, OHO. Annu-
lar border in high
relief.
Perhaps of the period of Heraclius (a.d. 610-
641). The paludamentum and cuirass on the
obv. are curiouslv rendered.
Plate
xxi. 3
xxi. 4
IV
COINS OF THE DUCHY (AND
PRINCIPALITY) OF BENEVENTUM '
GRIMOALD I, 647-662; King of Lombards, 662-671
ROMOALD I, 662-687
GRIMOALD II, 687-689
GISULF I, 689-706
The coinage of these dukes, or a portion of it, is perhaps to he identified
with the gold coins described, infra, under ' Uncertain Beneventine Coinages '.
ROMOALD II
a.d. 706-731
No. Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Solidus
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian II, bearded,
facing; wears crown
(with globus), man-
tle, and robe ; in r.,
globus cruciger. Bor-
der of dots.
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base, placed on
three steps ; in field
1., R. (initial of Ro-
moald) ; in ex., CO
NOB. Border of
dots.
Plate
1 On the coins generally see especially A. Sanibon, Eecueil des monnaies de Vltalie
meridionale, ' Benevente,1 published in Le MusJe for June, 1908, and following parts.
156
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
644
64-
64-2
63-5
61-2
62-2
20-
Metal and
Size
N .£
N -75
N .£
N -8
N -lb
N -8
N -6
Obverse
Obverse
(Variety 1)
DNIUST INIANVSP
P€A ' (On crown, glo-
bus cruciger)
DNNST INIANVSP
P€A (On crown, glo-
bus cruciger)
VICTORJ AV^MS.
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJ AV^US.
[Blacas coll., 1867]
(Variety 2)
DNIVS - - TINIVN
MPP
[Purchased of an Italian
coin-dealer, 1869,
7-9-65]
DNIVS TINIVN
MPP
[Purchased, 1904,
10-8-53]
DNIVS[ri?]H IVNV
8PP[+?] (On crown,
cross instead of glo-
bus) ; pellet (flaw ?)
in field r.
Dl/111,2 HN..VP
[de Salis gift]
VICTORJ AV^VS.
(globus instead of
base)
VICTORJ A AV^VST.
(globus instead of
base)
VICTORJA AV^VSV.
(globus instead of
base)
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; obtained from
an Italian dealer]
VICTORIA AV£L|2.
(globus instead of
base ; four steps) 2
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian II, bearded, fac-
ing ; wears crown
(with cross), mantle,
and robe ; in r., glo-
bus cruciger. Linear
border.
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in field
1., K; in ex., CON
OB. Linear border.
(Variety 1)
DNIMS TIWVNMS
VICTO ASVM
[de Salis gift]
Plate
xxi. 5
xxi. 6
xxi. 7
xxi. 8
xxi. 9
1 PP6A = Perpetuus Augustus.
2 A variant of Nos. 3-6 (Naples Museum = Sambon, No. 3) has R and • in the field
of the rev., instead of R only.
ROMOALD II— TREMISSIS
157
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Weight
17-6
19-5
17-3
21-6
20-7
20-9
21-3
18-3
Metal and
Size
A/ -55
AT -6
AT -6
A? -55
AT -6
N -6
N -55
N -55
Obverse
DNIV 2TINANV2
VAIA 8[l?]TI/IVa
(crown has globus)
[de Salis gift]
DUM vicviev
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-483]
Reverse
victo Avgus
[Purchased, 1904,
10-8-58]
VICTOR IA^V2 (base
detached from cross)
VICTO A2VV.
(Variety 2)
Plate
xxi. 10
xxi. 11
DNIUS TINIANUS
(crown has pellet)
[de Salis gift]
DNIVS TTINIVD
(crown has globus).
Same die as No. 13.
[Purchased, 1864,
7-18-34]
DNIVS TTINIVD
(crown has globus).
Same die as No. 12.
DNIV ooTINIVN
(crown without
cross ;
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
DH 81 N IAN (crown
has globus)
[de Salis gift]
VICTOR. IAVCVS
(globus between
cross and base)
VITOR.IA AV£S.
(globus between
cross and base)
VICTOR. AVCV.
(globus between
cross and base)
[de Salis gift]
VICTO RJVVC (glo-
bus between cross
and base)
VICTOR. IAV£V.
(globus between
cross and base) 1
xxi. 12
xxi. 13
xxi. 14
xxi. 15
1 A variant of Nos. 11-15 (Sambon, No. 4) has R and • in the field of the rev., instead
of R only.
158
AUDELAIS
a.d. 731-732
To this usurper Sambon (Nos. 5 and 6) has assigned a rare solidus and
tremissis similar in character to those of Romoald II, but marked on the rev.
with A. This letter (on the analogy of other coins in this series) is almost
certainly the initial of the issuer, but among the Beneventine rulers there are
five besides Audelais whose names begin with A. Of these, Arichis I and his
son Aio lived long before the time of Justinian II, and cannot have struck
these coins which are imitated (ultimately) from that Emperor's money.
Adelchis and a later Aio, both rulers of the ninth century, are, on the other
hand, too late for claimants, and their known coinage is of a different
character.
There remains Arichis II, whose coins, though marked on the rev. with
A, may without difficulty be distinguished from these which M. Sambon
rightly assigns to Audelais, viz. by their roughness of style and fabric ; by
the type (in the First Coinage) of the Emperor holding the mappa and globus
cruciger; by the inscriptions (in the Second Coinage) VICTORIA on obv. and
VICTIR. on rev. ; both of which inscriptions are found on the series of A coins
inscribed PRJNPI (Princeps), which last-named coins can only belong to
Arichis II, Prince (and, originally, Duke) of Beneventum.
159
GREGORIUS
a.p. 732-739
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
19.2
N -6
4-8 M 4
3-7
Ai 4
Obverse
Reverse
Solidus
DNI — ..— NVSPP
Bust of Justinian II,
bearded, facing ; wears
crown, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus cru-
ciger. Border of dots.
victo[r.?] vgva*
Cross potent with glo-
bus and base, placed on
three steps ; in ex., CO
NOB ; in field 1., £.
N.
No. 7.
Sambon, No. 8, Fig. < 7 ' (i.e,n8). Cp. Sambon,
Tremissis
DN. NVSPP Bust of
Justin ian II, bearded ,
facing-; wears crown,
mantle, and robe ;
in r. , globus cruciger.
Linear border.
[de Salis gift] l
VICT U8* Cross
potent, with base ;
in ex., CONOB; in
field 1., £. Linear
border.
Plate
Silver
Bearded bust of an i
emperorfacing, wear-
ing crown, mantle,
and robe ; in r. , glo-
bus cruciger, above j
which, star. Border j
of dots.
[de Salis gift]
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847] i
O
within border
of dots; pellet
at extremities
of cross.
xxi.16
xxi. 17
xxi. 18
'.Cp. Sambon, No. 9. .....The attribution to Gregory of gold coins (solidus and
tremissis) with C, is fairly certain, the Only other likely claimant being Gottschalk, the
next duke ; but the division between the two rulers proposed by Sambon seems probable.
160 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
The attribution of these coins (Nos. 2, 3) to Duke Gregory, supported by
Muratori, Promis, and others, is dismissed by M. Sambon (op. cit., p. 5)
as 'tout a fait invraisemblable '. He does not specify his grounds of doubt:
one objection would be, probably, that silver coins are not known to have
been issued by the Beneventine rulers of this period. Another, that small
Byzantine silver coins hardly occur so late as a. d. 732, and yet the coins in
question would seem to have been inspired by Byzantine originals.
With regard to provenance, M. Sambon does not furnish any details.
I do not know whether these coins are usually found in Italy, though our
No. 3 came from the Kolb collection of Italian coins. In style, fabric, and size,
and in the general character of the reverse type, the coins present some
similarity to Imperial coins struck in Italy by Constans II (B. M. C, Imp. Byz.
Coins, Nos. 379-83, Rome ; No. 399, Ravenna) and by Constantine IV (pp. cit.,
No. 95, Ravenna) which belong, approximately, to the period a. d. 654^680. On
the other hand, the treatment of the obverse bust seems to me to suggest
a later period than 680, and one may notice especially the arrangement of the
hair in straight lines on the forehead, just as we find it on the Beneventine
coins of the eighth century (gold of Romoald II and of Duke Gregory).
M. Sambon would follow those numismatists who assign these coins to
Gregory the Patrician, the governor of Africa who revolted from the Emperor
Constans II in 647, and who, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakam, struck coins
with his own effigy (see B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. xxviii n.). This
attribution is not lightly to be rejected, but it must be observed that we have
no evidence as to the African provenance of these coins, but that, if anything,
they are somewhat Italian in style, and that the obverse, and perhaps even the
reverse, seem to belong to a later date than 647.
Until further light is forthcoming, Muratori's attribution of these coins
to Duke Gregory of Beneventum may therefore, perhaps, be conveniently
retained, though it is by no means entirely satisfactory.
161
GOTTSCHALK
a. d. 739-742
Solidi and tremisses marked D £ (D = dux) may be attributed to this
duke (Sambon, Nos. 12, 13) ; they belong1 to him rather than to his prede-
cessor Gregory, because D C, seems to lead up to the ^ £ found on the coins of
the successor of Gottschalk, viz. Gisulf II.
These coins with D C, have as obverses the conventional name and bust of
Justinian II, but there are also solidi and tremisses with £ on the reverse which
bear on the obverse the name and bust of the Emperor Leo III, a.d. 717-741
(Sambon, Nos. 10, 11). These coins, which seem to be Beneventine in style,
might possibly have been struck by Duke Gregory (a. d. 732-739), but
Gottschalk is the more probable issuer because, as Sambon has pointed out, he
was for a time in alliance with the Emperor's representative at Ravenna.
162
GISULF II
a. D. 742-751
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
58-
N -8
61-6
N -75
Obverse
Reverse
Type 1
Solidus
VICTOR. ACVSTO
Cross potent, with
globus and base,
placed on three steps ;
in ex., CONOB; in
field, ^ and £. Bor-
der of dots.
DNI - - INVSPP
Bust of Justinian II,
bearded, facing ;
wears crown (above
which three pellets),
mantle, and robe ;
in r. , globus cruciger.
Border of dots.
[Purchased, 1863,
7-13-3] *
Tremissis
See Sambon, Nos. 15, 16 (with £ g).
Type 2
Solidus
DV - - INVPP
Bust of Justinian II,
bearded, facing ;
wears crown (above
which, three pellets),
mantle, and robe ; in
r., globus cruciger;
inl.,mappa.2 Border
of dots.
[de Salis gift]
ICTRV V£VSTV
Cross potent, with
globus and base,
placed on three steps;
in ex., CONOB; in
field, £ and Q. Bor-
der of dots.
Plate
xxi.
19
XXI.
20
1 Cp. Sambon, No. 14. On the attribution of Gisulf s coins see Sambon, p. 7. The
monogram ^ appears also in the form & and sometimes precedes and sometimes follows
^. Sambon explains it as containing ' the elements of the word dux ' : a more easily
interpreted monogram of dux is seen on the coins of Duke Liutprand (pp. 165, 166,
infra, and Sambon, Figs. 24-5).
2 This representation of an Imperial bust holding the mappa as well as the globus
cruciger does not occur onthe Imperial coins of Justinian II, but is first found on those
GISULF II— TREMISSIS
163
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian II, bearded, fac-
ing1 ; wears crown,
mantle, and robe ; in
r., globus cruciger;
in 1., mappa. Border
of dots.
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in ex.,
CO NOB; in field,
£ and f%. Border of
dots.
3
20-2
N
•6
DNIV- -IVSPP
VICT V£TO
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
i
20-3
N
•55
DN- -IVCPP
VICOr ViTV
[de Salis gift]
5
204
N
•55
D- -VCPP
[de Salis gift]
VICAO V^TV (ON
OB)
Plate
xxi.
21
XXI.
22
of Anastasius II (a. d. 713-716). Later emperors also hold the mappa, and it is found on
the coins of the Beneventine rulers who immediately succeeded Gisulf II, but in the
course of the reign of Arichis II the mappa is once more abandoned, permanently.
164
LIUTPRAND
a.d. 751-758
No.
Weight
20-1
Metal and
Size
AT -6
Obverse
Reverse
Period I, a.d. 751-755
(with his mother Scauniperga as regent)
Solidus
DN —...— IVNPP
Bust of Justinian II,
bearded, facing ; wears
crown, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus cru-
ciger ; in 1., mappa.
Border of dots.
VICTORV.NV^VSTV
Cross potent, with glo-
bus and base, placed
on three steps; in ex.,
CONOB; in field, S
and L (i. e. Scauniperga
and Liutprand).
N. Weight about 60 grains : see Sambon, No. 19 ;
and Martinori in Ehnsta ital. di num., 1908, p. 219.
Tremissis
DN IVNPP Bust of
Justinianll, bearded,
facing ; wears crown,
mantle, and robe ; in
r., globus cruciger;
in 1., mappa; above
crown, _ . • • _
Border of dots.
VTR.A ACVT Cross
potent, with base;
in ex., CONOB; in
field, S and L. Bor-
der of dots.
Period II, a.d. 756-757
Solidus
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian II, bearded,
facing; wears crown,
mantle, and robe ; in
r., globus cruciger ;
in 1., mappa ; above
crown, _....._
Border of dots.
Inscr. Cross potent,
withglobus and base,
on three steps ; in
ex., CONOB; in
field 1., L (i.e. Liut-
prand). Border of
dots.1
Plate
xxii. 1
1 A leaden seal with obv. and rev. types as on Nos. 2-4 and the name LIVTPRFl is
attributed by Schlumberger {Rev. num., 1905, p. 356) to the Lombard king Liutprand
(712-744), but it may rather, as M. Sambon suggests, belong to Duke Liutprand.
LIUTPEAND— SOLIDUS
165
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
o
61-9
N
•75
DN IVNPP
VICTVKV.'.VCVST
VI
[de Salis gift]
xxii . 2
3
60-5
N
•75
DM .VNVPP
VITORV V^VSTI
[de Salis gift]
xxii. 3
4
33-4
M -lb
(gilt)
DM .VNPP
VICTOR. A^VSTV
[de Salis gift] 1
xxii. 4
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Justi-
nian II, facing ; all
as on Nos. 2-4. Bor-
der of dots.
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in ex.,
CONOB; in field 1.,
L. Border of dots.
5
20-3
N
•55
DN VNPP
VITRV V^VTV
[de Salis gift]
xxii. 5
6
20-3
N
•55
DN VNPP
VI TR. V^VT
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Period III, a.d. 757-758 2
Solidus
DNI INVSPP Bust of
Justinian II, facing ;
all as on No. 1. Border
of dots.
VICTROV V^VSTV
Cross potent, with glo-
bus and base, on three
steps ; in ex., CONOB
in field r., IT^ (i. e.
L. DVX). Border of
dots.
iV. Weight about 60 gr
lins. Sambon, No. 23.
1 This coin is of bronze, but traces of gilding or gold plating are visible both on obv.
and rev. It is perhaps the identical specimen, formerly in the Reichel collection, pub-
lished by Koehne in Mim. Soc. imp. d'arch. de St.-Ptt., v. 1851, p. 341, No. 1, PI. XII. 3.
Another similar bronze ' solidus ' of Liutprand was in the Colonna collection (Sale
Catalogue, Canessa, Naples, Part i, May, 1909, lot 7). These pieces are no doubt ancient
contemporary forgeries.
2 I here follow the classification of M. Sambon, who assigns to Period III ' Monnaies
de Liutprand rebelle, avec le titre de dux, 757-758.'
166
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
19-5
Metal and
Size
N -55
Obverse
Reverse
Tremissis
D V£PP Bust of Justi-
nian II, bearded, fac-
ing ; wears crown,
mantle, and robe ; in
r., globus cruciger;
in 1., mappa; above
crown, —....,—
Border of dots.
VICTO V£TV Cross
* potent, with base ;
in ex., CONOB; in
field r., [)A (= L
DVX).1 Border of
dots.
[de Salis gift]
Plate
xxii. 6
Cp. Sambon, No. 25, a variety with D in field I., and M. in field r.
167
ARICKIS
a.d. 758-787
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
61-2
21-5
20-
N -8
N -6
N -6
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
I. As DUX (758-774)
Period I, a.d. 758 1—circ. 770
Solidus
Dl/I IVNPP Bust of
Justinian II, bearded,
facing1; wears crown,
robe, and mantle ; in
r., globus cruciger ;
in 1., mappa; above
crown, — • • • • •— .
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
VICTIR.V.:.VCVSTI
Cross potent, with
globus and base, on
three steps ; in ex. ,
COHOB; in field 1,
A(=Arichis). Bor-
der of dots.
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Jus-
tinian II, facing ; all
as on No. 1. Border
of dots.
DN VNPP
DN VNPP (above
crown, • — )
[Purchased, 1908,
7-7-1]
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in ex. ,
COHOB; in field 1.,
A. Border of dots.
VITIRV.^.VCVTI
[de Salis gift]
VTKV.'.V^VT (I I for
l/l)
xxii. 7
xxii. 8
xxii. 9
1 Sambon (Nos. 26, 27) assigns to circ. a.d. 758 a ' Monnayage anonyme ' with the
symbol of a hand ; on this coinage see infra under ' Uncertain Beneventine Coinage '.
168
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
59-
60-2
Metal and
Size
N -85
N -75
Obverse
Reverse
Period II, circ. a.d. 770-774
Solidus
Inscr. Bust (of Arichis
II ?), bearded, facing ;
wears crown with
cross, and mantle ;
in r., globus cruci-
ger.1 Plain border
in relief.
DNSVI CTORJA
[de Salis gift]
DNSVI CTORJA •
[BaronKolb coll., 1847]
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base, on three
steps ; in ex., CON
•
OB ; in field 1., A.
Plain border in re-
lief.
VICTIKV^.V^VSTV
VICTIR.V.M7CVSTI
Tremissis
19-4
Ar
•55
19-2
A
•6
19-8
A
•6
20-1
A
•6
Inscr. Bust (of Arichis
II ?), facing ; all as on
Nos. 4-5. Plain bor-
der in relief.
DNSVI— — CTORJA
DUSVI— —CTORJA
[Purchased, 1908,
7-7-2]
DNSVI CTORJA
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
DNSVI CTORJA
[Parkes "Weber gift,
1906 ; originally in
an Italian collection]
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in ex.,
CO NOB ; in field
1., A. Plain border
in relief.
VITIR.V.;.V£VTV
[Loscombe sale, 1855,
lot 957]
VITIR.V.>VCVTI (6
NOB) (A for A in
field)
VITIR.V.;.\7£VTI (C
OHOB)
vitvr.v.;.vcvtv
Plate
sin.
10
xxii
11
XXll.
12
XXll.
13
XXll.
14
xxii.
15
1 The mappa once more disappears, and is not represented again in later reigns ; cp.
note, p. 162, supra.
ARICHIS II
169
No.
Weight
10
60-3
11
12
20-
19-8
Metal and
Size
N -85
N -65
N -65
Obverse
Reverse
II. As PRINCEPS (774-787)
Solidus
DNSVI — .-CTOR.I
A Bust (of Aricliis
II ?), bearded, facing ;
wears crown with
cross, and mantle ;
in r., globus cruci-
ger. Plain border
in relief.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
VICTIRV.SPMNPI
Cross potent, with
base, on three
steps ; below cross,
C,ONO'B;infield
1., A. Plain border
in relief.
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust facing ; all
as on No. 10. Plain
border in relief.
DNSVI— — CTORJA
DNSVI— —CTORJ
A
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; below
cross> C*ONO'B;
in field 1., A. Plain
border in relief.
VITIRV.^.PRJNPI
[Purchased, 1908,
7-7-3]
VITIKV.'.PKINPI
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
Plate
xxn.
16
xsii.
17
170
GRIMOALD
May ? 788-806
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
19-3
20-3
M -65
N -65
Obverse
Reverse
Period I, a.d. 788-792
(Coinage with names of Grimoald III and
Charlemagne)
(a) with title of DVX
Solidus
CRJM— —VALX DO MS. '.CAR. Be
Cross potent, with base,
on three steps ; in ex.,
*VI CA* ; in field, C,
and R. Plain border in
relief.
(i.e. Dux) Bust of
Grimoald III, bearded,
facing ; wears crown,
with cross, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus cru-
ciger. Plain border in
relief.
N. Weight about 59 grains. Sarnbon, No. 34.
(VIC (or VI CA, on No. 1, &c.) occupies the
usual position of CO NOB : it is probably an
abbreviation of the VICTORIA introduced by
Arichis II; see supra, p. 168.)
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Gri-
moald HI, facing ;
all as on the corre-
sponding solidus
(see supra, Sambon,
No. 34).
CRIM — — VALX
[Earl of Enniskillen,
1857]
Inscr. as on No. 1.
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; originally
acquired in Naples]
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in ex.,
VI CA,; in field, C
and R (i. e. name of
Grimoald). Plain
border in relief.
DOMS/.CAR'fc (i.e.
Dominus Carolus
rex)
Inscr. as on No. 1.
Plate
XXlll.
1
GRIMOALD III
171
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(|8) without title of DVX
Solidus
CRJM— — VALD
Bust of Grimoald III,
bearded, facing;
wears crown with
cross, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus
cruciger. Plain bor-
der in relief.
DOMS.^.CAR.Bc
Cross potent, with
base, on three steps ;
in ex., *VICA'; in
field, £ and R.
3
60-5
N
•8
[de Salis gift]
xxiii.
2
4
60-6
N
•85
[J. G. Piaster, 1855]
(A, in ex., varied, as
on No. 5)
5
60-
N
•8
[J. G. Pfister, 1857]
(CVARforCAR..)(A,
in ex., varied)1
xxiii.
3
Tremissis
CRJM— -VALD
Bust of Grimoald III,
facing : all as on Nos.
3-5. Plain border in
relief.
DO MS •'. CAR.fr
Cross potent, with
• •
base; in ex., VI CA;
in field, C, and R..
Plain border in relief.
6
18-
N
• 65
(A for A)
[J. G. Pfister, 1857]
(A for A)
xxiii.
4
7
19-2
N
•65
[BaronKolb coll., 1847]
8
194
N
•6
[BaronKolb coll., 1847]
(In field 1., \f(, instead
of C, and R.2)
xxiii.
5
Denarius
9
17-8
(chipped)
M
• 7
C (i.e. Carolus
CoS Rex) within
Vc wreath.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
GVO (i- e- Gri-
ft A inoaldus)
+ !▼ L within
wreath.3
xxiii.
6
1 The solidus in Sambon, No. 38, has V? in the field of the rev. instead of (, and R.
It corresponds to the tremissis No. 8, infra.
2 Cp. note 1.
s As Sambon, No. 41 ; for other types of the denarius see Sambon, Nos. 40 and 42.
172
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
10
11
12
13
60-3
61-6
59-6
57-3
Metal and
Size
14
19-7
El. -85
AT -8
El. -85
El. -85
El. -65
Obverse
Reverse
Period II, a.d. 792-806
(Coinage with name of Grimoald III only
and title PRINCEPS)
Solidus
CRJM— —VALD
Bust of Grimoald III,
bearded, facing;
wears crown, with
cross, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus
cruciger. Border of
dots.
[Purchased, 1847,
6-19-95]
[de Salis gift]
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
(A)
VICTOR^.;. PR.INCI
P Cross potent, with
globus and base, rest-
ing on two steps;
below, C0N0.8;
in field, C aild R»
Border of dots.
(No globus ; three
steps)1 (PRJNC€
for PRINCIP)
(Ci a 8)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Tremissis
CR.IW1- —VALD
Bust of Grimoald HI,
facing : all as on Nos.
10-13. Border of
dots.
(A) (plain border in
relief)
[Purchased, 1847,
6-19-96]
VITOIW.:.PR.INCIP
Cross potent on glo-
bus and base; below,
C-ONO'B;illfield'
£ and R. Border of
dots.
(PR.INCI) (without
globus) (plain bor-
der in relief)
Plate
XX1 11.
7
XXlll.
8
xxiii.
9
XXlll.
10
1 The representation on No. 10 of the cross with base (only) and three steps is as
on the solidi, Nos. 3-5, supra. On Nos. 11-13, which may be assumed to be a little later
in issue than No. 10, the cross has both globus and base, and rests on two steps.
GRIMOALD III
173
No.
15
16
17
18
Weight
19-3
19-3
22-1
18-7
Metal and !
Size
El. -65
El. .7
M -75
M -75
Obverse
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
[Baron Kolb coll.,
1847] '
Reverse
(CON 08)
(coNoa)
Denarius
nyn (Grimoaldus)
ffA In centre, pel-
IVL let. Border of
dots.
(O for O in mon.) ;
on 1., cross; on r.,
star-like object, with
long1 stem.2
On 1., cross (wreath for
border).
BENE. .BENTV Cross
potent, with base on
two steps ; above, pel-
let ; beneath, — • — ;
in field, A and Ul.
Border of dots.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
("Wreath for border)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Plate
XXlll.
11
XXlll.
12
XXlll.
13
1 There is a curious variety of these tremisses reading on the obv. AMAND ...
PFAV : see Promis, Monete di zecche italiane, Turin, 1867, p. 14, PL 1. 7 = Sambon, No. 45.
2 Cp. Sambon, No. 47, where it is described as a ' une cornete ' or ' un ostensoir ? '
[ostensorium, monstrance]. Cp. the similar object on a denarius of Adelchis, infra,
PL XXV. 6.
174
GRIMOALD IV, Princeps
a.d. 806-817
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Denarius1
CRJMOALDFILIVSER.
MENRJH. Ornament
formed of an ear of
corn, two ivy-leaves,
and stem. Border of
dots.
ARCHANCELV8MIC
HAEL. Cross pattee,
radiate. Border of
dots.2
1
22-1
M -65
(CRIN for CRIM)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
xxiii.
14
1 The absence of a gold coinage is remarkable, because Grimoald's reign was of some
length, and both his predecessor and successor issued gold solidi and tremisses. The
simplest supposition is that the numerous gold coins of Grimoald Ill's latest issue
(a.d. 792-806) continued to supply the currency of Grimoald IV.
It is, indeed, natural to ask whether among the gold coins assigned to Grimoald III
there may not be some that belong to Grimoald IV; but an examination of the gold
pieces bearing the name of Grimvald (latest issue) will show that they are all so much
of one style that there are no rational criteria for dividing them between the two kings
of this name.
Still, it may be by an accident that Grimoald IV's gold has not come down to us ; and
that he was no servile imitator of the coins of his predecessor is shown by his selection of
new types for his denarius and by his inscribing upon it the name of the archangel
Michael. His successor Sico retained this Archangelus Michael legend on his silver coins,
and on his gold solidi placed not only the name but also the full-length figure of the
archangel. If Grimoald IV struck solidi it may be conjectured that they bore a similar
' figure of St. Michael, though on his denarius — as we know — only the name of the arch-
angel appeared.
2 The type of the rev. may, conceivably, have been suggested by the star or flower
type of the tremisses of the Lombard king Desiderius (dethroned A.D. 774 ; PI. XX. 12),
and the legend Archangelus Michael by the Scs. Mihdhil of the Lombard regal coinage.
But in neither case can there have been more than a suggestion, and the obv. type is
original, or at any rate new, on the coins. This curious design (PI. XXIII. 14-17) has been
described as a trident with an ear of corn, as a flower, and even as an anchor. The best
view may be that it is a stylized representation of an ear of corn and ivy leaves (cp.
Sambon, No. 49; Keary, Coinages of W. Europe, p. 100. On the denarii of Prince
Radelchis I (a.d. 839-851), described infra, the type or a variation of it reappears;
PL XXV. 2, 3).
GRIMOALD IV
175
No.
"Weight
21-1
(chipped)
16-5
(broken)
204
18-8
Metal and
Size
M -7
M -65
M -65
Obverse
(AL for AL)
(CRJM .. . DFIL
MENRIHI.)
[Baron Kolb coll., 1847]
(GRJMOALDFILVSER.
MENRJHI.) (stem of
Y form)
M -75 (CRJMOADFILIVSER
MENRIHI.) (stem of
Y form)
Reverse
S for 3)
Samuel Smith sale,
London, May, 1908,
lot 138J
(ARC HAH.... 3 Ml
AEL.)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
(ARCHANCELV2MI
CHAEL.)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Plate
xxm.
15
xxm.
16
xxm.
17
176
SI CO, Princeps
a.d. 817-832
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
1
2
59-7
58-
59-
20-4
Obverse
Reverse
Solidus
Inscr. Bust of Sico,
bearded, facing1;
wears crown with
cross, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus
cruciger. Plain bor-
der in relief.
EL -85 SICO— — PRINCES
[de Salis gift]
AT -85
El. -85
{pale)
N -65
SICOP— — RJNC6S;
in field r., ▲
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
(All as on No. 2)
Inscr. The archangel
Michael, winged,
standing facing ; in
r., long cross with
crooked head ' ; in
1., globus cruciger;
below, towards 1.,
CO NO. Plain bor-
der in relief.
ARCHAN£€LVS Ml
CHA6L
ARCHANSeLVS Ml
HA£L (ONO); be-
neath, type, ▲
(All as on No. 2)
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906 ; originally in
an Italian coll.]
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Sico,
facing ; as on No. 1.
SICO— —PR.INC6S;
in field r., pellet.
Plain border in re-
lief.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base ; in field,
S and C (i.e. Sico).
AR.CHAN£€LV.:.S
MICHA6L.; inscr.
beginning beneath
type : a pellet at
each end of base.
Plain border in re-
lief.
Plate
XXIV.
1
xxiv.
2
xxiv.
3
1 Evidently derived from P, part of XP, the name of Christ.
SICO— TREMISSIS ; DENARIUS
177
No. Weight
18-6
194
10
16-6
18-8
19-9
19-8
11
19-8
Metal and
Size
El. -65
El. -65
JR -7
M -65
M -75
JR -7
M -75
12
19-6
M -65
Obverse
SICO— —PRJNC6S;
in field r., A. Border
of dots.
[Purchased, 1862,
4-15-5J
SICO— —PRINCES;
in field r., A. Bor-
der of dots.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Reverse
.;. AR.CHAN£€LVSM
ICHA6L; inscr. begin-
ning on r.; on 1. of
cross, pellet. Plain
border in relief.
(} and 3 for S and C)
AKCHAN£€LVSM
ICHA6LA; inscr.
beginning on r. Bor-
der of dots.
Denarius
PMNCESBENEBEN
Tl
(i.e. Sico).
Border of dots.
Inscr. begins at top ;
pellet in centre.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
Inscr. begins at bottom ;
pellet in centre.
[Parkes "Weber gift,
1906]
Inscr. begins atbottom ;
pellet in centre,
[de Salis gift]
(+ for •) inscr. begins
at top ; in centre and
each angle of cross,
pellet.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
(PRJH for PRJN)
inscr. begins at top ;
in lower r. angle of
cross, pellet.
[Baron KolbcolL, 1847]
(PR.IHCESBENIBEN
Tl) inscr. begins at
top ; in upper r.
angle of cross, pellet,
[de Salis gift]
Inscr. Cross potent,
with base, on two
steps. Borderofdots.
ARCHAISE LVSMIC
HAEL* ; inscr. begins
at top ; in field, pel-
let r. and 1.
ANCNANCELVSMI
CNACL. ; inscr. be-
gins at top ; in field,
pellet r. and. 1.
ANCNANCELVSMIC
NACL« ; inscr. begins
at top ; in field, pel-
let r. and 1.
AR.CHANCELVSMIH
AEL; inscr. begins at
top; in field, pellet
r. and 1.
AR.CHAN£€LVSMIC
HA€L»; inscr. begins
at top; in field 1.,
pellet.
ARCHAN£€LVSMIC
HA€L« ; inscr. begins
at bottom; in field
1., pellet.
a a
Plate
XXIV.
4
XXIV.
5
XXIV.
6
XXIV.
7
XXIV.
8
178
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
13
17-3
14
19-
15
17-2
Metal and
Size
M -65
2R -7
M -7
16
154
M -65
Obverse
(PR.IH for PR.IN; ▲
for •, and +) inscr.
begins at top ; in
lower 1. angle of
cross, star.
[Samuel Smith sale,
London, 1908, lot
138]
(A for •, and +) inscr.
begins at top ; in
lower r. angle of
cross, star.
[J.G. Pfister, 1855]
(PRJH for PR.IN; ▲
for •, and +) inscr.
begins at top ; pellet
in centre ; in lower
r. angle of cross, star.
(PR.IHCESBENEBEHM
IT) ; inscr. begins at
top ; (/ instead of •)
Reverse
AR.CHAN£€LVSMIC
H AG LA ; inscr. be-
gins at bottom ; in
field 1., pellet.
AR.CHANC€LVSMIC
HACLA ; inscr. be-
gins at bottom.
AR.CHANCCLVSMIC
HA€L. ; inscr. begins
at bottom.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
AR.CHANCCLVSMIC
HAG LA ; inscr. be-
gins at bottom.
[BaronKolb coll., 1847]
Plate
xxiv.
9
179
SICARDUS, Princeps
a.d. 832— July 839
No.
Weight
54-
58-8
58-2
52-2
id)
18-
19-2
18-4
Metal and
Size
El. -9
El. -9
El. -9
M -9
(or El.)
El. -65
El. -65
El. -65
Obverse
Reverse
Solidus
SIC— —AR.DV.
Bust of Sicardus r,
bearded, facing1;
wears crown with
cross, robe, and
mantle ; in r., glo-
bus cruciger; in field
r., A. Border of dots.
Two pellets above
head.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
[Parkes Weber gift,
1 906 ; from an Italian
source]
[BaronKolb coll., 1847]
VICTOR.V+ PRJNCI
Cross potent, with
base, on two steps ;
below, CON 08; in
field, S and I (i.e.
name of Sicardus).
Border of dots.
[Purchased, 1849,
6-28-2]
(. for V)
(• for V)
Tremissis
SIC— —AR.DV.
Bust of Sicardus
facing, as on Nos.
1-4 ; in field r., A.
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
(A)
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
VICTORT.VPRJNCI
Cross potent, with
base ; below, CON
09 ; in field, S and
I. Border of dots.
(A)
(coNoa)
Plate
xxiv.
10
XXIV.
11
xxiv.
12
180
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Be verse
Plate
Denarius
+ PRJNCeB€N6B6NT
S«H (i.e. Sicard)
Border of dots.
.A.RCHANC€LVniC
HA€L» Cross potent,
with base, on two
steps ; in field, r. and
1., pellet. Border of
dots.
8
19-2
M -7
Pellet in centre.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
xxiv.
13
9
174
M -65
Pellet in centre (D for
BO
[de Salis gift]
xxiv.
14
1 The letter B is intended, which on No. 8 is formed as D with a horizontal stroke.
181
RADELCHIS
a.d. 839-851
No.
Weight
53-
Metal and
Size
El. -9
{pale)
Obverse
Reverse
Solidus
RAD — —6LCHIS
Bust of Radelchis I,
bearded, facing-;
wears crown with
cross, mantle, and
robe ; in r., globus
cruciger ; in field r.,
▲ Border of dots.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
•:• ARCHANCe T ni
CHA€L« Crosspotent,
with base, on two
steps ; in field, R
and A (i.e. Radel-
chis). Borderof dots.
Denarius
Type 1
See Sambon, No. 64. The obv. has the
letters RADEL attached to a cross (as on the
denarius of Sicardus) ; on rev. Cross potent, on
steps.
Type 2
See Sambon, No. 65, and Colonna Sale Cat.
(Naples ; Canessa), 1909, p. 3, No. 28. Similar
monogrammatic cross with letters R. A DEL. On
rev. Cross potent, on steps, and inscr. RAD6LC
HIS PRINC6S.
Plate
XXV. 1
182
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Type 3
Inscr. Ornament
formed of an ear of
corn and two ivy-
leaves on stalks bent
downwards.1 Border
of dots.
Inscr. Cross pattee,
radiate. Border of
dots.
2
16-5
M -75
R.AD€LCIHSPRJ>NC€
PS.
[de Salis gift]
ARHANCCmiCHAe
L.
xxv. 2
3
18-8
M .7
R.AD6LCHISPR.NIC6
PS.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
AR>CHANC,€T1ICHA
€L.
xxv. 3
1 Compare the nearly similar type on denarii of Grimoald IV (a.d. 806-817),
described supra, p. 174.
183
RADELGARIUS, Princeps
a.d. 851-853
Of the son and successor of Radelchis I no coins are known.
ADELCHIS, Princeps
a.d. 853-878
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
A. With name of Adelchis only.
Denarius '
Type 1
With pD iki on oov- an<i Cross radiate on rev.
Sambon, No. 68 ; Papadopoli in Rivista ital.
di num., 1894, p. 306.
Type 2
On obv. Cross on steps and inscr. ADELHIS
PR.INCE ; on rev. Cross with two rosettes, &c.
Sambon, No. 69.
Plate
1 Adelchis is not known to have struck any coins in gold. In his reign, or a little
earlier, we find frequent mention in the contracts of Salerno of the gold money of
earlier Bene ventine rulers ; e.g. Pretium a uri figurati solidi ex monetis domni Sicardi
veteri. — Boni tremissi ex monetis domni Arechis : see Sambon, op. cit., pp. 24 f.
184
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse Reverse
Plate
Type 31
+ SANCTAMAR.IA
P
In centre, A D L
R.
(i.e. Adelchis Prin-
ceps). Border of
dots.
+AR.HANKELVniH
Cross pattee. Bor-
of dots.
1
16-6
M -75
[Purchased, 1908,
10-8-5]
xxv. 4
Type 4
With cruciform monogram of St. Maria on
obv. ; on rev. Cross potent on steps. Inscr.
Sambon, No. 71.
Type 52
+ADEI_gSIPR.INCE
Cross pattee,bet ween
A and UJ. Border
of dots.
+AR.HANC,ELVSniH
A |
In centre, n-4"A
(i.e. Sancta Maria).
Border of dots.
0
13-6
(chipped)
-R -8
[Purchased, 1908,
10-8-3]
xxv. 5
Type 6
Obv. Temple and AC
Cross on steps and SCA
Sambon, No. 74.
)ELCHIS PR.IN. Rev.
MARIA.
1 Sambon, No. 70.
2 Sambon, No. 72 ; cp. No. 73.
ADELCHIS -DENARIUS
185
No.
Weight
18-3
Metal and
Size
M -75
Obverse
Reverse
Type 7'
• BENE. .BENTV
Cross potent, with
base, on two steps ;
in field, n and H
(i. e. Michael) ; be-
neath, —...— . Bor-
der of dots.
/fS*C (name of
£™™J Adelchis) ; on
IL S 1., cross pat-
tee ; on r. , star-like
object with long
stem.2 Border of
dots.
[Purchased, 1908,
" 10-8-4]
B. With names of Adelchis and the Emperor
Louis II.
Dec. 866— Aug. 871 3
Denarius
(a) Obv. LVDOVICVSIMPE Ornament (cp.
Radelchis I, p. 182, supra) formed of ear of corn
and two ivy-leaves on stalks bent downwards,
between A and R. (Archangelus). Rev. AD EL
HISPRJNCE3 Patriarchal cross between M
and H (Michael).
Sambon, No. 76.
I
(b) Obv. v ^i^v 5 Rei'- with ARHANCE
MIHAEL, and in centre, ADEL
R.
Sambon, ]Slo. 77.
There are also denarii struck at Beneventum
with the names of Louis II and his wife
Angilberga.
Sambon, Nos. 78-87.
Hate
xxv. e
1 Sambon, No. 75.
2 The same object is found on a denarius of Griinoald III, supra, p. 173, No. 17,
PI. XXIII. 12, which has evidently suggested the types of both sides of the present coin
(No. 3).
3 These dates respectively refer to the submission of Adelchis at Beneventum to the
invading emperor Louis II and to the capture and imprisonment of Louis by Adelchis.
i:b
186
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
C. With the navies of Adelchis and
Pope John VIII
Lire. a.i>. 875 '
Denarius
Obv. ADEL£I«PR.H, and in centre cruciform
monogram composed of IOH A. Rev. SCAMR
(Sancta Maria) written across the field ; above
and below, a rosette.
Sambon, No. 88.
Plate
1 When the Pope was endeavouring to bring the Lombard states under his
suzerainty.
187
GAI DERIS, Princeps
a.d. 878-881
Denarius
Obv. Monogranimatic cross with letters of £AIDER.I PR.IN. Rev. Mono-
granimatic cross with letters of S MARIA.
Sambon, No. 89 ; Promis, Monete di zecche italiane, 1867, p. 19, PI. I. 14.
RADELCHIS II, Princeps (First Reign)
a.d. 881-884
Denarius
Obv. Monogranimatic cross with the letters of R.ADELHIS PR.IN.
Rev. SCAMAR.IA and monogrammatic cross with MIHA (Michael Arch-
angelus).
Sambon, No. 90.
AIO, Princeps
a.d. 884-890
The only coin known of this prince is a denarius of base alloy with
obc. Monogrammatic cross with letters AIO PR.; and rev. Cross potent on
steps between A and UJ.
Sambon, No. 91 ; Promis, Monete di zecche italiane, 1867, p. 20, PI. II. 16.
188
INTERREGNUM
a.d. 890-897
Beneventan coins probably ceased to be issued during- the greater part
of this period, but an anonymous denarius is attributed by Sambon (No. 92) to
Bishop Peter, governor of the town in 897.
RADELCHIS II (Second Reign)
A.D.
897-899
Apparently issued no coins. On the expulsion of Radelchis in 899 the
Beneventans acknowledged Atenolf, lord of Capua, as their prince (a. d. 900-
910). Some small silver coins (half denarii ?) bearing simply SC A on the obv.
and MAR. on the rev. (=Sancta Maria) have been assigned to the period of his
rule at Beneventum (Sambon, Nos. 93, 94).
189
UNCERTAIN BENEVENTAN COINAGES
No.
Weight
674
Metal and
Size
N -75
Obverse
Reverse
? Reign of GRIMOALD I, a.d. 647-662
Solidus
.— NCON 77 WAT I
NO VAT Bust of Con-
stans II (on 1.) with
long- beard and mous-
tache and smaller
bust of Constan-
tine IV, beardless,
each facing and wear-
ing paludamentum
and cuirass, and
crown with globus
cruciger ; between
them, small cross.
Border of dots.
[Sale of Cav. J. P.
Campana of Rome,
London, Sotheby's,
1846, lot 1367]
VATNI- T 1 VAT
Mr Cross potent, with
base, on three steps;
on 1., Heraclius; on
r. , Tiberius ; each is
beardless, stands fac-
ing, wears long robes
and crown with
cross, and holds in r.
globus cruciger ;
beneath, CO NOB.
Border of dots. .
This coin closely resembles a solidus of the
Emperor Constans II assigned in B. ML C,
Imp. Byz. Coins (p. 306, No. 378, PI. XXXV. 3),
to the mint of Rome, a. d. 659-668, and there
would be no difficulty in assigning it to the
same mint were it not for the gross blundering
of the inscriptions (representing Dn. Constan-
tinus et Constant. PP. Au. on the obv. and
Victoria Augu on the rev.) which seems to pre-
clude Rome, and renders Beneyentum at this
early period a not unlikely mint-place.
Slate
xxv. 7
190
IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
No.
Weight
66-
oo.
Metal and
Size
N -75
El. -55
Obverse
Reverse
? Reigns of ROMOALD I (662-687)
GRIMOALD II (687-689)
GISULF I (689-706)
Solidus
Plate
VICTRA VNATO
Cross potent, with
base, on three steps ;
in ex., CO NOB and
+. Border of dots.
•DNCO V SPP/
Bust of Constan-
tine IV, bearded,
facing, wears cuirass,
diadem, and helmet
with crest ; in r.,
spear held trans-
versely; in 1., shield
with horseman de-
vice. Border of dots.
[Purchased, 1904,
10-8-36]
Compare B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, 'Con-
stantine IV,' Nos. 13-17, Constantinople, and
No. 77, Rome ; date, circ. a. d. 670-685. The
minute dots of the border and the rough relief
of the types point to Rome and Southern Italy,
but the blundering of the legends renders
Beneventum a more likely mint-place than
Rome.
Tremissis
Inscr. Bust of Con-
stantinelVr., beard-
less, wearing dia-
dem, paludamentum,
and cuirass. Border
of dots.
ICONT. <TOINAV
[Purchased, 1863,
7-11-56]
Inscr. Cross
with base,
of dots.
potent,
Border
VIITOIIII IVIITII ; in
ex., COHO j in field
r.,6
xxv. 8
xxv. 9
UNCERTAIN BENEVENTAN
191
No.
Weight
21-7
62-6
194
Metal and
Size
N -55
A -8
A -6
Obverse
Reverse
■DIDOAIT-ll±-|OPI
ir
[de Salis gift]
vnroAi
in ex.,
field i\,
[l?]TOIir;
rOJ.0 ; in
0
Compare the similar tremisses in B. M. C,
Imp. Byz. Coins, ' Constantine IV,' Nos. 78-
86, assigned to the Roman mint ; but here
again the blundered legends of our Nos. 3 and 4
may be held to preclude an attribution to Rome.
Period of GISULF II (742-751)
Solidus
DNI -...- INVS
PP Bust of Justi-
nian II, bearded, fac-
ing ; wears crown,
mantle, and robe ; in
r. , globus cruciger ;
in 1. , mappa. Border
of dots.
[Montagu sale, Paris,
1896,lot 1291; found
at Benevento]
VICTOR. VCVSTO
Cross potent, on
globe and four steps ;
beneath, CO NOB ;
in field 1., open right
hand. Border of
dots.
Tremissis
DNI- -IVSPP Bust
of Justinian II, fac-
ing ; all as on No. 5,
but without mappa
and no pellets above
crown. Border of
dots.
[J. G. Pfister, 1855]
VICT VCTO Cross
potent, with base ;
beneath, CONOB ;
in field r., open left
hand; in field 1,
pellet. Border of
dots.
Plate
XXV.
10
XXV.
11
XXV.
12
No. 5 probably came from the hoard of Beneventan gold coins discovered
at Benevento about the year 1878 (see Capobianchi in Rivista itul. di num.,
1892, p. 88 ; cp. Photiades, Cat., 'Monn. byzantines,' Paris, 1890, No. 370, PI. I.
370, apparently our No. 5). Sambon (Nos. 26 and 27) would assign the solidi
and tremisses of this class — the chief characteristic of which is the hand
symbol on the rev. — to about the year 758, and Capobianchi (Joe. cit.~)
attributes them to the reign of Duke Liutprand, a.d. 751-758.
It cannot be doubted that this dating is near the mark, but I think
it may be shown on numismatic grounds that the coins should be placed some
DNI
INVSPP
D[N]
INVPP
DNI
INVSPP
DN
IVNPP
DN
IVNPP
192 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM
few years earlier than 758 or 751, and even that their exact position, or at any
rate the position of the solidus, is between the first and second coinages of
Gisulf II (PL XXI. 19, 20 ; p. 162, supra). In the case of the solidus (No. 5)
this may be shown as follows : —
i. From a comparison of the obv. legend with that on other Beneventan
solidi of the eighth century.
Duke Gisulf II (Type 1)
(Type 2)
Uncertain Beneventan solidus (No. 5)
Duke Liutprand (usual legend)
Duke Arichis II (first coinage, a. d. 758)
If the solidus (No. 5) were inserted between Liutprand and Arichis,
circ. 758, as proposed by Sambon, it would break the sequence of the
legends, i.e. DN INVSPP would come between coins reading DN
IVNPP. (One coin of Liutprand, however, reads DNI INVSPP.)
ii. Style. — The solidus on the obv. closely resembles the solidus of the
first coinage of Gisulf II (PL XXI. 1 9), but it is not quite so rough in
appearance as the second coinage of the same duke (PL XXI. 20), or
as the solidi of his successors, Liutprand and Arichis II. In colour,
moreover, it approximates to that of the first solidus of Gisulf II
iiii. Type. — The solidus, though in style like the first coinage of Gisujf II,
has the obv. type of his second coinage, i.e. the figure holds the
mappa in addition to the globus. Its place is, therefore, between the
two coinages.
Similar arguments apply to the tremissis (No. 6), except that it would
seem to be slightly earlier than the solidus (No. 5), because it has
the obv. type of the first coinage of Gisulf II (bust with globus and
without mappa).
But though the approximate date of issue of these coins may npt be
doubtful, i. e. it must be some time between 742 and 751 (the extreme dates
of the reign of Gisulf II), it would, perhaps, be rash to assert that the issuer
was Gisulf himself, though I regard this as very probable. The clue to the
issuer is doubtless given by the symbol of the hand on the rev., which here
takes the place of the letter or letters which are regularly inserted for the
purpose of recording the issuer's name (e.g. L on coins of Liutprand, C on
those of Gisulf, &c). But the precise significance of the hand is unfortunately
obscure. All that we can say, perhaps, is that it appears to be a Lombard
emblem ; at any rate, it occasionally occurs on the Lombard regal coins as early
as the time of Cunincpert, a. d. 688-700, and is also found on coins of King
Liutprand, a. d. 712-744. If we might regard the hand as distinctly the badge
of Lombard kings — and this is very doubtful — we might bring it into con-
nexion with King Liutprand who, in 742, visited Beneventum and installed
Gisulf II as Duke. But, on the whole, it seems best for the present to leave
the issuer's name uncertain.
V.
COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF
THESSALONICA
a. d. 1222— 1243 (1246)
THEODORE Angelus Comnenus Ducas
1222-1230
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver Nomisma (Scyphate)
Inscr. Theodore An-
gelus, bearded, on
l.,and St. Demetrius,
beardless,onr.,stand-
ing facing, holding
between them long
cross ornamented
with O, •, and A ;
on r. and 1. of base
of cross, a star.
Theodore wears
crown, tunic, and
sash with stellate
ornament ; his r.
hand placed on heart.
St. Demetrius wears
nimbus, military
cloak, and cuirass,
and holds in 1. drawn
sword. Two borders
of dots.
IC xc
r ft K Christ,bearded,
seated, facing, on
throne without back ;
wears nimbus (orna-
mented with radiat-
ing lines and with •
and •*), mantle, and
tunic, and holds in 1.
book of Gospels.1
1 This coin has usually been assigned to Theodore II ('III ') Duoas Lasoans, Emperor
of Nicaea (see Marchant, Lettres, p. 357 ; De Saulcy, Essai de class., PL 31. 7 ; Sabatier,
ii, p. 296, No. 4, PL 65. 5 ; Windisch-Gratz, Cat, p. 31, No. 347), and there are, at least,
no decisive objections to this attribution. I am, however, inclined to assign the coin to
C c
194
V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA
No.
Weight
41-9
(pierced)
40-7
(pierced)
Metal and
Size
,51 1-05
M 1-1
75-5
M 1-2
Obverse
Reverse
(K obscure)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-406]
[de Salis gift]
On 1., eeOAUUPOCAB
KAC (some letters
indistinct) ; on r.,
OA[rHOC?]AHM
HTPO (letters care-
lessly formed)
(Tracesof similar inscr.
to No. 1 ; ends H M
HTP O); stars ob-
scure ; sash orna-
mented with cross
and squares.
Bronze Nomisma (Scyphate)
Type 1
Plate
XXVI.
1
Inscr. Theodore An-
gelus, bearded, on 1. ,
and St. Demetrius,
bearded, on r. , stand-
ing facing. Theo-
dore wears crown,
mantle, and tunic ;
places r. hand on
heart and holds in 1.
sword. The Saint
wears nimbus, cloak,
and cuirass, and
holds in 1. drawn
sword. Two borders.
reeioAuupoc on 1. ;
OArHOC[AHM?j
on r. (type double-
struck)
Inscr. Bust of Christ,
beardless, facing,
wearing nimbus cru-
ciger with '•*, tunic,
and mantle.
XXVI.
2
IC XC
€ N S
[Ml M [A] H
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1111]'
XXVI.
3
Theodore Angelus because (i) we have no silver nomismata of his reign, while
Theodore II is already provided with at least one type of the silver nomisrna ;
(ii) Demetrius is the patron-saint of Thessalonica, while Theodore II especially honours
St. Tryphon ; (iii) the treatment of the figures on the obv., the representation of the
nimbus of Christ, &c, differ from what we find on the coins of Theodore II. But the
attribution can hardly be settled satisfactorily without evidence as to provenance.
The rev. inscr. has been explained by Svoronos (Journ. int. oVArch. ~Num., ii, p. 387)
as an abbreviation of '\rjcrovs Xpiaros efs ayios Kvpws.
1 The identical specimen described by Sabatier (ii, p. 298, No. 11, PI. 65. 12), who
has preferred to attribute it to Theodore II (' III ') of Nicaea.
THEODORE— BRONZE
195
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
53-2
(pierced)
M 1-15
Obverse
Reverse
Type 2
[KOMNHN
OC O AS
KAC]1
6 6
OAOI
[PIOC
rajec
noiT
[hc?]
The Emperor Theodore
standing facing,
holding in r. labaru m ,
in 1. globus cruciger ;
wears crown, robe,
and mantle. Border.
Bust of the Saviour
(Emmanuel) facing,
beardless ? ; wears
nimbus and drapery ;
r. hand blessing ;
[1. holding globus
cruciger ?] ; in field,
ic A rxci
* and L*J
Border.
Plate
[de Salis gift]
Bronze (flat fabric)
Inscr. Bust of Theo-
dore Angelus on 1.
and bust of St. Deme-
trius on r., both fac-
ing ; between them
cross crosslet, adorn-
ed with crescent and
•, placed on steps.
The Emperor wears
crown and drapery ;
and holds in 1. volu-
men. St. Demetrius
holds in r. sword,
in 1. shield. Border
of dots.
+ ee
OAOIPOC
aecnoT
HCOAOV
KAC
Border of dots.
XXVI.
4
1 The last three -words of the inscr. are nearly obliterated, but the coin may be
compared with Sabatier, ii, p. 301, No. 1, PI. 66. 7 ; with Photiades, Cat., No. 634,
which is described as similar to Sabatier's PL 66. 7 ; and with Photiades, No. 635.
(Some specimens have the word €MMAN5HA on the rev.) The attribution to this
Theodore in preference to either of the two Theodores who were Emperors of Nicaea is
due to Marchant (Lettres, ed. 1851, p. 348, No. 2, and p. 357). A concave bronze coin is
attributed in Photiades, Cat, No. 636, to this Theodore reading on obv. 06OAOPOC (sic)
A8 and with the type of the Emperor and St. Michael standing ; rev. Christ seated
facing. The possibility of its being of Theodore II of Nicaea is not to be overlooked.
The small bronze coin attributed by Pfaffenhoffen in Rev. Num., 1865, p. 291 , PI. XII. 5,
to this Theodore would seem, if correctly described, rather to belong to Theodore II
of Nicaea. It has obv. [0€O]AUL)POC A€CnOTHC Theodore standing holding cross
and volumen, and rev. Lis. Cp. the lis on coins of Theodore II of Nicaea. The bronze
nomisma in Sabatier, ii, p. 302, No. 2, PI. 66. 8 (originally published by Sabatier in
196
V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
M -85
M -9
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
5
6
62-7
30-8
(worn)
e€OAUJPOCA€Conl.;
AriOCAIMI onr.
(Inscr. illegible)
[Doubleday purchase,
1849, 7-17-444]
[Sale at Sotheby's,
20 Dec, &c, 1852,
lot 169]
(Inscr. as above, but
written thus : —
+0€
OZHJUPOC
TOnC€A
voaocH
[K]AC)
xxvi.
5
The numismatists who have published specimens of these coins have assigned
them to Theodore II (' III ') Ducas Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea (see Marchant,
Lettres, p. 357, No. 3 ; de Saulcy, Essai de class., PI. 31. 8 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 297,
No. 7, PI. 65. 8 ; Thomsen, Cat, p. 67, No. 839). Preference should, however,
perhaps, be given to Theodore Angelus Ducas of Thessalonica, partly on
account of the presence of St. Demetrius, the patron saint of Thessalonica.
No one has commented on the curious fact that the obv. type (two busts
and cross crosslet) and the rev. consisting entirely of an inscription are
characteristic — at least so far as coins are concerned — of a considerably earlier
age than the period of Theodore II (1254-1258) or even than that of Theodore
Angelus (1222-1230). The latest occurrence on coins of types like these is,
so far as I know, to be found under the Emperor Nicephorus HI, Botaniates,
a. -d. 1078-1081 (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 537, PL 63. 8), though a coin of
Alexius m, a. d. 1195-1203 (B. M. C, op. cit., PI. 73. 13) has types of a not very
dissimilar character. Judging from the types, then, we should expect our
coins (Nos. 5, 6) to belong to some ruler of the eleventh or twelfth centuries
rather than to one of the thirteenth century. Thus, the pretender Theodore
Mankaphas (B. M. C, op. cit., p. lxvi ; A. Meliaraki, lor. Bacr. NiKaias, pp. 13,
23, 44) who struck coins (according to Niketas, silver coins) during his
rebellion in 1189, and later, might conceivably have issued money with such
types, but we have no reason to suppose that he assumed the surname Ducas
which figures on our coins.
We are thrown back, then, on Theodore II Ducas Lascaris of Nicaea, and
Theodore Angelus Ducas of Thessalonica, and, of the two, Theodore Angelus,
as the earlier in date, is perhaps to be preferred ; and it has already been
suggested that the Saint (Demetrius) is somewhat more appropriate for his
coins than for those of Theodore II Ducas Lascaris.
Revue beige, 1859, p. 320, PI. 11. 10) attributed to this Theodore, is in the British Museum
and is described, infra, among the coins of Theodore II of Nicaea.
If the reading of the name Theodore on the M published by Sestini, Descriz. . . .
Mus. Hedervariano, 1830, iv, p. 118, No. 87 (cp. Sestini, Descr. Num. Vet., p. 123, No. 113
= Mionnet, Suppl., iii, p. 172, No. 1110), is to be relied on we should have a coin of
Theodore resembling in its main details the coin of his successor Manuel described,
infra, p. 198, No. 2, PI. XXVI. 7, i. e. obv. the Emperor and St. Demetrius and the name of
Thessalonica flOAIC ; rev. St. Michael.
197
MANUEL Angelus Comnenus Ducas
a.d. 1230-1232
No. : Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver Nomisma (Scyphate)1
i
Inscr. Manuel Angelus
IC XC Bust of Christ
bearded, on 1., and
[bearded] facing ;
the Virgin, on r.,
wears nimbus cru-
standing facing.
ciger, mantle, and
Manuel wears crown,
tunic, and holds in 1.
mantle, tunic, and
book of Gospels; r.
sash with stellate
in benediction. Bor-
ornament, and holds
der.
in r. long cross, in 1.
yolumen. The Vir-
gin wears nimbus,
veil (with •*•), tunic,
and mantle, and with
r. crowns the Em-
peror ; 1. on heart ;
above, Pf? ; in field
r., 6V. Border.
i
26-2
M 1-05
MANSHAA€Cn
(Some letters indis-
tinct) double-struck.
[de Salis gift] 2
xxvi.
6
1 The gold nomisma (rev. Christ seated) assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 303, No. 1,
PI. 66. 9) to Manuel Angelus is probably a coin (silver gilt?) of Theodore I Lascaris,
Emperor of Nieaea : see infra under ' Theodore I ', p. 206, note 3.
2 The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No. 9, PI. 65. 10, who
has assigned it to Theodore II ('III') Ducas, Emperor of Nieaea, reading on the dbv.
06OAUUPOC (on 1.) and A8KAC (on r.). But of the word AOKAC I cannot detect
the slightest trace, nor can 06OAULIPOC be regarded as correct, for the first letter of
the legend is certainly M or N- Though the letters are minute and blurred through
double-striking the legend may, I think, be fairly read as MAN8HA (or MANOVA?)
A€Cn. There is no legend on the right of the dbv. except 6V.
Cp. a bronze coin published by Baron de Koehne {Rev. beige, 1881, p. 351, PI. 16. 20)
with 360AUJ . . . VKAC ; but the reproduction does not seem very satisfactory.
198
V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Bronze Nomisma
Type 1
[MAN5HA A€CTTO
St. Michael, the arch-
THC] [OAriOC AH
MHTPIOC?] The
angel, winged, stand-
ing facing ; on 1. and
Emperor Manuel (on
r. of head, -j ;
1.) and St. Demetrius
(on r.) seated facing
wears nimbus, short
on throne, holding
military tunic, and
between them, glo-
cloak; holds ?
bus cruciger ? ;
above,
TTOA[K]
eecrcj
AAO
N 1 K 1
The Emperor wears
crown, mantle, and
robe, and holds in r.
sceptre. St. Deme-
trius wears nimbus,
robe, and mantle,
and holds in r. sword ?
2
38-
M 1-15
Concave ; pressed flat.
(Double -struck ; and
xxvi.
[Parkes Weber gift,
the whole coin per-
7
1906]
haps re-struck on
older types) l
Tyj
e 2
Inscr. The Emperor
IC XC Bust of Christ,
Manuel, bearded,
beardless, facing ;
standing facing,
wears mantle and
holding in r. long
tunic, and nimbus
cross, in 1. globus
cruciger with • in
1 Cp. Sabatier, ii, p. 303, Nos. 3 and 4. PI. 66. 11 and 12 ; Photiades, Cat., No. 640;
de Saulcy in Rev. mem., 1842, p. 416, PL 20. 1. According to de Saulcy (I. c.) the object
held by the Emperor and the Saint is ' un edifice surmonte de trois tours ', the TTOAIC of
Thessalonica. If Sestini's description may be relied on the type was initiated by
Manuel's predecessor, Theodore (see under Theodore, note, p. 196, siipra).
It may be mentioned that a representation of the Civitas Thessalonicarum occurs on
a seal of Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat ; Schlumberger, Me'langes d"arch., i, p. 57.
MANUAL— BRONZE NOMISMA
199
No.
Weight
46-
54.
Metal and
Size
M 1-05
M 1-15
30-7
(pierced)
JE 1.
Obverse
cruoiger ; wears
crown, tunic, sash,
and mantle. Border
of dots.
MANVHAA (rest of
inscr. obliterated)
*•* on sash. Con-
cave.
MAN.VHA A . .
TT . . . . >j6 on sash.
Concave.
Reverse
limbs of cross; r.hand
blessing ; 1. holds
book of Gospels.
Border of dots.1
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-551]
[de Salis gift] :
Type 3
MANSHAAeCTT OA
[AHMHTPIOC ?]
The Emperor Manuel
(on 1.) and St. Deme-
trius ? (on r.) stand-
ing facing, holding
between them globus
cruciger ? The Em-
peror wears crown,
tunic, and sash with
X, and holds in r.
long1 cross. The Saint
wears nimbus, long
robe, and mantle,
and holds in 1. long
cross. Border of dots.
Concave.
Bust of the Virgin fac-
nimbus, veil, tunic,
and mantle ; V on
drapery ; in field,
Nrfand[6V]. Border
of dots.3
Plate
xxvi.
8
xxvi.
9
xxvi.
10
1 Similar to Photiades, Cat., No. 639, where also another coin is described apparently
with rev. St. Michael. Their rough style differentiates our coins from those of the
Byzantine Emperor Manuel I, a.d. 1143-1180.
2 The identical specimen described and figured by Sabatier, ii, p. 303, No. 2,
PL 66. 10.
3 The style of this coin, especially of its rev., seems more suitable to Manuel than to
his namesake the Byzantine Emperor (Manuel I).
Photiades, Cat. (No. 641), further attributes to Manuel a scyphate bronze coin :
obv. The Emperor standing crowned by ' un ange ' [St. Michael] ; rev. The Virgin seated
facing. The obv. inscr. is MANBHA A6CTT.
200
JOHN Angelus
Emperor, 1232-1243 ; oh. 1244. Despot of Thessalonica, 1244.
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze Nomisma
M X St. Michael, winged,
standing facing ; wears
nimbus and military
dress ; in r., sceptre ; in
1., globus cruciger. Bor-
der of dots.
IUU A€C The Emperor
John (on 1.) and Christ
(on r.) standing facing.
Christ wears nimbus (on
1. and r. of which, IC
and XC), mantle, and
tunic ; his r. hand
blesses the Emperor ; in
his 1. is the book of the
Gospels. The Emperor
wears crown, mantle,
and robe ; in r., laba-
rum ; in 1., globus cru-
ciger. Border of dots.
M. Concave nomisma. Size, 1-05 inch. Described
I by Sabatier, ii, p. 306, No. 2, PL 67. 2.
Plate
This attribution of Sabatier's may be correct ; at any rate, the style of
the rev. seems not unsuitable to Thessalonica, and the coin does not appear to
be of John II Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor. (John I Angelus, Duke and
Sebastocrator of Neopatras, might also perhaps claim the coin.) But the gold
nomisma assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 305, No. 1, PI. 67. 1) and other
numismatists to John Angelus is much better given to John II Comnenus.
Again, the small bronze coin (not a nomisma) with rev. Bust of St. Demetrius,
assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 306, No. 3, PL 67. 3) to John Angelus is
more likely, judging from style and fabric, to be of John II Comnenus.
In addition to the concave bronze nomisma above described (Sabatier,
PL 67. 2) there is another ' petit bronze concave ' described in the Photiades
Cat., No. 644, which may perhaps belong to John Angelus := —
Obv. IUUANNHC A6CnOTHC L'Empereur debout.
Rev. OArHOC(m'c) AHMHTPIOC Saint Demetrius debout.
With regard to Nos. 645 and 646, attributed in the Photiades Cat. to John
Angelus, it is difficult to judge.
JOHN— BRONZE 201
It may be convenient to state here that the British Museum specimen of
the bronze nomisma referred to in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 613 n.
(= Sabatier,ii, p. 244, No. 15, PL 59. 16), as having- been assigned, perhaps by
de Salis, to John Angelus of Thessalonica, is a very curious piece. It seems to
be cast and perhaps tooled (so also a specimen in the "Windisch-Gratz Cat.,
No. 337), but if not an ancient coin it no doubt reproduces an ancient
original. It was presented to the British Museum by Count de Salis.
I cannot find any decisive reason for attributing it to John Angelus,
though the rude style of the rev. (Bust of the Virgin) and the choice of the
Saint (apparently Demetrius) might suit the Thessalonica mint. The coin
seems to me to read on obv. Ml (Michael?) and IfDIT (St. Demetrius?).
Sabatier thought M I must indicate Michael VDI Palaeologus, a. d. 1261-1282,
but the coin does not at all harmonize with the known money of that
Emperor.
d d
202
DEMETRIUS
Despot of Thessalonica, a.d. 1244-1246
No coins bearing his name are known ; but see below.
COINAGE OF THESSALONICA?
Under JOHN Angelus (Despot), 1243-1244
and
DEMETRIUS (Despot), 1244-1246
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
56-
50-3
38-5
M 1-1
M 1-05
M 1-05
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze Nomisma
(Concave ; flans of irregular shape)
X '
.- St. Michael,
the archangel,
winged, standing
facing ; wears nim-
bus and military
dress, and holds in
r. trifid sceptre, in
1. globus cruciger.
Border of dots.
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
Bust of Christ, beard-
less, facing ; wears
nimbus crucigerwith
pellet in each limb of
cross, mantle, and
tunic ; r. hand in
blessing ; 1. holds
book of Gospels ; in
field, IC and XC.
Border of dots.
(Double-struck)
(Double-struck)
Plate
xxvii.
1
xxvii.
2
xxvii.
3
1 For APX. MIX. (Cp. B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 597, Nos. 44-7, and p. 595,
No. 37.) The letters are seldom completely legible.
COINAGE OF THESSALONICA— BRONZE
203
No.
Weight
51.4
51-1
44-
19-
{clipped)
Metal and
Size
M I-
M -95
M -9
M -7
Obverse
Reverse
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
[de Salis gift]
[Northwick coll., 1860]
[de Salis gift]
I found these coins classified in the British
Museum series of Thessalonica, probably by
Count de Salis, who presented five specimens to
the collection. I am not aware if there is any
evidence as to provenance, but fabric and style,
and especially the resemblance of the reverse to
the reverse of Manuel Angelus (Nos. 3, 4, supra,
PI. XXVI. 8, 9), render the attribution at least
plausible.
The coins do not bear the name of the issuer,
but if of Thessalonica they would probably
have been minted in the city by the despot
John Angelus during 1243-1244 (that is, after
he had renounced (a.d. 1243) the title of
Emperor, under pressure from the Emperor of
Nicaea, John I (' III ') Vatatzes), and by his
successor the weak Demetrius (1244-1246)
whose rule did not extend beyond the city and
who was eventually dethroned by the Nicaean
Emperor.
Sabatier, PI. 58. 7, is evidently of the same
class as our Nos. 1-7. Sabatier has attributed
it to Isaac II Angelus, the Byzantine Emperor,
a.d. 1185-1195 (first reign), but the style and
fabric seem to me to be later than Isaac's time.
There is, however, another bronze nomisma
with similar, but not identical, types which
may fairly be assigned to Isaac II : see B. M. C,
Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 595, No. 37, PI. LXXII. 9.
Plate
XXVII.
4
xxvii.
5
xxvii.
6
xxvii.
7
VI.
COINS OP THE EMPIRE OF
NICAEA
a.d. 1204-1261
THEODORE I Lascaris
1204-1222
(crowned, 1206)
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Gold Nomisma (Scyphate)
IC XC Christ, bearded,
seated facing on throne
without back ; wears
nimbus, mantle, and
tunic, and holds in 1.
book of the Gospels ; r.
hand in benediction ;
above throne, r. and 1.,
f and f.
8€[0]AUUP0C A€C
TT CD TTct>[Y?]POre
Theodore I, bearded,
on 1., and the Virgin
on l-., standing facing.
The Virgin wears nim-
bus, veil, mantle, and
tunic, and with her r.
hand crowns the Em-
peror ; 1. hand in bene-
diction. The Emperor
wears crown, tunic,
mantle, and scarf, and
holds in r. labarum,
in 1. sword in sheath.
Above, i^f ; in field r.,
■0-V. Border.
N. Size, 1-05 inch. Rollin in Rev. num., 1841,
p. 172, PI. VIII. Cf. Sabatier, ii, p. 295, Nos. 1, 2, 3,
assigned to Theodore 'III' (= II). No. 3, according
Plate
THEODORE I- GOLD
205
No.
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
to Sabatier, reads GeOAUUPOC ASK AeO"10
THC, a reading which may be suspected, and in
any case he is in error in stating that a coin with this
reading exists in the British Museum. Photiades,
Cat., No. 628, is stated to be like Sabatier, No. 1,
PL 65. 2.
This coin was found at Brusa (Prusa Bithy-
niae), as were other gold nomismata which
there is reason to think are issues of the
Nicaean Emperors (see Rollin's account of the
find in Rev. num., 1841, pp. 171-6 ; cp. R. N.,
1863, p. 459 n.). I follow the reading- and
attribution of Rollin, but the title ' Porphyro-
genitus ' is strange, because Theodore I was not
of the Imperial stock, though he had, it is true,
married a daughter of the Emperor Alexius III.
This title was, however, inscribed on the gold
coins of Theodore's successor, John I Vatatzes.
The issue of a gold coinage by Theodore I is
apparently implied in an agreement made in
1219 between Tiepolo, Venetian podesta at Con-
stantinople, and Theodore I not to strike any
gold or silver coins in imitation of one another
(see Schlumberger, Num. de I' Orient lot.,
pp. 275, 276).
Rollin (op. cit., p. 172) further attributes
to Theodore I the gold nomismata with
O AACKAPIC, which I have assigned in this
work to Theodore II (see PL XXXI 6, 7). My
reasons for the attribution are (i) that it is
unlikely that Theodore I would use on his
gold coins two distinct legends, viz. the simple
name 'Lascaris' and the title 'Porphyro-
genitus ' ; (ii) that if these coins are assigned
to Theodore I, Theodore II will remain unpro-
vided with a gold coinage, unless, indeed, we
may trust the reading (AVKA O AACKAP1)
of the coin which Rollin (p. 174) has assigned
to Theodore II, a reading which seems to me
open to doubt ; (iii) these coins in their style
and fabric (rather thick) seem to be later than
John I (' LII ') Vatatzes, i. e. they must belong
to the second and not to the first Theodore ;
(iv) as has already been pointed out by
Borrell (Num. Chron., iv, 1841, p. 17), these
coins with O AACKAPIC are much alloyed and
must therefore be placed later than John I
('III') Vatatzes, who (according to Pachy-
meres) first considerably debased the gold
coinage, i. e. they must be assigned to John's
successor, Theodore II, and not to John's pre-
decessor, Theodore I.
Plate
206
VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
Weight
45-2
68-
Metal and
Size
M 1-15
M 1-2
(pierced)
JR 1-3
(gilt)
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver Nomisma (Scyphate)
Inscr. Theodore I,
Christ, bearded, seated
bearded, on 1. , and St.
facing on throne
Theodore, bearded,
with back, above
on r., standing fac-
which, IC and XC ;
ing, holding between
he wears nimbus
them long cross with
cruciger with •,
X. The Emperor
mantle, and tunic,
wears crown, mantle,
and holds in 1. book
tunic, and sash with
of Gospels.
stellate orna-
ment, and holds in r.
sheathed sword. St.
Theodore wears nim-
bus, military cloak,
and cuirass, and
holds in 1. sheathed
sword. Double bor-
der.
Inscr. obliterated, ex-
Legs of throne with
xxviii.
cept C 0
crooked ornament,
1
[H. P. Borrell]
as on coins of John I
Vatatzes (PI. XXX.
[eieoAuuPAec no
xxviii.
2
In the collection of Profe
ssor C. W. Oman, Oxford2
Aecn t o^
(Two borders of dots)
xxviii.
eeOAUUPOC ; (head
3
of cross varied, with
circular ornament)
Bibliotheque Nationale,
Paris. De Foville in Rev.
num., 1904, p. 107 = B.M.
O, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 571,
PI. LXIX. 9.s
1 The identical specimen described and figured (obv. only) by Sabatier, ii, p. 297,
No. 6, PI. 65. 7. Cp. Sale Cat. of Consul E. F. Weber coll. ; Miinchen (Hirsch, No. xxiv),
1909, lot 3342 ; cp. lot 3343.
2 Prof. Oman has kindly permitted the publication of this coin, which furnishes
valuable testimony as to the issuer's name. It is possible that the issuer may have
been Theodore II of Nicaea, but I rather incline to Theodore I, partly because the
St. Theodore type seems especially to belong to him, as shown by his billon and bronze
coins. In the obv. inscr. P is nearly I, and 6 in A6C is confused.
3 M. de Foville, I. c, attributed this specimen to Manuel I Comnenus (a. d. 1143-
1180), relying mainly on a coin of similar type, stated by Sabatier (ii, p. 303, No. 1,
PL 66. 9) to be of gold and to read MANOVHA. This 'Manuel' coin, formerly in the
THEODORE I— BILLON
207
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
64-6
545
Billon
1-1
Billon
1-1
Obverse
Reverse
Billon Nomisma (Scyphate)
[eeOAUIPOC on 1. ;
O e€OAUUPOS on
r.1]. Theodore I and
St. Theodore, both
bearded, standing-
facing, holding- pa-
triarchal cross. The
Emperor -wears
crown and long
tunic, and holds in
r. labarum. St. Theo-
dore wears nimbus
and military dress,
and holds in 1. spear.2
Double border.
(Traces of inscr. on r.)
(Traces of inscr. on
1. and r.) ; double-
struck.
M* -©V The Virgin,
holding the infant
Christ, seated facing
on throne ; she wears
nimbus, veil, mantle,
and tunic ; the throne
is without back, and
is decorated with
squares and pellets.
Double-struck.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-470]
Double-struck.
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-448]
Bronze Nomisma (Scyphate)
Inscr. Theodore I and
St. Theodore, both
bearded, standing
facing, holding pa-
triarchal cross. The
Emperor wears
crown, tunic, and
sash, and holds in
m> -e-v
holding
The Virgin,
the infant
Christ, seated facing
on throne ; she wears
nimbus, veil, mantle,
andtunic ; thethrone
is without back, and
is decorated with
Plate
XXVlll.
4
xxvm.
5
Hoffmann collection, is not now forthcoming, and Sabatier's testimony as to the reading
of the issuer's name can hardly be accepted without corroboration. Prof. Oman's coin
(PL XXVIII. 2) renders it almost certain that the name should be read ' Theodore ', and
fabric and style point in the direction of Nicaea.
1 Cf. Revue beige, 1858, p. 275, No. 2, PI. XV. 12, with 0eoA(OO) on 1. The types,
and no doubt the inscriptions, are as on the bronze nomisma (Nos. 4-11).
2 For a seal attributed to Theodore I see Journal international d'arch. num., Athens
1903, p. 4, and Schlumberger, Mel. d'arch. byz., i, p. 238 : Obv. St. Theodore standing with
spear and shield. Rev. Q60AUJPON [AA]CKAPIN TO[N] [BA]CIA€A, &c.
208
VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
Weight
55-3
59-5
Metal and
Size
M 1-I5
M 1-2
50-5 M 1-1
554
62-
50-5
M 1-05
M 1-15
Obverse
r. labarum. St. Theo-
dore wears nimbus
and military dress,
and holds in 1. spear.
Double border.
Traces of inscr. on r.
■e-eoA,
A....2
o-e-eo
JE 1-1
Inscr. nearly oblite-
rated.
OAUUPOC; rest of
inscr. obliterated.
(Emperor holds in r.
cross instead of la-
barum) (single bor-
der)
Traces of inscr. on r.
(cross? instead of la-
barum) (single bor-
der)
Traces of inscr. on r.
Reverse
squares and pellets.
Double border.
Plate
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1106; found
in Cyprus ']
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lotll06; found
in Cyprus]
Double-struck.
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1106; found
in Cyprus]
Type blurred through
mis-striking.
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1106; found
in Cyprus]
Double-struck.
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1106; found
in Cyprus]
[de Salis gift]
xxvni.
6
XXVlll.
7
XXVlll.
8
XXVlll.
0
1 Lot 1106, acquired by the British Museum, consisted of ' five extremely fine and
patinated varieties of an unpublished type, all concave ; found in Cyprus '. In the sale
catalogue they are attributed to the rebel 'Emperor' Theodore Mankaphas (a.d. 1189
and later: cp. B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. lxvi). The attribution has nothing much to
recommend it, and the seat of the short-lived power of Mankaphas was at Philadelphia.
No doubt, however, coins are needed for Mankaphas, and are probably to be found among
some of the pieces that it is customary to assign to the Theodores of Nicaea and Thessa-
lonica (cp. also under Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, bronze coin, PL XXVI. 5, p. 196,
No. 5, supra).
2 This, judging from the shape of the flan, is the identical specimen figured by
Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 12 PL 65. 13, who has, however, misread the clear O ■©■£0 A ....
as O ATIOCA and described the saint as Demetrius. For another apparent variety
of the legend see Photiades, Cat., No. 637.
THEODORE I— BRONZE
209
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
10
70-
M 1-15
(On l., o-e-eoAWP
(0V) Type partly
xxix.
and the figure of St.
blurred through mis-
1
Theodore upside
striking.
down ; on r. , 0-0-60 . .
[Purchased, 1904,
and the figure of St.
6-4-569]
Theodore : through
mis-striking, the
figure of the Em-
peror and the patri-
archal cross do not
appear) (single bor-
der)
11
64-6
M 1-15
eeoAixi poc o....
Type blurred through
xxix.
(pierced)
(flattened)
.... Type double-struck,
so tha.t each figure
appears to hold a
1 patriarchal cross.
mis-striking,
[de Salis gift]
2
e e
210
JOHN I ('III')
Ducas Vatatzes
1222—30 Oct. 1254
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
66-6
M 1-05
57-6
N -95
Gold Nomisma (scyphate)
Inscr. On 1., John I,
bearded, standing
facing-, crowned by
the Virgin, who
stands on r., facing- ;
aboye, M-P (or tw or
M);_in field r., 6V
(or -©V). John wears
crown, tunic, sash,
and mantle,andholds
in r. labarum, in
1. sword in sheath.
The Virgin wears
nimbus, veil, tunic,
and mantle ; •*• on
drapery ; 1. hand in
benediction. Double
border of dots.
IUJ
A6C
flj (=tu
no
n
T
p
H
*
Double-struck.
iTD
CD
A€
n
cn
p
0
V
[*]
Christ, bearded, seated
facing on throne
without back ; in 1.,
book of Gospels ; r.
outstretched in bene-
diction ; wears tunic,
mantle, and nimbus
cruciger, with • in
limbs of cross ; above,
IC and XC. Double
border of dots (some-
times not visible).
Plate
On seat of throne, r.
and 1., +. Double-
struck.
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
On seat of throne, r.
and 1., +
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
XXIX.
3
JOHN I VATATZES— GOLD
211
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
3
61-8
A 1-05
[jiilj
0
CD
n
p
V
On seat of throne, r.
and 1. , +
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
4
69-5
A 1-1
IUJ
3
CD
n
On seat of throne, r.
and 1., +
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
5
64-2
AT 1-1
iCD
.ec
no
[T?]
T
n
[0?]
<D
[PP]
On seat of throne, 1.
[and r. ?], +
xxix.
4
6
62-
jB 1-05
(formerly
plated)
[I]UJ
.ec
CD
n
o>
[r?]
On seat of throne, r.
and 1., +
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-27]
7
65-7
N 1-15
[i]oi
CD
n
PO
r
Above seat of throne,
r., •*• (*•* instead
of • in cross)
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
xxix.
5
8
71-4
A- 1-1
CD
n
<t>
p
r
Above seat of throne,
r., •*• (*•* instead
of • in cross)
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
9
64-4
A -95
(Legend obscure and
blundered)
.v r
.c? .?
Above seat of throne,
[Presented by Mr. J. T.
Wood (the explorer
of Ephesus), 1874]
10
69-
A 1-05
IUJ
.e
no
T
CD
np
V
Above seat of throne,
r. and 1., •
11
66-7
(jpiercect)
A 1-05
(Inscr
obliterated)
Above seat of throne,
r. andl., •. Double-
struck
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
xxix.
6
212
VI, COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
12
13
70-2
A 1-1
73-3
A 1.1
(flattened)
[l]UJ
A6C
no
T
H
IUJ
n.
n
n
p
VP
o
r
(flj blundered)
n
4)
P
r
[C. A. Murray, 1849]
[H. P. Borrell sale,
" 1852, lot 971]
XXIX.
7
14
15
16
17
(Pressed flat)
64-8
67-6
62-1
(pierced s
65-
18
67-2
A 1-05
A 1-
A 1-2
A -95
muu 0D
.ec n
<t>
v
p
r
(One border, linear
only ?)
[I]UJ CD
.ec n
n . <t>
T
(One border only ?)
(Ml for m>)
IUJ U)
. €C (blurred) n
P
r
Double-struck.
[Royal coll.]
A 1-1
[l]W
..C
CD
n
0
("H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 972]
Double-struck.
[Purchased, 1905,
4-8-27]
Above seat of throne,
on L, A, on r., P
XXIX.
8
(Border obliterated)
(On obv., graffito X ; on rev., graffito IUU)
[l]UJ CD (r*P blun-
A€C n dered)
n
c *
i
r.
•c
[Blacas, 1867]
JOHN I VATATZES— GOLD
213
20
65-6
(pierced)
69-i
21
22
23
24
46-2
(jnerced)
65-9
(pierced)
73-3
61-9
N 1.
(flattened)
N 1-1
Obverse
(;;; for m» ; v for ev)
[IW]
ec [n]
P
(Pressed flat)
Reverse
[Colonel De Bosset]
M 1-
(gilt)
N 1-05
N 1-05
(0 for Kf ; 6V omitted)
[l]OJ T
a.c n
no <d
T p
iuu
A6C
no
T
<L
n
<t>
N 1-05 Inscr. on 1., blurred
on r., CD
n
w
.€
,uu
T?
n
p
(One
border
only)
n (One bor-
(t> der only)
[P]
('•• for • in cross)
[(). A. Murray, 1849]
(Ancient forgery ?)
[Royal coll.]
Double-struck.
[Purchased, 1904,
6-4-481]
(One border only)
[Townshend coll.]
Double-struck ; above
throne, r., •
[Parkes Weber gift,
1906]
Nos. 1-21 have already been described in
B. M. C, Imperial Byzantine Coins (pp. 557 ff.,
Nos. 20-40), where they are attributed to the
Constantinopolitan Emperor John II Com-
nenus, a. d. 1118-1143. The main argument
in favour of that attribution was the presence
on them of the epithet ' Porphyrogenitus ', an
epithet which is found on the indisputable coins
of John II (such as B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins,
PI. LXVII. 11), and which is not known — at
least from literature — to have been borne by
any other emperor named John.
In spite, however, of this consideration, I am
now convinced by the arguments of Rollin
(Revue ?iumismatique, 1841, vol. vi, pp. 173 f.)
and H. P. Borrell (Num. C/iron.,iv, 1841, p. 18)
that, on grounds of style, fabric, and pro-
venance, the coins belong to John I Vatatzes
of Nicaea.
Plate
214
VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
(i) The most convincing evidence in favour
of the attribution of Nos. 1-24 to John I is
obtained by comparing them with the gold
nomismata of Theodore II of Nicaea (PI. XXXI.
6-7), which last-named coins (whether they are
really of Theodore II .or, as is possibly the
case, of Theodore I) are beyond all question
the issues of a Nicaean Emperor, for they bear
the surname O AACKAPIC.
(ii) Although in type and general appear-
ance (especially the seated Christ of the rev.~)
Nos. 1-24 bear not a little resemblance to the
gold nomismata of John II, it will be found
on a minute examination that there are dif-
ferences in several details, and that, in point
of style, the coins of John II the Byzantine
are of more careful workmanship and design
than those which we here transfer to John I
the Nicaean. The coins, moreover, indicate
a difference of alloy which, the eye can easily
detect ; thus, it can be seen that several of the
coins assigned to John I are of a brownish hue
(betraying the presence of copper), while those
of John II are yellow or orange.
(iii) A hoard of nearly 1000 gold coins,
discovered near Smyrna and described by
H. P. Borrell {Num. Chron., iv, 1841, p. 18),
consisted almost entirely of coins of 'John'
(like our Nos. 1-24) mixed with a few of Theo-
dore II of Nicaea and a few of Michael VHI
Palaeologus, the latest emperor of Nicaea.
Now, the coins of Theodore II and Michael VIII
cover (approximately) the period a.d. 1254-
1282, and (as Mr. Borrell has already observed)
it is highly probable that the 'John' of this
hoard is the predecessor of Theodore II, namely
John I Vatatzes (a. d. 1222-1254), and not the
Emperor John II Comnenus who had reigned
so long before as a. d. 1118-1143. A less
important piece of evidence from provenance
is the finding of a coin resembling our Nos. 1 -24
at Brusa in Bithynia, together (apparently)
with other gold coins of Nicaean emperors (see
Rev. num., 1841, vi, pp. 172 f.).
(iv) The transference of our Nos. 1-24 from
John II to John I offers the advantage of
relieving the former of a somewhat super-
abundant coinage in gold and of providing
the hitter with a currency in a metal that
there are good historical grounds for believing
him to have employed. Thus, Pachymeres
(voL ii, p. 493, ed. Bonn ; cp. Finlay, Hist.
Greece, iii, p. 320) clearly testifies to the issue
Plate
JOHN I VATATZES— SILVER
215
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
of gold coins by John I, though he tells us
that only two parts were of the pure metal,
the rest being- alloy. Cp. p. 214 (ii), supra.
(v) The arguments above suggested (i, ii,
iii, iv) seem to me to be much weightier
than any that can be based on the inscription
'Porphyrogenitus'. John I had, indeed, no
right to such a title, for he was not the son
of the preceding emperor (Theodore I), with
whom he was only connected through having
married his daughter Irene (cp. Pappadopoulos,
Theodore II Lascaris, p. 4). Yet it is not
inconceivable that John, in his position of
assertor, against foreign and other rivals, of
the claims of the ancient empire, took such
a title as Porphyrogenitus, and there is reason
to suppose that it had already been assumed
by Theodore I (see the gold coin assigned to
Theodore I, supra, p. 204). The high pre-
tensions of John are, moreover, apparent in
the inscription of a seal which, according to
Schlumberger (Sigilloc/r., pp. 428, 429), should
be assigned to him rather than to John I of
Neopatras: C*PAriC C6BACTOV IUUANN5
TQ ASKA PIZAN T6NOVC 6XONTOC 6K
BACIA6UUN.
It may perhaps be added that among the
gold coins assigned to John II Comnenus in
B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 559 f., are certain
other specimens which may seem to have some
claim to be transferred to John I Vatatzes :
these are Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 15-19. But I believe,
after careful consideration, that they are best
left — as at present — to John II.
Silver Nomisma (scyphate)
Type 1
Plate
Inscr. John I (on 1.)
and St. Constantine
(on r.) standing
facing, holding be-
tween them patri-
archal cross with X
on its upper shaft.
The Emperor is
bearded, and wears
crown, tunic, and
sash with stellate
ornament : he holds
Christ, bearded, seated
facing on throne
with back ; in 1.,
book of Gospels ;
wears tunic, mantle,
and nimbus cruciger,
with • in limbs of
cn)ss ; above, I C and
XC. Linear border.
216
VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
25
26
Weight
41-6
50-7
Metal and
Size
M 14
M 1-3
Obverse
in r., plain cross.
The Saint is bearded,
and wears nimbus,
crown, tunic, and
sash, the two latter
being richly orna-
mented, but varying
from the dress of the
Emperor ; he holds
in 1. sword in
sheath (?). Linear
border.
IWA€[C]nOT[H?]
(onl.) O'KWTAN
TIN '
(on r.)
Reverse
Plate
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1035 >]
Type 2
Inscr. John I (onl.),
bearded, and the
Christ of Chalce,
bearded (on r.),
standing facing. The
Emperor wears
crown,tunic, mantle,
and sash with stellate
ornament, and holds
in r. labarum, in 1.
globus cruciger.
Christ wears nimbus
cruciger (with • in
cross), mantle, and
tunic, and with r.
hand crowns the
Emperor, holding in
1. hand book of Gos-
pels. Double linear
border.
IWA[€CnOTH?]C
X [XAAJKITHC
IC
The Virgin, seated fa-
cing on throne with
back, holding infant
Christ ; she wears
nimbus, veil, tunic,
and mantle, with •*•
ornament ; above,
l^Ff and -©-V ; legs of
throne with crooked
ornament. Linear
border.2
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-28]
XXX. 1
xxx. 2
1 This coin (like Nos. 26-9, infra) is of spread, thin fabric, and somewhat resembles
a large bracteate (No. 1 of Theodore I, supra, has a very similar fabric). It is the
identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 5, PI. 65. 6, who has entirely
misread the legend as 660AUU O AHOC AHMHTPI and assigned the coin
to Theodore ' III ' (= II) of Nicaea.
St. Constantine is also represented on the coins of Alexius III (a. d. 1195-1203)
standing beside the Emperor : see B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 599-604.
2 Nos. 26-9 have the same bracteate-like appearance as No. 25. , As to the Christ of
Chalce see Dumont in Rev. num., 1867, p. 199, &c. ; Schlumberger, L'Epop. byz., i, pp. 80,
JOHN I VATATZES— SILVER ; BRONZE
217
No.
27
28
29
30
Weight
48-8
49-1
47-3
(chipped)
46-4
Metal and
Size
M 1-3
M 1-3
M 1-25
M 1-2
Obverse
RjUAecnoTi ic
X (rest obliterated)
lUJAecnoTHi ic
XC [O ?]XAAKITI C
IW....OTI IC
XC XAAKITIC
Reverse
[H. P. BorreU sale,
1852, lot 1032]
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1029]
[de Salis gift] l
Bronze Nomisma (scyphate)
Type 1
Inscr. John -I, bearded,
standing- facing,
holding in r. la-
barum, in 1. sword in
sheath; wearscrown,
mantle, tunic, and
sash with stellate
ornament. Double
linear border.
[I]UI
[A6]C
n?-
T
[??]
O
A
8
KA
C
Inscr. Christ of Chalce,
bearded, standing
facing, holding in 1.
book of Gospels ;
wears nimbus cru-
ciger (with • in
cross), tunic, and
mantle. Linear bor-
der.
X Kl
[AJA TH 5 above>
[IC] and XC
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1109] 2
Plate
xxx. 3
xxx. 4
xxx. 5
xxx. 6
83 ; ep. B. M. C. Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 545 n., 599, 600. Dumont (op. cit., p. 195 ; cp.
Photiades, Cat., No. 676) has suggested that_a_silver scyphate coin in the Photiades collec-
tion with obv. the Christ of Chalce, IC XC O XAAKHTHC, rev. the Virgin standing,
belongs to the reign of John 'IIP (=1) Vatatzes _(cp. the rev. of No. 29, infra (Christ of
Chalce). The attribution seems probable, but no issuer's name appears upon the coin.
With the type of the Virgin on Nos. 26-9 compare coins of Isaac II, B. M. C, Imp.
Byz. Coins, PI. LXXI. 17.
1 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 198, No. 8, PI. 53. 18, of the same type as our
Nos. 26-9, has evidently been misread and wrongly attributed to the Emperor John II
Comnenus.
2 This is the identical specimen published by Sabatier, PL 64. 10, ii, p. 293, No. 4,
but he has misread O A5KAC as O A€CriOTHC and not deciphered the rev.
inscr. On the Christ of Chalce see p. 216 n., supra.
f f
218
VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
31
61-2
32
33
29-3
32-5
Obverse
Reverse
Type 2
Inscr. John I, bearded,
seated facing on
throne with back,
holding in r. cruci-
form sceptre ; in 1.
globus cruciger;
wears crown and
tunic. Double linear
border.
M 1-2 III) A€Cn 0A8 KA.
(double-struck)
AH
IY1 3
I
St. Demetrius, wear-
ing nimbus and mili-
tary dress, standing
facing ; holds in r.
spear ; 1. rests on
kite-shaped shield.
Linear border.
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot llll1]
Plate
Bronze
Typel
M -75
M -85
Inscr.. John I, bearded,
standing facing,
holding in r. laba-
rum, in 1. globus
cruciger ; wears
crown, tunic, and
mantle. Border of
dots.
IUU
A
e
IUU
o
o
A
8
Head of seraph, with
two wings 2 ; on each
side, '.* Border of
dots.
[de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
.7
xxx. 8
xxxi.
1
1 The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 10, PL 65. 11 (cp.
Photiades, Cat., No. 633b), who has strangely read the obv. legend as 860AOP A6C11
and assigned the coin to Theodore 'III' ( = II) of Nicaea.
2 Contrast the seraph-head on coins of Andronicus II and Michael IX ; B. M. C, Imp.
Byz. Coins, p. 623, No. 32, PL LXXV. 10. The specimen described by Rauch and Fried-
laender (in Koehne's Zeitschrift fur Miinz-, Siegel- unci Wappenkunde (Berlin), ii, 1842,
p. 203, PL VI. 17= de Saulcy in Rev. num., 1842, p. 416, PL XIX. 8) as having on the
rev. a vine-leaf or a shield is really of the seraph-type.
JOHN I VATATZES— BRONZE
219
No.
34
35
Weight
27-9
27.5
Metal and
Size
36
37
38
39
M -65
M -75
33-2
49-8
34-4
30-3
M -8
M -75
M -85
M -65
Obverse
ILL)
A
ec
no
Tl
o
A
5
o
Reverse
|_de Salis gift]
[de Salis gift]
Type 2
Inscr. John I, beard-
ed, standing facing-,
holding in r. laba-
rum, in 1. sword in
sheath ; wears crown,
mantle, tunic, and
sash. Border of dots.
.uu
OAS
.€
K
c
A
s
iw
O
A€C
A
no
5
H
■
iuj
0
A€
A
no
5
T
K
H
A
.00
0
A6
AS
c
K
no
A
C
(A) JJT Bust of St.
George, beardless,
facing ; hair curly ;
wears nimbus, cui-
rass, and cloak, and
holds in r. spear, in
1. shield.1 Border of
dots.
[Northwick sale, 1860]
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-471]
[de Salis gift]
Plate
XXXI
2
XXXI.
3
(A for A)
[de Salis gift]
XXXI.
4
XXXI.
5
1 With this type of St. George on coins cp. B.M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 587, Nos. 19,
20 ; p. 606, No. 43.
To types 1 and 2 of the bronze coinage should be added the following : Obv. ILL) A€C
O ASKAC. The Emperor standing. Rev. Four interlaced bands. Thoinsen, Cat.,
No. 836 ; Sabatier, PI. 64. 11 and 12 ; de Saulcy in Rev. num., 1842, p. 416, PI. XIX. 7.
220
THEODORE II Ducas Lascaris
1254— Aug. 1258
No.
Weight
66-3
65-8
Metal and
Size
N 1.
Ar 1-05
Obverse
Reverse
Gold Nomisma (scyphate)
Inscr. Theodore II,
bearded, on 1., and
the Virgin, on r.,
standingfacing. The
Virgin wears nim-
bus, veil, mantle, and
tunic, and with her
r. hand crowns the
Emperor; her 1. hand
in benediction. The
Emperor wears
crown, tunic, man-
tle, and sash ; holds
in r. labarum, in 1.
sword in sheath ;
above, M-P; in field
r., 0 V. Double
linear border.
ee
no
OAUJ
Thc
POC
OA
A€
rKi
c
LpJ
ee
n .
.AW
"R.
. . c
OA
.€
K
c
P
IC XC Christ,bearded,
seated facing on
throne without back ;
wears nimbus, man-
tle, and tunic, and
holds in 1. book of
Gospels ; r. hand in
benediction. Linear
border.
Above throne, on r., A
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 968]
Above throne, on r., "A
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 970]
Nos. 1 and 2 are from a hoard discovered
near Smyrna (Borrell in Num. Chron., iv, 1841,
p. 18). It is somewhat strange that Theodore II
abandons the title Porphyrogenitus borne on
the gold coins of his father and predecessor
John I Vatatzes, and on this account it might
be thought that the gold coin assigned, supra,
Plate
xxxi.
6
XXXI.
7
THEODORE II— SILVER
221
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
p. 204, to Theodore I, which has the epithet
Porphyrogenitus, would be best attributed to
Theodore II. On the whole, however, for the
reasons stated supra, p. 205, the attribution of
our gold coins (Nos. 1 and 2) with O AACKA
PIC to Theodore II seems preferable ; and the
gold coins with Porphyrogenitus are thus left
to Theodore I.
No. 1 is the identical specimen published by
Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 3, PI. 65. 4, who has
wrongly read A€C as ASK and omitted O A,
&c, on the obv. The A above the throne on
the rev. of Nos. 1 and 2 has by some been
regarded as a monogram of AA (Lascaris) but
it is much simpler to consider it a form of the
letter A. Similar letters are found above the
throne of the Saviour on Nicaean coins, as
follows : — r T on gold of Theodore I, supra,
p. 204 ; A A (or A A ?) on a gold coin of Theo-
dore II (Rev. num., 1841, PL IX. 1) ; T P on
a silver coin attributed to Theodore II (infra,
No. 4, rev. Virgin enthroned) ; cp. IC AK on
a silver coin assigned to Theodore Angelus of
Thessalonica, supra, p. 193, No. 1. These may,
of course, be money ers' marks denoting different
issues, but the view of Svoronos (Journal inter-
nat. d'arch. num., ii, 1899, p. 387) is perhaps
to be preferred, viz. that such letters are
descriptive of the enthroned figure (Christ or
the Virgin). Thus, IC XC A A is explained as
'Ir/o-oOs Xpio-ros "Ap^tav 'Ap^ovrwv ; A as ayios, &C.
Silver Nomisma (scyphate)
Plate
Type 1
Inscr. Theodore II,
bearded, on 1., and
Christ, bearded, on
r., standing facing.
Christ wears nimbus
cruciger (with •),
tunic, and mantle,
and with r. crowns
the Emperor ; in 1.,
book of Gospels ;
above, IC; on r.,
XC. The Emperor
wears crown, mantle,
tunic, and sash with
The Virgin seated fac-
ing on throne with
back, holding infant
Christ ; she wears
nimbus, veil, tunic,
and mantle ; above,
m and 6V. Border
of dots.
222
VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
42-3
{pierced)
49-2
M 1-1
{gilt)
A\ 1-15
63-6
M 1-15
Obverse
stellate ornament,
and holds in r. long-
sword, in 1. roll or
short staff. Border
of dots.
Q60AUUPC ASKAC
[de Salis gift]
C ASKAC
[Purchased, 1905,
4-8-22]
Reverse
Two lis on back of
throne (IVP 6 V)
(no border) '
(Back of throne varied,
and instead of the
lis, Tand P)2
Type 2
Similar to the bronze nomisma No. 5, infra :
see Moustier, Cat., No. 4168; Photiades, Cat.,
No. 630.
Bronze Nomisma (scyphate)
Type 1
Inscr. Theodore II,
bearded, standing-
facing1, holding- in r.
labarum, in 1. glo-
bus cruciger ; wears
crown, mantle, and
tunic ; above, r. ,
manus Dei crowning-
Emperor.
ee
OAUU
. . c
AS
KAC
OA.
CK .
p.
c
Inscr. St. Tryphon,
wearing nimbus,
tunic, and mantle,
standing facing ; in
r., patriarchal cross;
in field, 1. and r. , lis.
® $
[TP in rnon.] V
[de Salis gift]3
Plate
XXXI.
8
XXXI.
XXXI.
10
Pressed flat.
1 The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No. 8, PI. 65. 9. The
Emperor holds a long sword, and not, as Sabatier states, a cross or labarum. The lis
(which occurs also on No. 5, infra, has been regarded as an emblem of the Lascaris
family (Sathas in Rev. archeol. 1877, Pt. 1, p. 99), but it appears not infrequently on
Byzantine and mediaeval coins (see Longperier, CEuvres, vi. 26 = Rev. num. 1869-70,
pp. 270 f.).
2 This coin was acquired by the Museum in 1905, from MM. Rollin and Peuardent,
and is probably the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 175, No. 4, PI. 51. 5,
as belonging to them. Sabatier attributed it to Michael VII Ducas. With r P compare
remarks on Nos. 1 and 2, supra.
3 The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 13, PI. 66. 1 = Revue
THEODORE II— BRONZE
223
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
69-
M 115
Type 2
Inscr. Theodore II,
bearded, on I, and
the Virgin, on r.,
standing facing. The
Emperor wears
crown, mantle, tunic,
and sash with stel-
late ornament, and
holds in r. long
cross, in 1. globus
cruciger. The Virgin
wears nimbus, veil,
mantle, and tunic
(*.* on drapery), and
with r. hand crowns
the Emperor ; 1. hand
in benediction. Bor-
der.
ee
n[0]
•
Tic
An
oa.
p.c
K.
[A€C]
[PP]
above,
anc
l on r.,
traces
of
M-P and
ev
Inscr. Christ seated
(or standing ?) fac-
ing ; holding in 1.
book of Gospels.
Plate
B and traces of two
other letters,
[de Salis gift]
XXXI.
11
Pressed flat ; double-struck on rev., and
restruck ? '
beige, 1859, p. 319. St. Tryphon, who is also represented on the bronze nomisma of
Michael VIII, described infra, was martyred at Nicaea, and honoured as its patron.
Theodore II built a church at Nicaea dedicated to this saint, and wrote an eulogium
of him. "With the lis cp. the rev. of No. 3, supra. The lis occurs as the rev. type of
a bronze coin (of Theodore II ?) with the name ' Theodore ', attributed in Rev. num., 1865,
p. 291, PL XII. 5, to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica. Sabatier, PI. 67. 10,
' Trebizond,' is clearly misdrawn, and evidently represents on the rev. St. Tryphon ; the
coin (as already suggested in Journ. int. d'arck. num., ii, p. 224, by C. M. Constanto-
poulos) is doubtless not of Trebizond, but of Nicaea (Theodore II or John I ?).
1 Evidently the same specimen as Sabatier, ii, p. 302, No. 2, PI. 66. 8 = Sabatier in
Revue beige, 1859, p. 320, though the rev. type is unaccountably described as a ' croix
grecque '. Sabatier has assigned the coin to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, but the
name O AACKAPIC (not recognized by Sabatier on the coin) proves that the specimen
belongs to one of the Nicaean Theodores, and probably to Theodore II, as a comparison
of the obv. with the dbv. of the gold nomisma of Theodore II (PI. XXXI. 6) suggests (cp.
also the dbv. of the bronze nomisma of Michael VIII described infra). On the B B see
Svoronos in Journ. int. cTarch. num., ii, pp. 381 f, 386; Sathas in Rev. archiol., 1877,
Pt. 1, pp. 92 f. Cp. Hasluck, Ann. Brit. Sch. Athens, xv (1908-9), p. 265.
224
JOHN II('IV') Lascaris
a.d. 1258-1259
No coins known.
MICHAEL VIII Palaeologus
Jan. 1260 '—Aug. 1261 (at Nicaea)
(15 Aug. 1261—11 Dec. 1282, at Constantinople)
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Gold Nomisma
The extant gold coins bearing- the name of
Michael are of two types : i. with rev. View of
Constantinople (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins,
PI. LXXTV. 1 ) ; ii. with rev. Virgin enthroned
(ib. PL LXXIV. 3). Of these, No. i was
obviously struck in Constantinople ; No. ii has
some claims to be regarded as belonging to
the Nicaean coinage of Michael, but until con-
vincing evidence from finds is forthcoming it
seems best to regard it as another type of the
Constantinopolitan coinage of Michael: see
B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 610, note 1.
With regard to the specimens described in the
British Museum Catalogue, Nos. 1-5 are un-
doubtedly of Constantinople. If the gold
nomisma, No. 6 (rev. Virgin enthroned), be
assigned to Nicaea, it would seem that the
bronze nomismata, Nos. 7-12, should also be
attributed to the same mint.
Plate
1 As to this date see Bury, ed. Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vol. vi, p. 439.
MICHAEL VIII- BRONZE
225
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze Nomisma
Plate
X
M
r
(A)
0
T P
w
V
N
St. Tryphon, standing
facing, wearing nimbus
and mantle ; holds in
r. short cross. Border.
on
AA
€0
AO
r
c
Michael VIII, bearded, on
1., and the Virgin, on
r., standing facing.
Michael wears crown,
mantle, tunic, and sash
with stellate ornament,
and holds in r. long
cross, in 1. roll or staff.
The Virgin wears nim-
bus, veil, mantle, and
tunic, and with r. hand
crowns Michael ; her
1. in benediction.
Above .*. (for M-P) ; in
field r.,€PV. Border.
M. Size, 1 inch. Published by P. Lambros in Zeit-
schrift fur Num., ix, 1882, p. 44. (With the rev. cp.
Theodore II, No. 5, p. 222, supra.) If the description
of the obv. legend is correct, the title despotes, found
on his Constantinopolitan money, is omitted by
Michael on this coinage.
ag
VII.
COINS OF THE DESPOTS OF
EPIRUS
MICHAEL I Angelus Comnenus Ducas
a.d. 1205-1214
Nomisma
Obv. |y| A AH Michael I and St. Demetrius standing facing, holding
between them a nimbate cross.
Rev. .» St. Michael standing facing.
M Concave.
Schlumberger, Num. de I' Or. lot., p. 373. Cp. PI. XIII. 21. Berlin
Museum, &c. Cp. Sabatier, PI. 59. 10 and 11 (incorrectly engraved, and
attributed to the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus).
A specimen of the coin has been found in Epirus : see W. Miller, Latins
in the Levant, p. 80 and references there.
Another concave nomisma is attributed by P. Lambros and Schlumberger
to Michael I (or Michael II), and is thus described by Schlumberger : —
Obv. St. Michael standing holding a castle -with three towers (the
Castle of Arta ?).
Rev. O Ar XMHA Bust of the despot Michael. Schlumberger,
Num. de VOr. lat, p. 373. (Bronze or Billon.)
This coin is also described by Sabatier, ii, p. 242, No. 10, PI. 59. 12, who,
however, attributes it to the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, a less
probable attribution. Sabatier reads on the obv. MX, and describes the rev.
type not as the despot Michael, but as the Archangel Michael, and this
description would seem, from the accompanying legend, to be more probable
than Schlumberger's. But the coin does not, at present, appear to be quite
satisfactorily figured and described.
As to the coinage of later Despots of Epirus see ' Introduction ', supra,
§ vii.
VIII.
COINS OF THE DUCHY OF
NEOPATRAS
(Great Vlakia)
JOHN I Angelus Comnenus, Duke and Sebastocrator
a.d. 1271-1296
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Bronze Nomi.
sma (scyphate)
IW A€
W> GY Bust of the
CTT
OT
Virgin facing ; wears
nimbus, veil, tunic,
HC
and mantle ; in field,
John I,standing facing,
crowned by mantis
1. and r. , small cross.
Border.
Dei (on r.) ; wears
crown, robe, and
mantle ; holds in r.
labarum, in 1. volu-
men ; in field L,
angel's wing ?
Double border.
1
44-3
M 1-1
[deSalisgift1]
xxxi.
12
1 The attribution is that of P. Lambros (Rev. num., 1869-1870, p. 188, No. 2), who
published a similar nornisma in the Athens Museum. If the object in the field of the
obv. is, as Lambros explains it, an angel's wing, it is no doubt a symbol of John Angelus.
Lambros thinks that on grounds of style the coin is more likely to belong to this John
Angelus than to John Angelus the Despot of Thessalonica. I do not feel quite the same
certainty, but the attribution (accepted also by Schlumberger, Num. cle V Orient lat.,
p. 381) may be adopted. The appearance of the symbol or signet of Angelus seems
like a new departure, such as might be made by the first duke and founder of Neopatras,
but which is less likely to have been due to John Angelus of Thessalonica because he
was not the founder but only the third ruler of that empire, and his predecessors,
though also Angeli, made no use of any such symbol.
228
VIII. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF NEOPATRAS
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
IUU
A6
C
n
o
Reverse
A M Bust of St. Mi-
chael, facing ; wears
nimbus and robe ; hold-
ing in r. sword, in 1.
globus cruciger. Border.
John I, seated facing on
throne, crowned by
mantis Dei (on r.); wears
crown, robe, and man-
tle ; in r., cruciform
sceptre ; in 1., volumen ;
in field 1., angel's wing ?
Double or triple border.
M. Scyphate Noniisma. Size, 1-1 inch. Athens
National Museum. Described, Rev. num., 1869-1870,
p. 187, No. 1, PI. IX. 2 (P. Lambros) = Schlumberger,
Num. de VOrient lat., p. 381, PI. XIII. 22.1
Plate
1 The seal of ' John Ducas', assigned by P. Lambros (Joe. cit., p. 188) to this John I
Angelus; is thought by Schlumberger {Sigil., p. 429) to appertain rather to John I (' III ')
Ducas Vatatzes, the Emperor of Nicaea. In the rer. inscription the owner of the seal
proclaims himself as PIZAN r€NOVC 6XONTOC 6K BACIA€ULIN. Cp. p. 215,
supra.
229
CONSTANTINE Angeius
a.d. 1296-1303
No coins known.
JOHN II Angeius Comnenus
a.d. 1303-1318
Struck deniers toumois of the French type (obv. Chatel tournois : rev.
Cross) with inscr. angelvs sab. c. (i.e. Sebastocrator, Comnenus) keopateie
or dbla pateia. Some with dvx angelts. See Schlumberger, Num. de I' Or.
lot., pp. 382, 383 ; Lambros, Rev. num., 1869-1870, pp. 191 f.
IX.
COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF
TREBIZOND
a.b. 1204-1461
ALEXIUS I Comnenus
1204-1222
Although it is not impossible that Alexius I struck coins, none have
hitherto been identified. It may be conjectured that they would he Byzantine
in style and fabric, like the silver nomismata attributed to Manuel I, Emperor
of Trebizond (PL XXXII. 6-10).
The characteristic ' Asper' coinage of Trebizond did not apparently arise
till the reign of John I Axuchos (see p. 232), and the aspers that bear the
name ' Alexius ' must be attributed to Alexius II, HI, and IV, because they are
of the 'equestrian' type which evidently did not prevail on the coins till
comparatively late in the history of Trebizond.
Sabatier (ii, p. 309, No. 1, PL 67. 4) attributes to Alexius I a large bronze
concave nomisma : —
Obv, Emperor and St. Eugenius holding patriarchal cross ; on L, O
€V re Nl OC; on r., star.
Rev. St. Eugenius standing facing ; on L, € V T€ Nl O C.
Sabatier does not state from whence this description is derived (Moustier,
Cat., p. 287, No. 4171, would appear to be a similar coin, but uninscribed ?),
and some inaccuracy may be suspected in his description. Thus, the name of
the Saint occurs on both sides of the coin, and the name of the Emperor is
omitted. Also it is strange that a representation of the Saint should appear
both on obv. and rev. One would rather suppose that the rev. type is the
Saviour. Even if the coin is of Trebizond, its attribution to Alexius I is
entirely conjectural. (See also Introduction, supra, § 9, 'Alexius I.')
The bronze coin covered with inscriptions both on obv. and rev., attri-
buted by Sabatier (ii, p. 310, No. 2, PL 67. 5) to Alexius I, is really a coin
of Gabalas of Rhodes, and is similar to a specimen figured in Journal int.
d'arch. num., ii, p. 389, No. 31.
231
ANDRONICUS I Gidos
a.d. 1222-1235
No coins have been identified as struck by this Emperor, and this fact,
coupled with the absence of coins of Alexius I, tends to induce a belief that the
Trebizond coinage did not come into existence till after the death of Alexius I
and Andronicus I.
232
JOHN I Axuchos
a.d. 1235-1238
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
43-7
M -9
Obverse
Reverse
Aspers1
Inscr.
John I, bearded, Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, standing
facing ; in r., long
cross ; 1. holds robe ;
wears nimbus and
robe fastened by
brooch. Border of
dots.
Plate
standing facing,
holding in r. long
cross (with crescents
shaped object below
the cruciform top),
in 1. roll ; wears
crown, tunic, and
mantle with one end
falling over 1. arm
(on tunic and mantle
}&) ; in field r.,
manus Dei in sleeve
crowning the Em- 1
peror. Border of !
dots.
(PeUets)
I
W
A
Nl
: c
[o
K
W
&c, ob-
literated]
(pellets for JS on
bottom of tunic; long
sceptre with bis head
instead of cross)
O
A
n
o
e v
re
Nl
o
[de Salis, 1862]
1
1 The attribution was proposed by Pfaffenhoffen. As compared with the silver coins
of John II (PI. XXXV, &c.) these have the name of John written at full length and not
abbreviated, and the emperor holds a long cross instead of a labarum with a short shaft.
The vertical line in the descriptions of obv. and rev. represents, approximately, the
position of the type as it appears on the coins.
JOHN I— ASPERS
233
No.
Weight
43-1
Metal and
Size
M -95
43-6
44-6
M
Obverse
Reverse
I
V)
[Nl]
[.\?]C
o
K
H
N
(pellets for •% on
bottom of tunic; long
sceptre with lis head
instead of cross)
M -95
44-3
I
UJ
/J
NH
C
o
K
rrl
N
[O
A]
n
o
' e
Nl
o
[de Salis, 1862]
(pellets instead of )£
on tunic)
O
&
[T
[O]
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1037]
' €
Nl
O
(}fc and pellets)
I
UU
A
Nl
N
(pellets instead of >£•
on bottom of tunic)
O
%:
[O]
1 €
Nl
O
[de Salis, 1862]
M -95
(■3|£, N, and pellets)
I
UJ
Nl
C
(the
.' O
K
N W
* N
second N is
attached to the shaft
of the long cross)
h li
Plate
XXXll.
2
0
e
xxxii
/J
'X
3
n :
[0] :
Nl
[0?]
[de Sali
s, 1862]
234
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
43-4
43-9
Metal and
Size
M -9
Obverse
zR. *o5
44-9
43-5
I
W
Nl
C
(the
Reverse
/ O
K
N M
* N
second N is
attached to the shaft
of the long cross)
O
n
o
c
N
€
V
re
Nl
o
(the N on 1. is attached
to the shaft of the
long cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
(N and pellets)
M -95
M -9
I
U>
A
N
N
(the second
tached to
V[0
K
H
N]
N is at-
the shaft
of the long cross)
I
W
N
* O
K
M
[N]
(the second N is at-
tached to the shaft
of the long cross)
N
[€
V]
O
/J
n
o
c
(the N on
tached to the shaft
of the long cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
re
Nl
o
1. is at-
Plate
XXXll.
4
O
/J
n n
[O]
e
v
r,
e
Nl
(the N on 1. is at-
tached to the shaft
of the long cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
1
0
e
w
°K
A
V
K.
n
re
Nl
H
O N
[. or N ?1
C N
N
(the N is attached to
(the second N is at-
the left side of the
tached to the right
shaft of the long
side of the shaft of
cross)
the long
cross)
[de Sali
s, 1862]
JOHN I— BRONZE
235
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
10
44-5
M -95
1
O
e
xxxii.
W
A
V
5
A
0
gN
r €
Nl
K
N 1
C N
■ — H * ' '
•
N
(the N on 1. is at-
(the second N is at-
tached to the shaft
tached to the shaft
of the long cross)
[Purchased, 1904,
of the long cross)
4-3-34]
Bronze
The bronze coins, if any, of this reign have
not been identified.
The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 312, No. 4, PI. 67. 9
(= our Plate XXXVII. 17), assigned by him to
John I, is better (on account of the abbreviated
form of the Emperor's name, the short labarum,
and the globus cruciger) assigned to John II :
see infra under bronze of John II.
The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 312, No. 5,
PI. 67. 10, also assigned by him to John I, is
really a coin of the Nicaean Empire with
St. Tryphon (not St. John) on the rev.
236
MANUEL I
a.d. 1238-1263
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver Nomisma (scyphate)1
Inscr. Manuel I, beard-
ed, standing facing,
holding in r. la-
barum (on which,
pellets), in 1. roll ;
wears crown, tunic,
and mantle with one
end falling over 1.
arm (on tunic and
mantle, •>£) ; in field
<W ev The Virgin
(Panagia Chrysoke-
phalos?) wearing
nimbus, veil, mantle,
and tunic, seated fa-
cing on throne with
back, holding infant
Christ.
r., manus Dei in
sleeve crowning the
Emperor. Border of
dots.
1
47-8
M 11
(gilt)
M
U
HA
*
0
K
N
On back of throne, •
and •
[de Salis, 1862]
xxxii.
6
2
45-
M 1-1
IY1
HA
*
O
K
M
H
On back of throne,
pellets.
[Baron Marochetti,
1860]
xxxii.
7
1 These nomismata are doubtless rightly assigned by Sabatier to Manuel I of Trebi-
zond. The reverse type and fabric may be compared with the nomismata of contem-
porary Nicaean emperors (PI. XXIX-XXXI), but usually the execution is very careless.
This coinage of silver nomismata was probably experimental, and was soon completely
superseded by the silver aspers.
MANUEL I— SILVER NOMISMA— ASPERS
237
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
45-7
M 11
IYI
N
(A?)
0
K
(N)
On back of throne, pel-
lets (on r., V)
[de Salis, 1862]
xxxii.
8
41-4
M 1-1
IYI
N
(A?)
0
K
M
(N?)
On back of throne, pel-
lets (on r., V)
[de Salis, 1862]
41-6
Ai 1-05
?
0
K
(H)
On back of throne, V
and .*.
[de Salis, 1862]
xxxii.
9
43-6
M 1-1
(Inscr. nearly ob-
literated)
On back of throne,
pellets,
[de Salis, 1862]
41-8
Al 1-1
(Traces of inscr. ; on 1. ,
M ; on r., K, &c.)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1038]
xxxii.
10
Aspers
(letters)
(letter, B)
Inscr. Manuel I, beard-
ed, standing facing,
holding in r. la-
barum, in 1. roll ;
wears crown, tunic,
and mantle with one
end falling over 1.
arm (on tunic and
mantle, %$); in field
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, standing
facing ; in r., long
cross ; 1. holds robe ;
wears nimbus, and
robe fastened by
brooch. Border of
dots.
r.j manus Dei in
sleeve crowning the
Emperor. Border of
dots.
44-7
M -9
•
•
hi
H
A B
(pellets ins
on bottoi
tead of 9& I
n of tunic) '
O
R
n b
[Purchas
4-3-38]
•
• •
ev
re
(NH?)
3d, 1904,
xxxii.
11
238
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OP TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plata
9
43-
Ai -85
• •
•*• 0
0
■ •
• •
ev
(
A B
• K
& ;
n b
re
ISH
(pellets instead of £&
on tunic)
[H.P.BorreUsale,1852,
lot 1040]
10
38-7
M -8
H | O
•
xxxii.
H B
•: k
0
€(V)
12
A /. j
A R
• •
•
• •
[Purchased, 1908,
" 5-6-20]
/
(letter K on obv. : for K both on obv. and rev.
see Retowski, Komn., p. 28)
11
44-6
M -9
•
O
€[V]
xxxii.
W
O
R
re
13
N K
IAK
K
n •
Nl
H
D
j
(two pellets on shaft
(two pellets on shaft
of labarum)
of cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
12
44-3
M -9
W
0
•
N K
K
O
ev
[l?]A .
M
A
re
(two pellets on shaft
n •
Nl
of labarum)
D *
(two pellets on shaft
of cross)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-41]
13
44-4
M -85
•
O
ev
W
0
A
re
N K
IA K
K
n .
N.
H
D •
N
(pellets on cross ?)
[Purchased, 1908,
(two pellets on shaft
of labarum)
5-6-17] .
14
39-4
M -85
•
ۥ
M
0
0
[V]
N „
K
A .
re
IA K
M
n •:
Nl
(two pellets on shaft
(pellets on cross)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
of labarum)
lot 1039;
MANUEL I— ASPERS
239
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
15
45-5
JR -85
•
•
xxxiii
H
0
O
ev
1
H .
K
A
re
A K
H
ft
o •:•
NH
c
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-40]
16
40-9
M -85
M
O
•
• •
N K
K
O
e
IA
hri
A
re
n
Nl
o
[de Salis, 1862]
17
40-9
M -9
H
O
O
ev
xxxiii
N K
. K
A
re
2
IA
hri
N
n :
o
Nl
(two pellets on shaft
(two pellets on shaft
of labarum)
of cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
18
45-5
M -9
H
0
•
• •
N „
K
O
ev
•AK
M
A
re
(+ on shaft of labarum)
n
0
N.
(cross bar on shaft of
cross)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1041]
19
34-3
M -85
•
•
• •
H .
. O
O
ev
N K
.. K
A
re
A
rwi
n
HI
(two pellets on shaft
[O?]
0
of labarum) [de Salis, 1862]
(letters, K)
A
20
43-6
M -85
•
•
•
• •
H
0
0
ev
N K
K
A
re
1 A
M
n
Nl
A
0
0
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-39
]
240
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
21
Weight
45-
22
45.5
23
43-2
24
43-5
Metal and
Size
M .85
M -85
M -85
M -9
Obverse
M
N K
I A
A
W
N K
I
A A
O
K
H
•
M
N
K
[']A
A
o
K
N
•
M
N
K
1
A
A
o
K
N
Reverse
o ev
a re
n ni
o
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1040]
O
A
n
o
€V
re
N[l]
[de Salis, 1862]
O
A
n
e
v
re
NI
o
[de Salis, 1862]
(letters, K and A)
A
O
K
N
O
A
n
A
NI
o
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1040]
Plate
xxx ui.
3
(letter A)
Pfaffenhoffen, p. 82, PI. VI. 56-9, describes
certain specimens as bearing the letter A on
obv. ; but it is possible that this is not a mint-
letter but part of the name of ' Manuel'.
MANUEL I— ASPERS
241
No.
25
26
Weight
44-
Metal and
Size
Obverse
M -85
43-5
27
28
M -85
44-1 M -9
44-5
M -9
Reverse
(letter, f or "f ')
H
0
•
• •
N
TK
0
ev
IA
N
A
n
re
Nl
0
o
[H.P.BorreUsale,1852,
lot 1043]
Plate
•
M
N
IA
O
Tk
N
O •
A
n
0
•
• •
ev
re
Nl
0
XXXlll
4
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-48]
•
W
N
IA
0
T k
N
•
0
A
n
0
•
• •
ev
re
N[l]
O
[Parkes Weber gift,
190G]
•
H
[N
IA?]
O
7 k
N
•
0
A
n
o
[H. P. Borre]
lot 1043]
•
• •
ev
re
Nl
0
Usale,1852,
1 This seems to be a letter — though its position on the coin is unusual — and is no
doubt S and not, as Pfaffenhoffen (p. 82) declares, Z: cp. the plates of letters in.
Pfaffenhoffen, PI. XIV, XVI, XVII.
i i
242
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
29
Weight
43-6
30
31
32
Metal and
Size
M -85
43-2
44-5
43-5
33
M -85
M -8
M -9
43-8
M -9
Obverse
Reverse
(Letter (?), D J)
H
N
A D
O
K
M
O
A
n
o
ev
re
Nl
O
[H. P. Bon-ell sale,
1852, lot 1040]
(Letter (?), X on shaft of labaruiu)
H
N X
M
N X
I
A
O
K
rrl
[N]
H
N
H
N
I
A
rrl
N X
IA
O
K
H
N
O
K
H
N
0
1 € V
A
i r€
n
Nl
o
0
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1041]
O
A
n
O
€[V]
re
N[l]
O
[de Salis, 1862]
O
A
n
o
ev
re
Nl
o
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-47]
O
A
n
O
ev
re
Nl
o
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
Plate
XXX1U.
5
XXXUl.
1 Two specimens with this letter (apparently C reversed) are described by
Pfaffenhoffen, p. 82, PI. VI. 60. See further Retowski, Komn., pp. 34 f.
MANUEL I— ASPERS
243
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
34
44-6
JR
•9
•
•
•
W
0
0
€V
N X
K
A
re
1 A
H
n
Nl
N
0
0
[de Salis, 1862]
35
39-5
M
■85
H X
K
O
e
xxxiii
\A
N
A
r
7
(Perhaps Georgian : see
n
e
Retowski, Komn.,
0
[N]
pp. 20, 64)
(reverse type rude)
[de Salis, 1862]
(Pellets)
(1 pellet
on obv.~)
36
39-6
M
■85
•
0
ev
xxxiii
H
0
A
re
8
N
K
n
Nl
IA
H
o
0
N
(two pellets on shaft
(pellets instead of ^
of cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
on bottom of tunic)
37
45-3
JR
■95
H
N •
O
0
A
ev
re
K
n [...?]
Nl
[I?]A
H
0
0
N
[H. P. Borrell sale,
(the pellet is on the
1852, lot 1043]
shaft of the labarum)
38
43-8
M
■85
H
N
IA
O
K
•
O
A
•
• •-
e
V
re
N
n
Nl
o
0
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
39
39-8
M
■9
M
0
A j €V
Nl
K
A .
[W]
n . . re
(also + with pellets
D
Nl
on the shaft of the
[de Salis, \>W\
labarum)
244
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
(2 pellets on obv.)
40
41-9
M
•95
H
N .
1 '
A
O
K
M
N
0
A
n
0
€V
re
o
(one of the pellets on
(cross bar on shaft of
shaft of labarum)
the cross)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
41
43-8
M
•85
•
hri
N
. O
K
hri
[0*
A
n
0]
•
• •
ev
re
Nl
0
(part of inscr. on 1.
off flan)
[de Salis, 1862]
42
43-3
JR
•9
•
•
• •
xxxiii.
H
0
o .
e[V]
9
N •
K
A
r e
1 A
N
n
N
(-*» attached to base of
0
shaft of labarani)
TH. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
43
28-8
M
•85
hri
N .
[if
(the pellets
°K
N
are on the
2
n :
re
N[IP]
(the pellets are on the
shaft of the labaram)
shaft of the labarum)
[de Salis, 1862]
(3 pellets on obv.')
44
44-1
M
■9
hri
0
0
6[V]
xxxiii
n •:
K
A
re'
10
'a
hi
N
Tl (sic)
NH
0
0
(two of the pellets on
(cross-bar on shaft of
labarum)
shaft of labarum)
. [H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, 1
3t 1042]
MANUEL I— ASPERS
245
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
45
44-3
M
•9
H .
N • [U ?]
A
0
K
H
0 .
A"
n
0
•
ev
re
Nl
(pellets instead of ^
0
on bottom of tunic)
(4 pellets
i on obv.s)
46
44-3
M
•9
•
•
€'v
hrf
0
0
N
V K
A
re
IA
N
n
Nl
o
o
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1042]
47
43-4
JR
•95
H
N .
[I]A * •
•
0
K
M
O
A
n :
o
ev
re
Nl
o
N
(the pellets are on the
(one of the pellets on
shaft of the cross)
shaft of labarum)
[cle Sails, 1862]
48
45-4
M
■85
H
n :
[i?]A :
O
K
H
N
0
A
n
o
•
•
ev
re
NH
(two of the pellets on
[H. P. Borrell sale,
shaft of labarum)
1852, lot 1042]
49
44-
M
• 95
•
H
N •
*[OP]
K
0
A
n
•
ev
re
IA
H
NH
•
N
o .
o
(also + with pellets
[H. P. Borrell sale,
on the shaft of the
1852, lot 1041]
labarum)
50
41-
JR
•9
•
•
•
xxxiii.
H
0
0
ev
re
N
11
N •
A .
K
H
N
A
n
(also + w
on the s
labarum)
ith pellets
raft of the
[H. P. Bo
1852, 1<
rrell sale,
)t 1043]
246
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
51
52
Weight
Metal and
Size
44-2
53
54
43-6
43-
M -85
M
M -8
43-7
55
34-1
Ai -9
Obverse
Reverse
M -85
Plate
(5 pellets on obv.)
H
N
IA
O
K
H
Nl
n .:.
O
W
[l]A N
(the pellets, forming a
cross, are on the shaft
of the labarum ')
M
N •
IA *
(inscr. on r. partly off
flan)
n •:
I A
o
K
H
(two of the pellets on
shaft of labarum)
O [0?1
H K
H . M
V i/i
(Rude style ; probably
Georgian : Retowski,
Komn., p. 61)
O
A
r
i
o
6V
r
N
(inscr. double-struck)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-43]
O
A
n
[0?]
[de Salis, 1862]
ev
r€
Nl
o
A
n
o
€
• V
re
Nl
o
[de Salis, 1862]
O
€V
re
Nl
o
(inscr. on 1. nearly off
flan : two of the pel-
lets on shaft of cross)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
xxxm.
12
o
A
O
V
H
o
[de Salis, 1862]
xxxm.
13
1 Cp. No. 92, infra, with cross on obv. hut not on the shaft of the labarum. Strictly,
on No. 52, there are no pellets on the obv. apart from those that form the cross, but the
coin seems to fit in best with the ' 5 pellets ' series : cp. Nos. 39, 49, 50, supra, and
No. 57, infra, where there are pellets on obv. in addition to the cross of pellets.
MANUEL I-ASPERS
247
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
56
36-2
M -85
•
• •
. /V
A
O
K
•
• •
•
re
H
xxxiii
14
(Rude style ; probably
Georgian : Retowski,
p. 65, No. 210)
O
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-49]
(6 pellets
on obv.)
57
43-8
M -9
•
H
N
IA
•
O K
H
0
A
n :
o
ev
re
Nl
0
o •:•
(also + w
on the s
labarum)
N
ith pellets
haft of the
(the pellets are on the
shaft of the cross)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1041]
58
43-8
M -9
H
HI
a :
(two of th<
shaft of 1
•*. W
N
3 pellets on
abarum)
O
A
n
0
• •
re
ISH
0
[Purchased, 1905,
5-6-18]
59
43-7
AX -85
•
H
N
ia.;.
*o
K
H
O
A
n
0
•
• •
ev
re
Nl
0
[Campanasale, London,
1846, lot 1191]
60
44-1
AX -85
h :.
[Ni-:
[IJA
(three of th
shaft of 1
0
K
M
N
e pellets on
abarum)
O
A
n
0
[H. P. Be
1852, 1
•
• •
ev
re
Nl
O
irrell sale,
ot 1042]
248
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
61
44-8
M
•9
hri 0
% 0
N :.
K
A
ev
ia*:
M
N
n :
o •
re
NI
(three of the pellets on
D
D
shaft of labarum)
•
(j are on shaft of cross)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1040]
62
434
M
■85
H • i ■ °
n :: K
0
•
• •
ev
IN- •
H
A ..
re
[l]A
N
rr:
NI
(three of the pellets on
0
0
shaft of labarum)
(two of the pellets on
shaft of cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
63
42-7
JR
•9
n ::
[l]A*
K
H
O
A .
• •
•
• •
ev
re
(three of the pellets on
n ::
N.
shaft of labarum)
0*
(four of the pellets on
shaft of cross)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-37]
64
44-1
M
•95
H . . i 0
0
ev
xxxiv
n :: k
A .
re
1
1 A M
n ::
NI
1 N
D *
D
(three of the pellets on
(three of the pellets on
shaft of labarum)
shaft of cross)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-409]
(7 pellets on obv.~)
65
40-2
M
•85
• i
H . O
[0]
A . .
ev
"Ni :: ! K
n ::
re
[l]A * ! H
D
N 1
(three of the pellets on
i
shaft! of labarum)
(three of the pellets on
shaft of cross)
[de Sali
s, 1862]
MANUEL I— ASPERS
249
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
66
44-6
M
•8
•
!
H
O
O •
ev
n ::
K
A
re
A *'
M
N
n ::
o • •
Nl
0
(three of the pellets on
(three of the pellets on
shaft of labarum)
shaft of cross)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1042]
67
44-1
M
•9
•
0
ev
xxxiv.
n ::
0
K
A
re
•
2
1 A *
hrl
n
n:i
(three of the pellets on
[O?]
[0?]
shaft of labarum)
68
41-9
M
•9
n ::
1 A*
O
K
H
o
A
n
[O?]
ev
re
Nl
(three of the pellets on
[H. P. Borrell sale,
shaft of labaram)
1852, lot 1040]
69
44-9
M
•9
H
N
ia ..;.
. 0
K
H
0
A
n
0
ev
re
Nl
0
N
[H. P. Borrell sale,
(one of the pellets on
1852, lot 1042]
shaft of labarum)
70
43-2
M
•85
[•]
H
N
ia ..;.
•
O
K
M
N
O
A?
n
o
[de Sal
ev
re
Nl
o
is, 1862]
(one of the pellets on
shaft of labarum)
(8 pellets
-
on obi-.')
71
37-
M
•85
H
n : .
[i]A : :
0
K
H
N
O
A
n :
0
ev
re
Nl
o
(four of the pellets on
D
shaft of labarum)
(the pellets are on the
shaft of the cross)
1
[de Sali
3, 1862]
Kk
250
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
72
45-6
73
Metal and
Size
M -85
43-9 M -85
74
43-8
75
44-3
Obverse
Reverse
M -9
M -8
76
33-1
M -85
hri
N :
IA
o
K
hri
N
hri
n :
IA
[N]
O
A
r i
[O]
e
v
re
Nl
o
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-44]
O
A
n
o
0?][V]
Nl
O
[de Salis, 1862]
(9 pellets on obv.)
H
N ;
IA
O
K
hri
[N]
(three of the pellets on
shaft of labarum)
O
A
n ::
o ••
Plate
xxxiv.
3
ev
re
Nl
(three of the pellets on
shaft of cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
(Stars)
(1 star on obv.)
hri
V\
A
X
o
K
N
(pellets instead of ^
on bottom of tunic)
[hri]
X?
o
K
O
n
e.
re
NH
[H. P. Borrell sale,
^ 1852, lot 1039]
O
n
^
^
XXXIV.
4
xxxiv.
5
(one of the pellets on
shaft of cross)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-36]
(reverse of rude style : Georgian imitation ?)
xxxiv.
MANUEL I— ASPERS
251
No.
77
Weight
43-
414
79
42-
80
45-5
81
44-9
82
44-4
Metal and
Size
.it -75
Al -85
M -85
M -85
M -8
M -85
Obverse
M [inscr. off
H $$ flan]
IA
(the star is on the shaft
of the labarum)
n
IA
*
[inscr.
nearly
off flan]
(the star is on the shaft
of the labarum)
[inscr. ob-
literated]
O
K
H
N
(the star is on the shaft
of the labarum)
W
N
[']A *
O
K
H
N
(the star is on the shaft
of the labarum)
H
N
O
* ■
N A K
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
Reverse
Plate
[0]
€
A
V
r
n
€
[O?]
Nl
0
[de Salis, 1862]
0
€
[*]
V
LrlJ
r
to?]
€
Nl
[O?]
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1041]
[0]
€
A
V
n
Eg
0
Nl
O
[de Salis, 1862]
[0]
e
xxxiv.
A
V
7
n
^
[0]
Nl
O
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1041]
o .
A
[v
xxxiv.
S
n
re
0
N[l]
0
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1039]
•
0
€V
A
r.
n
N.
0
(A and f
conjoined")
252
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
83
44-7
M -9
hri
O
•
• •
€
N
o
A
V
i
[l]A
X K
N
n
o
re
Nl
0
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-45]
84 44-4
M -9
•
•
•
• •
H
0
O
e
N
# K
A
V
1 A
N
n
re
Nl
0
0
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1043]
85
39-5
JR -8
M *
0
O •
A
ri
•
• •
ev
N
# K
re
N
N
o
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1039]
86
44-
.at -85
m :
•
O
•
• •
€
N
[l?JA
# K
A
n
0
V
re
N
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1039]
87
40-9
M -85
•
o *
•
• •
xxxiv.
H .
N
1 A
)|( K
M
A
n :
0
ev
re
Nl
0
9
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-46]
(2 stars
on o6i\)
88
45-8
M -85
XC '
* O
XC
xxxiv.
M
K
H
O
ev
10
A XC
A
n XC
i .
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-35;
MANUEL I— ASPERS
253
No.
Weight
89
43-7
Metal and
Size
90
42-6
91
43-8
M -8
M -9
M -9
92
43-5
M -8
Obverse
Reverse
(3 stars on obv.~)
X o
n X
IAX
(pellets on bottom of
tunic instead of ££ )
H
l/l *
*
o
€V
mo
c
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-408]
O
u
(pellets on bottom of
tunic instead of ^)
£
X
€
O
A
n *
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1039]
(4 stars on obi'.)
X
O
* H
"A *
(pellets on bottom of
tunic instead of $K)
O
A
no *
ev
re
NH
/
[de Salis, 1862]
c+
on
O
K
[M]
[W] +
(pellets on bottom of
tunic instead of )*(•)
bv. and m\)
[ri] +
€V
4f
Plate
XXXIV.
11
XXXIV.
12
(cp. similar coin,
Pfaffenhoffen, p. 82,
PL VII. 61)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-42]
XXXIV.
13
XXXIV.
14
254
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Aspers probably struck after the death of
Manuel I and beyond the Empire of Trebizond.
Inscr. Manuel I, beard-
ed, standing facing,
holdingin r. labarum
with short shaft, in
1. globus cruciger ;
wears crown, tunic
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, standing
facing ; in r. , long
cross ; 1. holds robe ;
wears nimbus and
robe. Border of dots.
(with ^), and sash
(with X) falling
over 1. arm ; in field
r., manus Dei in
sleeve crowning the
Emperor. Border of
dots.
93
43-1
M -9
A?
hri
NV
[H]A
K
M
1 1
®
€V
rev
N
0
O1
ne*
Tl
0
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1052]
94
43-3
M -85
H
N
HA
co
K
H
N
®
€V
/?
[de Sali
0
np?]
a
s, 1862]
XXXV.
1
1 This inscription (op. the corresponding inscriptions on Nos. 94-8) may from its
position on the coin be presumed to refer to St. Eugenius. The word intended is probably
TpaneCowTios, as Koehne has suggested (Mim. Soc. d'Ai-ch. el Num. de St.-Petersbourg, iii,
1849, p. 109: cp. Pfaffenhoifen, p. 83. Koehne himself has, however, preferred the un-
tenable view that the letters of this inscr. are blundered letters of the name of
St. Eugenius).
The form of the inscr., the sign 15 used for Tp, and the sign 9 at the end of the inscr.
(Nos. 94, 95) are less surprising on the supposition (suggested infra, after No. 98) that
these coins (93-98) were struck beyond the limits of Trebizond and by an engraver
imperfectly acquainted with Greek. It may be worth noting that ^ 3 bear some
resemblance to the Georgian letters!) = Z and Tj = L (see Plate I in "V. Langlois, Essai
de classification des suites monetaires de la Giorgie, Paris, 1860). (See further the recent
work of Retowski Komn., p. 22.)
MANUEL I— ASPERS
255
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
95
44-3
M -95
H
O
XXXV.
N
K
®
/?
Tl*
2
HA
C0
[M]
N
rpr,
a
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-51]
96
40-8
M -85
H
[mscr. ? cx;r
XXXV.
N
K
3
[H]A.
C
n
H
N
off flan]
NIOC
0["fA ?]
w
nc
(6 and V conjoined)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-50]
97
42-
M -85
N
0
K
. H
Kl
®
XXXV.
[A?]
evrE
4
HA
T?|l
NIOC
OC~
OfA
(inscr. on 1. nearly off
nrc ?i .
flan) (tunic orna-
mented with pellets
[de Salis, 1862] J
and squares : on
sash, : : :)
98
46-5
M -95
H
[inscr.
®
€Vr[€]
NIO
NV
IIA
nearly
off flan]
[inscr.
obliter-
(tunic ornamentedwith
ated]
0[TA ?]
pellets and squares :
l r j
on sash, ; ; ;)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1051]
Nos. 93-98 form a somewhat curious group.
In the first place, it may be regarded as almost
beyond doubt that the 'Manuel' named on
these coins is Manuel I of Trebizond, and not
either Manuel II or III whose reigns fell in
a period when, on the Trebizond aspers, stand-
ing figures (such as are here seen) had been
superseded by equestrian figures. These coins,
however, differ in several respects from the
aspers of Manuel I previously described (Nos.
8-92), especially (on the obverse) in having
a short shaft for the labarum, in the introduc-
tion of the
sash, and in
tin
3 substiti
ition of the
256
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
globus for the roll in the emperor's left hand.
And they, moreover, resemble the aspers of
John II, the next of the successors of Manuel I
to strike this denomination.
It is, at first, natural to suppose that these
coins formed the latest issue of Manuel I and
served as the model for the aspers of John II.
But a closer examination renders it very
doubtful whether Manuel I can have been the
issuer of the coins of this group, because, (i)
they are inferior in st5rle and execution not
only to the bulk of the coins of Manuel I
(No's. 8-92), but also to those of John II which
were struck seventeen years or more after the
death of Manuel. And, again, if Manuel I
towards the end of his long reign thought it
worth while to make, considerable alterations
in his hitherto stereotyped coinage, it is strange
that they should have been carried out so
clumsily ; (ii) the scheme of lettering differs
from that found on the aspers of Manuel I and
John II, and the epithet— apparently 6 TpaTre-
£owtios (see note on p. 254, supra) — is hardly
ever found on any coins that are incontestably
of TreMzond.
The view that I would suggest as to the
origin of these coins (Nos. 93-98) is this. They
were not issued in the Empire of Trebizond
itself, but in some country — perhaps Georgia —
where the asper-coinage was in demand (see
J. Bartholomaei, Lett res num., St. -Pet., 1859,
pp. 35 f. ; cp. Blau in Berliner Blatter, iv, 1868,
p. 155). They were not struck till after the
death of Manuel I and were copied, as regards
their types, from the aspers of John II
(a.d. 1280-1297). The legends were not
directly transferred from any Trebizond coins,
but the name of Manuel (I) was adopted because
his coins had already acquired great reputation
as media of exchange (in Georgia we know that
Kirmaneoul(KyT or Kurios Manuel) became the
generic name for silver coins : see Bartholomaei,
op. cit., p. 35), and the epithet 6 TpamfrvvTios
was added to the Saint's name for the sake of
identification and to supply information. In
the same way, in the Europe of the Middle
Ages, foreigners might speak of St. James 'of
Compostella ' and St. Thomas ' of Canterbury ',
though it was enough for the native Spaniard
and the native Englishman to refer simply to
St. James and St. Thomas. (See also Retowski's
Komn. , pp. 22, 66-8, 79, 80, published since this
was written.)
Plate
MANUEL I— BRONZE
257
No.
99
Weight
48-7
Metal and
Size
M 1-05
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Bronze
(Bronze Nomisma?)
Inscr. Manuel I,
bearded, standing-
facing, holding in r.
labarum with long
shaft, in 1. globus
cruciger ; wears
crown, tunic, and
mantle (with ££)
with one end falling
over 1. arm ; in field
r., manus Dei in
sleeve crowning the
Emperor. Border of
dots.
rrl
N
IA
(flat;
cave ?)
O
K
M
originally con-
Inscr. Bust of St.
Eugenius, facing,
holding in r. short
cross ; wears nimbus
and robe. Border of
dots.
0
n
0
[inscr. ob-
scure,
€
V&c.l
XXXV
5
[Bought of H. Hoff-
mann, Paris, 1864,
4-8-22 ']
1 The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 315, No. 8, PI. 68. 2, though
with some inaccuracies in the reading of the legends. In Retowski, Komn., p. 69,
No. 221, Sabatier's description is repeated and the specimen is incorrectly stated to be in
the Stroganow collection. Sabatier, »&., No. 7, PL 68. 1, further describes and attributes
to Manuel I (correctly ?) a smaller bronze coin (concave) with obv. standing figure of
Manuel, rev. standing figure of St. Eugenius. (Retowski, Komn., p. 69, No. 222, repeats
Sabatier's description.) I may point out that the obv. bears considerable resemblance to
the coin of Manuel I of Thessalonica figured in our PL XXVI. 8.
Ll
258
ANDRONICUS II
a.d. 1263-1266
No coins known.
GEORGE
a.d. 1266-1280
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
M 1-
Obverse
Reverse
No silver coins are known of this reign, but
Retowski, Komn.7 pp. 70-2, well assigns to it
bronze coins of the following types : —
1. Obv. The Emperor and St. Eugenius standing.
Rev. Bust of St. George.
M Nomisma. Tolstoi coll. PL XV. 1.
2. Obv. The Emperor standing, holding trifid
sceptre.
St. Eugenius standing, holding long cross.
M Nomisma. Hermitage. PI. XV. 2 (cp.
Rev. beige, 1881, p. 346, PL XVI, No. 14).
The Emperor standing, holding labarum.
Rev. Cross crosslet on steps.
M Nomisma. PL XV. 3.
Rev.
Obv.
The following, a variety of No. 2, is de-
scribed from a plaster cast kindly supplied by
M. J. N. Svoronos : —
Inscr. The Emperor
George, bearded, stand-
ing facing, holding in r.
cross with empearled
head, and in 1. globus ;
wears crown, tunic, and
mantle. Border of dots.
n
T
[inscr. ob-
scure]
Inscr. St. Eugenius, stand-
ing facing, wearing nim-
bus and robe ; in r., long
cross. [Border of dots!]
Plate
M Nomisma. National Mus., Athens. Cp. Konstanto-
poulos in Journ. internat., ii, 1899, pp. 219 f.
xxxv.
6
259
JOHN II
a.d. 1280-1297
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Asp
ers
(with pellets on rev/)
Inscr. Johnll, bearded,
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
standing facing,
beardedandnimbate,
holding in r. laba-
standing facing; in
rumwith short shaft,
r., long cross ; 1.
in 1. globus cruci-
holds robe. Border
ger ; wears crown,
of dots.
tunic (with 0), and
mantle falling over
1. arm ; in field r.,
manus Dei in sleeve
crowning the Em-
peror. Border of dots.
1
43-2
M
•9
IUJ
®
£
XXXV.
0
N
€V
Nl
7
K
0
r
0
MM
•:-5
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1048]
2
42-7
M
•85
lUU
O
K
ItN
N
0
®
€V
r
£
Nl
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1048]
3
425
M
•95
[i]u3
0
K
hrN
N
.0
®
€V
r
€
Nl
[H.RBorrellsale,1852,
lot 1045]
260
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
4
44-2
M -85
IUJ
®
e
XXXV.
o
N
ev
Nl
8
K
0
r
o
hN
S
•>S
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-62]
5
44-9
M -9
iQj
®
€
xxxv.
0
N
€V
Nl
9
K
0
r
O
hN
S
•:«5
[H. P. BorreUsale,1852,
lot 1048]
6
43-8
M -85
IW
®
[€]
0
(inscr.
6V
Nl
K
hN
obscure)
in
O
•:•)
[de Salis, 1862]
(Similar to Nos. 1-6, but pellets on ret>.
omitted)
7
44-8
M -85
IUU
®
Nl
xxxv.
o
N
€V
0
10
K
0
re
c
hN
S
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-53]
8
43-5
M -9
[l]0j
0
KO
hN
N
0
®
€V
re
Nl
0
xxxv.
11
[OorV?]
y
[de SaUs, 1862]
9
45-6
M -9
IUU M
®
re
0
N
ev
N
KO
[de Sali
0
s, 1862]
JOHN II-ASPERS
261
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
ReverBe
Plate
(+ on obi
. or rev!)
Inscr. John II, bearded,
standing facing,
holding in r. labarum
with short shaft, in
1. globus cruciger ;
wears crown, tunic
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded and nim-
bate, standing fac-
ing; in r. , long cross ;
1. holds robe. Border
of dots.
(with I), and sash
(with *$£) falling
over 1. arm ; in field
r., manus Dei in
sleeve crowning the
Emperor. Border of
dots.
10
43-5
M -9
iOu
o
KO
ItN
N
O
S
®
ev
+
re
Nl
0
xxxvi.
1
(wears tunic with ^,
and mantle over 1.
arm, as on Nos. 1-6 ;
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-60]
no sash)
11
41-9
M -85
[l]UJ
0
KO
N
0
C
0
A
n
o +
ev
re
Nl
0
xxxvi.
2
[de Salis, 1862]
12
43-
M -9
lUJ
0
KO
hN
N
0
C
®
ev
re
Nl
o
c
xxxvi.
3
+
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-19]
13
44-7
JR -8
ILU
[01
IK]
[trN]
N
0
1
®
ev
re
Nl
+?
xxxvi.
4
(tunic v
;ith *)
(cross in 1. 1
robe witl
[de Sali
iand ; holds
ir.)
s, 1862]
262
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
14
Weight
42-1
15
42-
Metal and
Size
M -9
M -9
16
42-3
M -9
17
42-8
18
43-7
JR .85
Obverse
[IUUJ
o
KO
MM
N
O
C
(sash with • • •)
o
KO
MM
N
O
C
(sash with • • •)
IUJ
O
KO
MM
H
(sash with
[N]
O
[C]
Reverse
(A)
ev
re
Nl
o
(cross in 1. hand ; holds
robe with r.)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-57]
®
ev
re
Nl
o
c
(cross in 1. hand ; holds
robe with r.)
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-22]
Plate
®
ev
re
Nl
o
c
(cross in 1. hand ; holds
robe with r.)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1044]
(Lis (•$•) on obv.)
M -85
Inscr. John II, stand-
ing facing : all as on
No. 10.
IUJ
O
KO
MM
N
O
(sash with dotted X)
Similar to No. 17 (C
off flan) (sash with
dotted X)
Inscr.
St.
Eugenius,
standing facing:
all as on No. 10.
®
re
Nl
e
V
f
0
c
[de Salis, 1862]
Similar to No. 17.
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1044]
XXXVI.
5
JOHN II-ASPERS
263
No.
Weigth
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
19
45-8
M -9
IOI
®
re
0
KO
N
5P
Nl
0
MM
0
f c
c
•
•
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
(sash with X an(i dot-
lot 1045]
ted ornamentation ;
lis between • and •)
20
43-3
M -85
IUJ
re
xxxvi.
O
KO
MM
N
to
T C
®
it
Nl
o
c
6
•
•
*t* %»
[Purchased, 1904,
(sash with X an(l dot-
4-3-56]
ted ornamentation ;
lis between • and •)
21
42-8
M -9
[IUJ]
®
[6]
V
re
0
[K]0
MM
• [N?l
To?]
* [C?J
Nl
o
C
(sash with X '■> tunic
[de Salis, 1862]
with X and I ; lis
blundered)
(letter
on obv.*)
Inscr. Johnll, bearded,
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
standing1 facing,
bearded and nimbate,
holding in r. laba-
standing facing ; in
rum with short shaft,
r. , long cross ; 1. holds
in 1. globus cruciger ;
robe. Border of dots.
wears crown, tunic
(with • ), and sash
falling' over 1. arm ;
in field r., manus
Dei in sleeve crown-
ing the Emperor.
Border of
dots.
264
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
22
42-
M -85
id)
0
KO
hN
N
O
■VF
re
Nl
0
c
xxxvi
7
1
A C
r
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-59]
( • • * on sash)
• •
23
37-6
M -95
lOD
0
KO
hN
A2
NO
ev|>
re
Nl
0
c
(• • • on sash)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1044]
24
42-9
M -9
lOD
A
®
re
0
KO
hN
•
NO
6V
Nl
0
c
(•V« on sash)
[H.P.BorreUsale,1852,
lot 1044]
25
39-3
jR -9
iGl
A
®
re
0
KO
hN
•
NO
€V
N[l]
O
c
(•V» on sash)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1048]
26
43-7
M -9
iGu
o
KO
hN
(.V. o
A
•
[NO]
a sash)
• V
[H. P. Borre
lot 1048]
re
Nl
0
c
sllsale,1852,
1 This object occurs also in the Lis series, No. 17, supra.
2 This letter nearly resembles A, but probably A is intended. So also on the follow-
ing coins of this series.
JOHN II— ASPERS
265
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
27
43-8
M -9
IUU
A
®
re
xxxvi
o
€V
Nl
8
KO
N
o
bN
O
c
C
[Purchased, 1904,
(.*. on sash)
4-3-52]
28
444
M -9
iOu
A
o ev
xxxvi.
0
N
A
re
9
K
0
C
n
Nl
[hN]
0
05
(^ on sash)
[de Salis, 1862]
(X on
rev.')
Inscr. John II, bearded,
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
standing facing,
bearded and nim-
holding in r. labarum
bate, standing fac-
with short shaft, in
ing ; in r. , long cross ;
I. globus cruciger ;
1. holds robe. Border
wears crown, tunic
of dots.
(with •), and sash
falling over 1. arm ;
in field r., manus Dei
in sleeve crowning
the Emperor. Bor-
der of dots.
29
42-5
M -9
IUU
e
xxxvi.
0
O
V
10
KO
N
A
re
MM
(tunic and
0
C
sash orna-
n
o *
c
N[l]
[OC]
mented with $>)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1045]
30
44-2
M -9
IW
O
O
€
V
KO
N
A
re
hN
0
n
N[l]
C
o %
[OC]
(tunic and sash with
c
0)
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-15]
m ni
266
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
31
44-8
M -9
IUU
o
O
A
€V
re
KO
N
n
N[l]
hN
E?j
o *
c
oM
(tunic and sash with
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
♦)
lot 1048]
32
42-6
JR -95
IUU
0
€V
0
A
re
KO
N
n Xc
Nl
[UN]
0
• C
0
c
0
(sash with 0)
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1045]
33
36-5
M -9
[IUU]
0
€[V]
xxxvi.
0
A
re
11
KO
n X
Nl
N
N
O
o
c
[Purchas
OC
ed, 1904,
(sash with ^)
4-3-55]
34
42-5
M .9
IUU
0
tK°J
o
ev
N
[A]
re
[W]
0
n
N[l]
[N]
C
o
O
(sash with £*(•)
c
[H.P.Borrellsale,1852,
lot 1045]
»
xxxvi
'35
35-7
M -8
IUU
0
12
0
/
KO
N
n
A
n
re
Nl
hrN
[C]
0
O
c
ed, 1904,
(sash with X")
[Purchas
4-3-54
1
JOHN II— ASPERS
267
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
36
43-3
37
41-5
38
45-4
39
40-6
M -85
M -95
Obverse
Reverse
(;$ on o6w.)
Inscr. John II, bearded,
standing facing,
holding in r. laba-
rum with short shaft,
in 1. globus cruciger ;
wears crown, tunic
(with j), and sash
(with £<*j) falling
over 1. arm ; in field
i\, manus Dei in
sleeve crowning the
Emperor. Border of
dots.
M -95
M -8
[IW]
O
[K]0
MM
N
O
C
(sash with £&)
111)
O
KO
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
beardedand nimbate,
standing facing ; in
r. , long cross; 1. holds
robe. Border of dots.
(sash with X)
111)
O
KO
MM
N
O
C
(sash with X)
IW
O
KO
rrN
N
O
[C]
(sash with X)
e N[i]
V o
c
(double-struck)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-58]
O
A
n
o
N I
O
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-407]
®
ev
r'e
Nl
O
c
[Purchased. 1904,
4-3-61]
®
€
V
r'e
Nl
O
c
[de Salis, 1862]
Plate
XXXVI.
13
XXXVI.
14
268
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
40
41-7
M -9
iuj
®
re
0
N
€V
Nl
KO
0
•
o
MN
O c
• •
c
(sasli with X)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1048]
41
47-8
JR -9
IUU
®
re
O
N
€
Nl
KO
O
V
o
hN
J$ C
c
(sash with X)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1048]
42
45-5
JR -9
IUU
®
re
0
N
€V
Nl
KO
0
o
hN
& c
c
(sash with X)
[de Salis, 1862]
43
43-6
JR -85
IUU
0
N
®
re
Nl
xxxvi.
15
KO
O
• C
€V
O
ITN (sic)
&
[Purchased, 1908,
5-6-16]
44
41-8
JR -9
IUU
0
®
ev
re
KO
N
• •
Nl
hN
0
•
(pellet on shaft of cross)
[de Salis, 1862]
45
34-7
JR -85
Nl
0
N
o
® 1
re
Nl
xxxvi.
16
(C?)
[$?]
• •
Ol
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1049]
1 This blundered piece was probably not produced at the official mint, but mav be
i contemporary forgery.
JOHN II— ASPERS
269
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
46
38-4
M -85
i£D
0
KO
N
O
C
®
ev
re7
NI
0
xxxvii
1
MN
(4 pellets
; in sash)
[de Salis, 1862]
47
42-
M -9
iuj
0
KO
hN
N
® c
® 1 r£
e ni
v 1 oc
[de Salis, 1862]
48
44-1
M -85
lOD
0
KO
hN
(inscr. on ]
flan ; 6
sash)
N
0
® C
. partly off
pellets in
® r£
€ NI
V OC
[de Salis, 1862]
49
40-7
M -85
Similar (inscr. com-
plete ; 5 pellets in
sash)
[de Salis, 1862]
Similar, hut CV for
v ; pellet on shaft
of cross.
50
41-7
M -8
id)
o
KO
MM
N
O
®
ev
[de Sali
re
NI
oc
s, 1862]
51
41-2
M -85
IW
0
KO
[MM]
(4 pellets
N
0
& c
in sash)
[®]
[e]v
[de Sali
/
re
NI
oc
s, 1862]
52
44-
M -9
IUJ
o
KO
(4 pellets
N
0
& c
in sash) (
®
ev
[de Sali
re
NI
oc
s, 1862]
270
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
53
42-4
Ai -85
luj
0
®
/
re
KO
N
ev
NI
■
MM
0
oc
[de Salis, 1862]
54
42-
M -85
iGu
[®]
/
0
N
re
KO
MM
0
® C
[€]V NI
OC
[de Salis, 1862]
55
36-8
M -8
o
®
ev
re
NI
KO
N
r/"\~i
O1
0
MM
® l?l
c
[de Salis, 1862]
56
43-4
M -9
IW
0
®
re
KO
N
0
ev
NI
oc
HSH
& c
[de Salis, 1862]
(4 pellets in sash)
57
32-3
^R -9
[IUJ]
[OJ
®
re
KO
N
[€V]
NI
oc
M\H
O
[de Salis, 1862]
(several pellets in sash)
L ' -*
58
39-4
.R -85
IUJ
0
KO
N
®
e
re
NI
xxxvii
2
MSH
$ J?
V
oc
[de Salis, 1862]
59
44-5
Al -8
IUJ
®
re
o
N
O
c
ev
NI
KO
o
(tunic witl
i 0 ; stripes
[de Sal
c
is, 1862]
instead of pellets in
sash)
1 Perhaps not a letter but an annulet inserted to balance the O on the other side
of the type.
JOHN II— ASPERS
271
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
60
39-2
M -85
IW
®
re
0
N
ev
NI
KO
1 N
o
hNH
$ ■
c
[de Salis, 1862]
61
444
M -85
IW
0
KO
hNi
® 1 r€
N
ev i ni
& ■
[de Salis, 1862]
62
41-1
M -85
IUJ
®
re
xxxvii
0
e
NI
3
KOM
V
OC
NSN
$
[de Salis, 1862]
(sash, -r<5
; double-
struck)
63
42-6
M -8
lOD
®
re
0
N
e
NIO
KO
O
V
c
MN
(sash,
• • • • J
[de Salis, 1862]
64
40-2
JR -85
[iGD]
® re
0
N
e
NI
KO
O
V
0
rrNH
& c
C
(sash,
•ZZ)
[de Salis, 1862]
65
42-8
M -85
iDu
o
[®]
re
KO
N
0
e
V
NI
0
hNH
&1 c
c
(sash,
•31)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1045]
66
43-7
M -9
IW
re
xxxvii.
0
N
®
NI
4
KO
O
ev
o
hHi
&1 •
c
(sash,
•HZ)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-63]
iQp.
No. 43, supra
272
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
67
44-7
M -85
IUU
0
K 0
(sash,
N
0
i C
® Nl
ev o
c
[de Salis, 1862]
68
43-6
M -85
IUU
0
KO
(sash,
N
0
A c
® r€
ev n
oc
[de Salis, 1862]
(^ on obv. : aspers of rude style)
Inscr. John II, stand-
ing, as on No. 36.
Style rude.
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
standing, as on
No. 36. Style rude.1
69
46-4
M -95
UJ
0
K
MM
(monogram
sash wit!
N
0
$ ■
blundered ;
®
6
V
[de Sali
re
Nl
0
s, 1862]
70
30.8
M -86
UJ
KO
3N
(sash \vi
N
. 0
th-^)
0
e
v ••
[Purchasi
5-11-4]
re
* Nl
8
V
3d, 1904,
4]
Plate
XXXVll.
5
xxxvu.
xxxvii.
7
1 The barbarous character of these coins has led Pfaffenhoffen (p. 102), Blau {Berl.
Blatter, iv, p. 181), and Sabatier to attribute them to John IV (Kalojoannes), one of the
latest of the Emperors of Trebizond (died A. D. 1458). But this attribution is, surely,
most improbable, if only for the reason that long before the period of John IV the
standing figures on the asper had been replaced by equestrian types. Aspers of the
reign of John IV should therefore present equestrian figures, and we should, moreover,
expect them to be struck on much smaller flans than those which characterize the coins
now under discussion. The coins, then, must be regarded either as contemporary
forgeries of the reign of John II or, more probably, as barbarous imitations of the aspers
of John II made in some country — Iberia (Georgia) ?— where the silver coins of Trebizond
were a popular medium of exchange. (Cp. note to No. 73, infra.) These coins will thus
be not earlier than a. d. 1280, the date of the accession of John II, but it is not
impossible that they may have continued to be struck even after the death of John II
which took place in A. D. 1297. (Retowski, Komn., pp. 73 f., 108 f., cp. p. 20, has
independently reached very similar conclusions as to these and other barbarous coins.)
JOHN II— ASPERS
273
No.
71
72
73
Weight
384
Metal and
Size
M -85
30-3
34-7
74
35-2
M -85
Obverse
IUJ
o
KO N
WN
(monogram blundered)
(sash with S<^)
UU
KO
M -85
M -85
75
45-
Reverse
Q
V
e
re
N
(V smaU)
[de Salis, 1862]
I I
O
MM
(monogram blundered)
(sash with 5^)
JR -9
®
re
Nl
o*
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-412]
w
O
re
o
KO
0
[0?]
III
0
Hi $
(sash with ^>)
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-413] J
Similar to No. 73.
o re
cv
N
O
[de Sab-
s, 1862]
(Annulet — O or Q — on rev.")
Plate
XXXVll.
8
xxxvii.
9
XXXVll.
10
Inscr. Joh
ing, as
supra.
n II, stand-
on No. 36,
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
standing, as on
No. 36, supra.
iOu
0
KO
HM
N
O
C
[®]
evo
re
Nl
o
c
xxx vii
11
(sash w
ith m)
[de Sali
s, 1862]
1 This rudely executed coin (so also No. 74) should be compared with an undoubted
Georgian imitation of the Trebizond aspers, and specially in regard to the curious form
of the crown : see Langlois, Essai de class, des suites monitaires de la Giorgie (1860), p. 104,
PL yill. 9. The coin reads on the obv. ' King George ' in Georgian letters. It is
attributed by Langlois to George VIII, A. d. 1452-1469, but it would not seem impossible
to assign it to one of the earlier kings of Georgia bearing this name. Cp. another
imitation in the 1852 edition of Langlois, PL V. 11. (See also Retowski, Komn., p. 109.)
2 Probably only inserted to balance the letter O of the reverse inscription ; cp.
No. 55, supra. The annulet on No. 76 has a hook.
u n
274
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
76
77
Weight
Metal and
Size
38-6 M 1
434
78
79
41-7
42-8
M -85
M -8
M -95
Obverse
O
KO
hN
N
O
C
(sash with J£)
Reverse
®
[6]V£>
NH
O
C
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1045]
(without symbol)
Inscr. JohnII,bearded,
standing facing,
holding in r. laba-
rum with short shaft,
in 1. glohus cruciger ;
wears crown, tunic
(with j), and sash
falling over 1. arm;
in field r., manus
Dei in sleeve crown-
ing the Emperor.
Border of dots.
iCQ N
OK
[hN]
(sash with X)
IUJ
O
KO
hN
(tunic with
with 0)
IUJ
O
KO
[N]
O
[C]
O) (sash
N
O
hN
(tunic with X and j)
(sash with X X)
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded and nimbate,
standing facing ;
in r., long cross ; 1.
holds robe. Border
of dots.
re
Nl
oc
[de Salis, 1862]
®
ev
®
ev
re
N[l]
o
c
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1044]
[O]
[de Salis, 1862 ']
ev
re
Nl
o
[5]
Plate
XXXTll.
12
XXXTU.
13
XXXTU.
14
1 The rev. bears a very close resemblance to the coin of Theodora (cire. a.d. 1285)
described infra (PI. XXXVIII. 1). The ornamentation of the Emperor's dress is also in
some respects similar to that found on Theodora's dress as represented on the same coin.
JOHN II— ASPERS— BRONZE
275
No.
80
81
Weight
42-6
44-
82
83
84
40-2
43-6
Metal and
Size
M -85
M -95
36-4
M -95
M -95
M -85
Obverse
IUJ
o
N
O
C
KO
(sash with M. )
IUJ
o
KO
N
O
C
ItN
(sash with 3E )
Similar to No. 81.
Similar to No. 81 ; sash
with EE.
Reverse
ev
re
Nl
O
[de Salis, 1862]
[inscr. off
flan]
®
ev
re
Nl
oc
[de Salis, 1862]
Similar to No. 81.
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1044]
IUJ
O
KO
(sash with *
(A)
ev
re
Nl
O
C
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1048]
®
€
V
re
Nl
Q.2
[de Salis, 1862]
See also supra, p. 260, Nos. 7-9, and on
the whole asper-coinage, Retowski, Komn.,
pp. 76-129.
Bronze
No mis ma (scyphate)
Inscr. John II, stand-
ing facing, holding
in r. labarum with
short shaft ; in 1.
globus cruciger;
wears crown, striped
tunic, and sash fall-
ing over 1. arm.
Border of dots.
Inscr. Bust of St. John
the Baptist, bearded
and nimbate, facing;
r. hand in blessing ;
1. holds long cross.
Border of dots.
Plate
XXXVll.
15
XXXVll.
16
1 The rev. closely resembles the rev. of the coin of Theodora in PL XXXVIII. 1.
2 The O has a tail or hook, resembling Q. Cp. No. 76.
276
DL COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TKEBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
85
35-
M 1.
IUU
o
N
®
fa
17
K
hN
0
S
LU
O
0(i.e. 6
7rpoSpo/«>s,
the Fore-
runner)
fPurchased, 1864,
4-8-22] >
JOHN II AND HIS SON ALEXIUS
There are aspers with obv. John II and Alexius, standing ; rev. St. Eu-
genius, standing: see Retowski, Komn., p. 130: cp. Revue beige, 1881,
pp. 347, 348 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 332, ' Manuel in and Alexius IV ' ; Photiades
Catal., p. 46, No. 651.
A bronze coin with obv. John H, standing ; rev. Alexius, standing, is
described by Sabatier, ii, p. 318, No. 1, PI. 68. 5 : cp. Retowski, p. 131.
1 This is the identical specimen published by Sabatier (ii, p. 312, No. 4, PI. 67. 9),
who has attributed it to John I ; but the short-shafted labarum and the globus cruciger
are better suited to John II, as has already been pointed out, p. 232, supra, ' John I.'
Sabatier has not understood the monogram on the rev., and has read the whole reverse
inscr. as O A. ILL) ANNE. (In Retowski's Komn., p. 105, Sabatier's engraving is
reproduced and the coin is incorrectly stated to be in the Stroganow collection.)
To John II, Sabatier (ii, p. 317, No. 2, PI. 68. 4) has assigned a bronze coin with
rev. ' Bust of St. Eugenius ' [St. George ?], but there is reason to think that his descrip-
tion of it is incorrect : see Konstantopoulos in Joum. internat. d'arch. num., ii, 1899,
pp. 223, 224. (Retowski, p. 187, reproduces Sabatier's engraving.) As to other bronze
coins that have been attributed to John II (rev. St. Eugenius) see Retowski, pp. 75 f., and
pp. 105-7.
277
THEODORA
circ. 1285
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
44-5
M -95
Obverse
Reverse
Asper
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, standing
facing, holding in r.
long cross ; wears
nimbus and robe
(fastened by brooch),
which he holds in 1.
hand. Border of
dots.
Inscr. The Empress
Theodora, standing
facing, holding in r.
globus cruciger ; 1.
hand placed on
breast; wears crown,
tunic (with X)j and
sash (with XX)
falling over r. arm ;
in field 1., manus Dei
in sleeve crowning
the Empress. Border
of dots.
[9]€ H
|0] KO
^ "N
[P]A HN
{manus Dei off flan)
Bronze
There is a bronze nomisma, obv. Theodora,
standing ; rev. St. Eugenius (Ketowski, p. 133).
In Revue beige, 1881, p. 348, PI. XVI. 16, a bronze
coin with obv. Standing figure ; rev. The
Virgin, Christ, and Empress (?) is attributed
to Theodora, but the specimen is not satis-
factorily preserved. Cp. Retowski, p. 134.
A bronze coin with obv. Equestrian figure,
rev. Cross, engraved in Berliner Blatter, ii,
1865, PI. XIX. 2, is also attributed (correctly ?)
in the Thomsen Sale Catalogue, p. 68, No. 846,
to Theodora.
Plate
0
ev
xxxviii
A
re
1
N
Nl
O
0
C
5
[de Salis
, 1862] *
1 For similar aspers see Sabatier, ii, p. 319 ; Pfaflenhoffen, p. 88; Koehne in Me"m.
Soc. A' Arch, et Num. de St.-PUersbourg, iii, 1849, p. 152, PI. III. 10 ; cp. Bartholomaei,
Lettres num. et arch., 1859, p. 39. (Also Retowski, pp. 132 f.) Some aspers (Nos. 79, 80,
supra) of John II resemble Theodora's aspers in various respects.
278
ALEXIUS II
a.d. 1297-1330
The various aspers and half-aspers inscribed -with the name ' Alexius '
must be distributed between Alexius II, III, and IV, for there is good ground
for refusing to assign any of them to Alexius I (see supra, p. 230, Alexius I).
Pfaffenhoffen (p. 92) has well noted that the sceptre held by the emperor
on the obv. of the ' Alexius ' coins assumes several forms, and that these
changes seem likely to give a clue to the attribution of the coinage. The
sceptre is represented, as regards its head, in three different ways : with an
empearled head (represented by several pellets, ') with a triple head, Y-> with
a three-barred cross as head, ^E.
Pfaffenhoffen has assigned to Alexius II those coins which display the
triple-headed sceptre, and to Alexius III those which display the empearled
sceptre. But if we take a broader survey of the coinage than was possible
for Pfaffenhoffen with his comparatively scanty material, cause can be shown
why we should reverse this arrangement, i. e. we must assign to Alexius II
the silver coins with the empearled sceptre, and to Alexius HI those with the
triple head.
The distribution of the sceptres is as follows : —
Alexius II [j ? or Y ?].
Basil I Y. *
Michael Y.
Alexius III [; ? or Y ?]•
Manuel III Y and ^.
Alexius IV ^ .
It is thus clear that if the I sceptre is assigned (as Pfaffenhoffen
proposed) to Alexius III it will break the sequence of Y sceptres. It is
necessary, therefore, to place it before the introduction of the Y sceptre, i. e.
in the reign of Alexius II, and the coins with this • sceptre are, moreover,
by their style and fabric, better suited to this position than to the reign of
Alexius III.
To Alexius IV falls the series with ^ , a form of sceptre already in use
during part of the reign of his predecessor, Manuel III.
ALEXIUS II— ASPERS
279
M. Retowski, in his Munzen d. Kom?ienen, pp. 136 f., and pp. 161 f.,
published since the above was written, takes a different view, in several
cases, as to the coins to be assigned to Alexius II and Alexius III. He
attributes many of those with the Y sceptre to Alexius II (not III), and on
the whole appears to attach less importance to the ornamentation of the
sceptre than to the indications supplied by the form of the legends, the
weight, &c. — indications which certainly deserve full consideration.
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Asp
ers
Inscr. Alexius II,
bearded, facing,
seated on horse walk-
ing r. ; wears crown
and tunic (with ;) ;
in r. hand, sceptre
with empearled head
(;); l.handon bridle.
Border of dots.
(letti
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, seated fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; wears nimbus
and tunic (with 0) ;
in r. hand, cross ;
1. hand on bridle.
Border of dots.
iv B)
1
35-5
M
•9
A
€
EN
®
ev
r
N
B[0?]
xxxviii,
2
[H. P. Bo
1852, 1<
rrell sale,
)t 1046]
2
29-7
{chipped)
M
•85
A
e
IYI
B
®
[de Sali
N
B
s, 1862]
xxxviii
3
3
32-8
M
•85
Similar to
No. 2.
Similar to I
on 1. com]
on r. off
[de Sail
To. 2 ; inscr.
Dlete; inscr.
flan,
s, 1862]
280
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
36-2
40-
36-7
40-5
Metal and
Size
M -8
M -9
M -9
M -85
Obverse
Reverse
(Quatrefoil ornament and B)
A
€
X/
IYI
B
beneath horse, <$
(quatrefoil orna-
ment)
A
€
X/
N
®
€V
r b
beneath horse, <g)
(quatrefoil orna-
ment)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1050]
(Cross)
A
€
+ K
H
N
®
€V
r
•
+
[N]
(tunic covered witl
pellets)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
~ 1852, lot 1046]
A
6 KO
x/
+ IYI
N
[®]
ev
r
+
N
N
(tunic covered with
pellets)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1046]
®
ev
r n
(tunic covered with
pellets)
[H. P. BorreU sale,
1852, lot 1046]
Plate
xxxviii.
4
XXXVLU.
5
XXXV111.
6
ALEXIUS II— ASPERS
281
No.
Weight
42-8
40-2
10
41-7
11
36-8
Metal and
Size
M -95
M -9
M -85
M -9
Obverse
Reverse
(Star)
A
O
N
[inscr.
obscure]
* K
hri
N
®
. V
*
N
(tunic covered with
pellets)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1046]
® *
ev n
r
(tunic covered with
pellets)
[de Salis, 1862]
(Plants or Flowers)
A
€
IYI
N
0K
beneath horse, V, "^Y
(tunic with 0)
6
M
N
beneath horse, Y, Y, Y
(partly obscure)
(tunic with 0)
®
€V
re
N
beneath horse, Y-, ty,
Y- (tunic covered
with pellets)
[de Salis, 1862]
. V
re
N
beneath horse, y, and
two nearly similar
plants, partly ob-
scure (tunic covered
with pellets)
[de Salis, 1862]
o o
Plate
XXXVlll.
7
XXXT1U.
8
282
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
12
13
14
15
16
17
Weight
27-5
24-3
17-3
18-5
19-6
18-6
{chipped)
Metal and
Size
JR -75
M -75
M -65
M -65
M -75
M -65
Obverse
Reverse
Half Aspers
(Plant or Flower)
hN
A
Aeo
/V?
beneath horse,
(double-struck)
¥
A hi 1
/yeo
beneath horse, y
A
/V60
/
beneath horse, y
A hN
/yeo
beneath horse, y
A [hN]
e
r
beneath horse, 4>
A
e
o?
beneath horse, 4c
®
evr
Nl
beneath horse, y
(€Vr double-struck)
[de Salis, 1862]
® N'
evr?
beneath horse, y
[de Salis, 1862]
Ni
®
[€]V
beneath horse, traces
ofY
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1053]
(A)
evr
NH
beneath horse, y
[de Salis, 1862]
®
ev
r
Nl
beneath horse, 4c
[H. P. Borrell sale,
" 1852, lot 1053]
® I N
beneath horse, 4c •
[H. P. BorreU sale,
1852, lot 1053]
Plate
XXXV111.
xxxvru.
10
xxxvm.
11
xxxvm.
12
ALEXIUS H— HALF ASPERS— BRONZE
283
No.
18
19
Weight
Metal and
Size
18-7
(chipped)
22-7
(chipped)
M -7
M -75
Obverse
hN
&
beneath horse, & ?
(type double-struck ;
inscr. on 1. nearly
off flan)
2-€ Nl
OH y1
beneath horse, • (£
(plant or flower ?)
Reverse
®?
evr
NH
B
beneath horse, & ?
(type and 6VT
double-struck)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1055]
®
ev
Nl
S
beneath horse, QJ
[H. P. BorreU sale,
1852, lot 1050]
Bronze
The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 321, No. 6,
PL 68. 13, rev. bust of St. Eugenius, described
as of Alexius II, is probably better assigned to
Alexius III on account of the small module
and the form of the border on the obv. (Re-
towski, however, Komn., p. 147, agrees to
Sabatier's attribution.)
Plate
XXXVIll.
13
XXXVUl.
14
1 The letters Nl£ are inscribed in this position through a careless or ignorant
blunder : they really represent the end of the name of St. Eugenius as the rev. inscr.
proves. Retowski, p. 164, No. 5, attributes this coin to Alexius III.
284
ANDRONICUS III
a.d. 1330— Jan., 1332
Coins have not usually been attributed to this emperor, but M. Retowski,
Miinzen d. Komn., p. 148, PI. XII. 1-3, publishes three varieties of a rare
asper on the obv. of -which he reads the initials (in monogram) of the name
of Andronicus.
MANUEL
Jan.— Sept. 1332
No silver coins are known, and the bronze coins with rev. figure of Christ
in oval frame, attributed by Sabatier (ii, p. 322, Nos. 1, 2, PL 68. 14, 15)
to this Manuel, are better assigned to the Byzantine emperor Manuel II ; see
Retowski, op. tit., p. 149 ; cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins,
p. 638, No, 16 ; cp. p. 642, No. 12.
285
BASIL
Sept. 1332— Apbil, 1340
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
30-3
26-
(chipped)
18-
(jlan
small)
21-
M -85
M -85
iK -75
tR -7
Aspers
Inscr. Basil, bearded,
facing1, seated on
horse walking r. ;
wears crown and
tunic ; in r. triple-
headed sceptre ; 1.
on bridle. Border of
dots.
gA
rrl
Similar to No. 1 ; 'ob-
scure.
B.A
B.A
W
rrl
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, facing,
seated on horse walk-
ing r. ; wears nimbus
and tunic ; in r. cross ;
1. on bridle. Border
of dots.
®
N
XXXVlll.
15
[de Salis, 1862]
Similar to No. 1, but
€ instead of 6V, and
V instead of N.
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1047]
® j V
[de Salis, 1862 '-]
® I '
beneath horse, •
[Purchased, 1904,
5-11-411]
XXXVlll.
'16
XXXVlll.
17
1 Specimens described by Retowski, Komn., pp. 151 f„ display as symbols V, V> &c.
2 The low weights would suggest that Nos. 3 and 4 are half aspers, but on account
of the style and size of the types it is difficult to separate them from the aspers : the
flans of both specimens have been clipped.
286
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
JE -7
Bronze
Insor. Basil, standing I nscr. St. Eugenius, stand
facing, holding in r. ' ing facing, holding in
triple-headed sceptre,
in 1. globus cruciger ;
wears crown, tunic, and
sash falling over 1. arm.
(Scyphate.j
r. long cross; wears
nimbus and mantle.
H
BA
®
n
€V
re
Nl
This description is taken from Sabatier, ii,
p. 324, Nos. 5, 6, PL 68. 20, 21. (BA on obv.
should probably be BA.)
None of the other bronze coins assigned by
Sabatier to this emperor can be regarded as
correctly placed. Sabatier, in his attributions,
no doubt relied on the letter B which is a con-
spicuous feature of these coins, but his inter-
pretation of it as the initial of ' Basil ' is
decidedly hazardous. In the first place — on
the analogy of the silver coins of this emperor
and of his bronze coins as above described
(= Sabatier, PL 68. 20 and 21)— we should
expect the name of the emperor to be indi-
cated not by B, but by BA. Again, this B is
found on other coins of Trebizond, for example,
on the bronze money of John III, where, of
course, it cannot be interpreted as ' Basil '.
(See further, infra, 'Uncertain Bronze Coins
of Trebizond ' at end of Trebizond series, where
it is suggested that B and BB have a religious
significance.) On account of their types,
moreover, these coins would seem to belong
to a later time than the reign of Basil. For
during the reign of Basil and his successors,
John III and Michael, the usual types of the
bronze coinage consisted of the standing figures
of the Emperor and St. Eugenius ; but after
the reign of Michael the standing figure of
Eugenius begins to be replaced by a cross
(accompanied by the name of Eugenius) or by
some other type.
I am of opinion, then, that of the bronze
BASIL— BRONZE
287
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
coins assigned by Sabatier, ii, pp. 323 f., to
Basil, only Nos. 5 and 6 (standing figures)
are rightly attributed. Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11
probably belong to the latest emperors of
Trebizond, subsequent to Michael. No. 7, with
B both on obv. and on rev., is perhaps not a
coin of Trebizond.
(Retowski, in his Munzen d. Komn., pp. 153-
5, published since the above was written,
repeats the descriptions of Sabatier, ii, pp. 323,
324, Nos. 5 and 6, PL 68. 20 and 21. These coins
(with BA and the figure of St. Eugenius : see
supra, p. 286) must certainly belong, as he
remarks, to Basil. With regard to the other
bronze coins ascribed by Sabatier to Basil
(which I have discussed above), Retowski,
though apparently with some hesitation, assigns
most of them to Basil, namely, Sabatier,
Descript., ii, pp. 323, 324, Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and
10. BB he interprets as Bao-tAios /Sao-iAtvs.)
Plate
288
IRENE PALAEOLOGINA
Apbil, 1340— July, 1341
No coins have been identified as belonging' to this short reign.
ANNA
July, 1341— Sept. 1342
No coins are known of this empress : cp. Retowski, Miinzen der Kom-
nenen von Trapezunt, p. 156.
289
JOHN III
Sept. 1342— May, 1344
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Silver
If silver coins were struck by John III they
doubtless bore equestrian types like those of
the emperors who immediately preceded and
followed him. The coins with standing figures
which Pfaffenhoffen and Sabatier (ii, p. 326)
have assigned to this John, belong, from the
character of their types, to an earlier period
of the Trebizond coinage, i. e. to the time of
John I or John II.
Bronze
Inscr. John III, beard-
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
ed, standing facing,
bearded, standing
holding in r. triple-
facing, holding in r.
headed sceptre, in
long cross ; 1. holds
1. globus cruciger ;
robe ; wears nimbus
wears crown, tunic,
and robe. Border of
and sash falling over
dots.
1. arm. Border of
dots.
1
41-2
M -85
0
N
®
XXXIX.
ilD
KO
H
O
r
1
(Sabatier, ii, p. 326,
(scyphate)
No. 5, PI. 69. 8 : the
[Purchased, 1864,
identical specimen.)
4-8-22] l
2
24-8
M -8
*
i
xxxix.
(worn)
[i]0D
OK
H
€V J
(inscr. partly obscure)
2
(without globus cru-
(fiat)
ciger ; 1. hand holds
[Purchased, 1864,
dress)
4-8-23]
Retowski, Komn., p. 107, No. 155, assigns this specimen to John II.
pp
290
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
144
21-1
204
(worn)
M -65
M -65
M -65
Obverse
Reverse
(smaller module)
[l?]UU
Inscr. obscure ; style
rude (tunic varied)
A
O
e
v
r
(scyphate)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23] i
1 re
(inscr. partly obscure)
(scyphate)
[de Salis, 1862]
(inscr. and type ob- On 1., B, rest of inscr.
scure) obscure (flat)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Plate
XXXIX.
4
1 The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 336, No. 3, PI. 70. 5, who
assigned it to John IV. i.e. nearly a century later ; but the fabric, types, form of the
sceptre, &c, point much more directly to the reign of John III. (Retowski, Komn.,
p. 157, No. 2, who reproduces Sabatier 's description, rightly assigns the specimen to
John III ; but his statement that it is in the Stroganow cabinet requires correction.)
291
MICHAEL
May, 1344— Dec. 1349
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
26-
(jpierced)
25-8
M -7
M -75
Obverse
Reverse
Aspers
Inscr. Michael, beard-
ed, facing1, seated on
horse walking r. ;
wears crown and tu-
nic (with I ) ; in r. ,
triple-headed scep-
tre ; 1. on bridle.
Border of dots.
X IYI
Ml
beneath horse, ?
X IYI
Ml
beneath horse, *.*
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, facing,
seated on horse walk-
ing r. ; wears nim-
bus and tunic (with
O); in r., cross; 1.
on bridle. Border
of dots.
®
[€]V
beneath horse, *
[de Salis, 1862]
® [N]
ev
[de Salis, 1862]
Bronze (scyphate)
Inscr. Michael, beard-
ed, standing facing,
holding in r. triple-
headed sceptre, in 1.
round shield with
star; wears crown,
tunic, and sash.
Border of dots.
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded and nim-
bate, standing fac-
ing, holding in r.
long cross; 1. holds
robe. Border of dots.
Plate
XXXIX.
5
XXXIX.
6
292
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
12-8
JE -7
25-
^E -75
16-9
JE -55
20-4
JE -75
18-9
JE -75
13-5
.E -65
Obverse
X
Ml
IY1
Similar to No. 3.
Reverse
<v
r
€ (flat)
[de Sails, 1862]
Similar to No. 3 (inscr.
on r. complete)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
(figure on rev. half-length only)
X
Ml
M
Similar to No. 5 (inscr.
obscure)
Similar to No. 5 (inscr.
partly obscure)
Similar to No. 5 (inscr.
partly obscure)
e
v
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Similar to No. 5 (inscr.
obscure)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Similar to No. 5 (inscr.
obscure)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Similar to No. 5.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Plate
xxxix.
7
8
9
XXXIX.
10
11
293
ALEXIUS III
13 Dec. 1349—20 Maech, 1390
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
Aspers
Inscr. Alexius III,
bearded, seated fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; wears crown and
tunic (with ;) ; in
r., sceptre with triple
head (-f);l. on bridle.
Border of dots.
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, seated, fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; wears nimbus
and tunic (with O) ;
in r., cross ; 1. on
bridle. Border of
dots.
(Lis)
38-2
M -85
31-3
JR -8
A
IY1
€
beneath horse, % (lis1)
(sceptre with ; head)
IYI
A
€
beneath horse, ■$• (lis)
(sceptre with *j> as
head)
®
€V
N
XXXIX.
12
beneath horse, •$• (lis)
[Purchased, 1904,
4-3-33]
N
®
€ V
r
beneath horse, •$• (lis)
[de Salis, 1862]
XXXIX.
13
1 The actual form of the lis is less elaborate.
294
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
Metal and
- Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
3
31-3
(chipped)
AX
•9
M
W N
[beneath horse, "$• (lis)]
(sceptre with *j* as
head)
N
®
6V 0
beneath horse, "f* (lis)
[de Salis, 1862] >
•x-x-ri-r
14
(Plant or flower)
4
32-9
M
•85
A
+
®
ev
r
•
xxxix.
15
€
beneath ]
NO
lorse, ^
1 .
beneath horse, ^
[de Salis, 1862]
5
33-
M
•85
A
+
®
€V
IsH
W
beneath '.
lorse, ^If
beneath horse, ty ;
several small pellets
in front of horse,
[de Salis, 1862]
6
30-2
AX
•8
A
•
•
beneath '
"Tn"
N
lorse, [^Jp]
®
[€?]v
beneath ]
[de Sali
Ml
O?
r>
lorse, ^Jp
s, 1862]
7
33-2
(pierced)
AX
•85
A
[X/]
beneath 1
n
lorse, ^
®
€V
beneath 1
[Purchasi
5-6-21]
Ml
•
lorse, ^
3d, 1908,
xl. 1
1 The sceptre on those aspers that appear to belong to Alexius III (see supra, p. 278,
at beginning of Alexius II) has a triple head (^), but on Nos. 1, 2, and 3 the form is
different. No. 1 shows the sceptre with the empearled top that seems to be charac-
teristic of Alexius II, but the treatment of the emperor's head differs from that on the
coins of Alexius II, and so closely resembles the head on the coins of Alexius III, that
it seems necessary to assign it to the latter reign. On Nos. 2 and 3 a cruciform (or
lis-shaped ?) top is adopted for the sceptre, but these (as in the case of No. 1) appear
to be only abnormal varieties of the type of sceptre (S') mainly represented on the coins
of Alexius III. (As to Eetowski's attributions see p. 279, supra.)
ALEXIUS III— ASPERS
295
No.
8
10
Weight
28-5
35-8
29-6
Metal and
Size
M -i
M -85
Obverse
A
€
IV]
n
beneath horse, ijf
A
**
€
beneath horse, [ijp]
Reverse
(A)
€V
HI
beneath horse, ^
[Purchased, 1908,
7-7-5]
®
6V
NH
V.
beneath horse, ^
[de Salis, 1862]
JR -85
11
12
24-1
29-2
M -75
M -8
Plate
xl. 2
€
KO
(Bird's head)
IYN
N.
in front of horse, bird's
head r.
®
€V
r
Nl
in front of horse, bird's
head.
[J. G. Pfister, 1850]
(Pellets)
M
A
€
beneath horse, *.*
A H
in front of horse,
N
®
€V I
beneath horse, •
[de Salis, 1862]
I N
in front of horse,
[de Salis, 1862]
xl. 3
xl. 4
1 As to the solar device found on Nos. 6-9 see Introduction, supra, § 9, under
' Symbols and letters '.
296
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
13
24-
(pierced)
14
17-4
15
13-2
16
13-2
Metal and
Size
M -8
M -7
M -65
M -6
Obverse
Reverse
Half Aspers
Inscr. Alexius III,
riding r., as on the
aspers (No. 4, &c).
Border of dots.
A
/yeo
MM?
neath horse, B (nu-
merous pellets on
tunic)
A
-/
e
a
rrN
beneath
horse, 1
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
riding r., as on the
aspers (No. 4, &c).
Border of dots.
® M^H
evr
beneath horse, B»
[de Salis, 1862]
Plate
xl. 5
®
evr
B (A
beneath horse
blundered)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1053]
Quarter Aspers
Inscr. Alexius III, j Inscr. St. Eugenius,
riding r., as on the| riding r., as on the
aspers (No. 4, &c). i aspers (No. 4, &c).
Border of dots. Border of dots.
A "N
beneath horse, B
A | [MM ?]
beneath horse, B
®
V
beneath horse, B (A
written A)
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1053]
®
€
NH
beneath horse, B (A
written A)
[de Salis, 1862]
xl. 6
xl. 7
xl. 8
ALEXIUS III— BRONZE
No.
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Bronze (scyphate)
Some of the coins here attributed to
Alexius III have been assigned by Sabatier
to Alexius IV, and the claims of the latter
emperor, as well as those of Alexius II, fairly
demand consideration. These coins (Nos. 17-34)
seem to form a homogeneous group, on account
of their fabric, which is characterized by the
irregular shape and the thickness of the flans,
and on account of their reverse types which,
except in the case of Nos. 17 and 18, consist of
devices (cross, eagle, &c.) not found on the
earlier bronze coinage of Trebizond, of which
coinage, it will have been observed, figure-sub-
jects are the usual types. It is highly probable,
therefore, that they were all issued by a single
emperor of the name of Alexius ; and that this
emperor was Alexius III, rather than either
Alexius II or Alexius IV, may perhaps be
regarded as likely, on the following grounds : —
The bronze coins of the reigns that precede
and follow the reign of Alexius II are of com-
paratively large module, and their reverses
consist of a figure-subject, usually, St. Euge-
nius. Our Nos. 17-34, therefore, by reason of
their small module and their lack (except
Nos. 17, 18) of figure-types on the rev., do not
seem well suited to the reign of Alexius II.
Their unsuitability to the reign of Alexius IV
is not so obvious ; yet an examination of the
coins of Manuel III, the emperor who inter-
venes between the reigns of Alexius III and
Alexius IV, will probably suggest that our
Nos. 1 7-34 are earlier, rather than later, than
the coins of Manuel III, that is to say, they
belong to Alexius III, and not to Alexius IV.
(Retowski, Komn., pp. 162, 179, has indepen-
dently reached the same conclusions.)
Type 1
Inscr. Within six-
foil enclosure,
Alexius III, standing
facing ; wears crown,
tunic, and sash ;
holds in r. sceptre
with empearledhead,
in 1. globus cruciger.
Border of dots.
Inscr. Within six-
foil enclosure,
St. Eugenius, stand-
ing facing ; wears
nimbus and robe, and
holds in r. cross ; 1.
holds robe. Border
of dots.
Q q.
297
Plate
298
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
17
18
Weight
31-
24-5
19
20
Metal and
Size
M -65
M -65
24-4
17-9
{worn)
M -8
M
Obverse
A
/
6?
A
€
IY1
Reverse
N
®
<
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
® N
A
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Type 2
Inscr. Alexius III,
standing facing, as
on No. 17 (six-foil
enclosure omitted).
Border of dots.
Cross, fourchee, resting
on base ; inscr. in
angles. Border of
dots.
A
[H?]
OA
ev
/
re
Nl[f?]
0
(bent
flat)
(base obscure)
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 ']
rw?]
OA 6V
/ye
re
Nl
(benl
; flat)
[Purchas
4-8-23
ed, 1864]
1
Plate
xl. 9
xl. 10
xl.ll
xl.12
Type 3
Inscr. Alexius III,
standingfacing, as on
No. 17 (globus rudely
indicated) (six-foil
enclosure omitted).
Border of dots.
Cross of dots, with dot-
ted wreath attached
to the horizontal
limbs ; inscr. in
angles of cross. Bor-
der of dots.
1 The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 2, PI. 69. 26, who has
attributed it to Alexius IV. Retowski, Komii., p. 170, No. 46, is the same piece..
ALEXIUS III— BRONZE
299
No.
21
22
23
24
Weight
20-6
13-8
16-£
204
Metal and
Size
M -6
M -55
M -7
M -55
Obverse
A
/ye
Similar to No. 21.
Reverse
®
N
r
ev
5
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 >]
Similar to No. 21.
[Purcliased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Type 4
Inscr. Alexius III,
standing facing-, as
on No. 17 (globus
rudely
(six-foil
omitted). Border of
dots.
indicated)
enclosure
A6
/
O?
N
Cross planted on wall
(apparently the city-
wall of Trebizond
with its battlements
and gateway) ; on 1.
of cross, OA ; on r.
of cross, €V. Border
of dots.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 2]
Type 5
Inscr. Alexius III,
standing facing, as
on No. 17 (globus3
rudely indicated in
field r.) (six-foil
enclosure omitted).
Border of dots.
A
A€
[H?]
Dotted cross within
plain cross voided ;
inscr. in angles of
cross. Border of
dots.
OA
re
[Purchased,
4-8-23]
€V
Nl
1864,
Plate
xL 13
xl. 14
xl. 15
xl. 16
1 Compare a similar specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 4, PI. 70. 2, who
has assigned it to Alexius IV.
2 The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 3, PI. 70. 1, -who
assigned it to Alexius IV. Cp. Retowski, p. 171, No. 47.
3 Here, and on some of the following types, the globus cruciger is ignorantly or
carelessly represented by a mere detached circlet, and the emperor's left arm is placed
against his side.
300
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
25
224
26
27
28
29
174
26-2
22-
11-2
(worn)
Metal and
Size
M -6
M -hb
M -55
M -55
M -55
Obverse
Similar to No. 24;
letter on r. obscure.
Reverse
(A)
r
ev
N
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Type 6
Inscr. Alexius III,
standing facing, as
on No. 17 (sasli
omitted ; globus
rudely indicated in
field r., as on No. 24)
(six-foil enclosure
omitted). Border of
dots.
R I H
A£
ye
%
H
H
Similar to No. 27.
Cross potent within
wreath, with two
loops above and two
below; inscr. in
angles of cross. Bor-
der of dots.
€
A
<
O
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 'J
€
A
<
O
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
e
A
<
o
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23] '
Similar to No. 27.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Type 7
Inscr. Alexius III,
standingfacing,ason
No. 17 (globus rudely
indicated, as on No.
24 ; sash omitted)
(six-foil enclosure
omitted). Border of
dots.
Cross pattee within
dotted star ; inscr. in
angles of cross. Bor-
der of dots.
Plate
xl. 17
xl. 18
xl. 19
Cp. Sabatier, ii, PI. 69. 15, 16.
ALEXIUS III— BRONZE
301
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Plate
30
16-4
M -55
A
A
•
0
r
6
H
xli. 1
€
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
31
22-4
M -6
A
A
€
H
0 1 €
r | H
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
xli. 2
Tyi
>e8
Inscr. Alexius III,
standing facing, as
on No. 17 (globus
rudely indicated, as
on No. 24) (six-foil
compartment omit-
ted). Border of dots.
Double-headed eagle,
displayed. Border
of dots.
32
15-3
M -55
A
H
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 ']
xli. 3
33
19-3
M -5
A
A6
H
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
xli. 4
34
19-1
M -55
A-€
A?
H
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 2]
xli. 5
1 Cp. a similar specimen in Revue beige de num., 1881, p. 350, which — if Koehne's
reading is correct — bears the name of Manuel (III).
2 Retowski, Komn., p. 171, No. 48, describes this actual specimen as having a single-
headed eagle, but a comparison with our Nos. 32 and 33 will show that it is double-
headed. The attribution to Alexius III of Sabatier, ii, p. 329, No. 4, PI. 69. 17 {rev. Christ
standing within oval frame), is probably to be suspected. The coin is, perhaps, one of
Manuel II, the Byzantine emperor. Cp. B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, ii, PI. LXXVII. 5.
See p. 284, supra, ' Manuel II,' and Retowski, p. 149.
302
MANUEL III
a.d. 1390-1417
No.
Weight
Metal and
Size
Obverse
Reverse
14-6
18-
{dipped)
16-9
M -7
M -55
M -65
Half Aspers
(or Aspers ?)
Inscr. Manuel III,
bearded, seated fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; in r. , sceptre with
three-barred cross
(i) ; 1. on bridle ;
wears crown and
tunic (with ;). Bor-
der of dots.
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, seated fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; wears nimbus
and tunic (with 0) ;
in r. , long cross ; 1. on
bridle. Border of
dots.1
(Star)
H
A
H
B
beneath horse, >K
(sceptre has triple
head, Y)
H | M?
B
beneath horse, )K
(sceptre has triple
head, Y)
hri
O
B
beneath horse, X
(head of sceptre
obscure)
Q
l/l
B
beneath horse, )|£
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1055]
O
€
l/l
B (off
flan)
beneath horse, )fc
[de Salis,- 1862]
®
€
l/l
[B?]
(beneath horse, $$ ?)
[de Salis, 1862]
1 The aspers with standing figures assigned by Sabatier (ii, PI. 69. 18, 19) to this
reign obviously belong to an earlier period.
MANUEL III -HALF ASPERS
303
No.
Weight
16-8
14-
Metal and
Size
M -6
M -6
17-5
16-7
16-2
M -65
M -65
M .65
Obverse
Reverse
W
AO
(Plant or flower)
W
B
beneath horse, Y
(sceptre has triple
head, Y)
w
W
AO
[B?]
jneath
horse, Y1
o
n
beneath horse, Y
[de Salis, 1862]
l/l
B
beneath horse, Y
[de Salis, 1862]
(Star and plant or flower)
hri
AO
hi
K
beneath horse, $$
hi
AO
hi
K
beneath horse, ȣ
hi
AO
hi
K
beneath horse, »( (cross
of sceptre with one
bar only)
®
er
w
beneath horse, Y
[de Salis, 1862]
®
er
n
o
beneath horse, Y
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1054]
®
er
n
o
Plate
beneath horse, Y
[Rollin sale, London,
July, 1853, lot 588]
xli. 7
xli. 8
xli. 9
xli. 10
On this coin the cross-headed sceptre (^) is first introduced.
304
DC. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
17-
10
15-
11
12
20-5
17-6
13
9-3
Metal and
Size
M -6
M -6
M -7
M -6
M -6
Obverse
Reverse
(Bird's head and plant or flower)
M
AO
H
K
beneath horse, • • • and
bird's (eagle's ?)
head r.
A
HO
M
K
beneath horse, • • • and
bird's (eagle's?)
head r.
Similar to No. 10.
H | M
beneath horse, • • and
bird's head ? r.
®
er
o
beneath horse, Y
[de Salis, 1862]
®
er
n
o
beneath horse, Y
fParkes Weber gift,
1906]
Similar to No. 10.
[de Salis, 1862]
®
er
n
beneath horse, Y
[de Salis, 1862 x]
Bronze (scyphate)
Type 1
Plate
Inscr. Manuel III,
standing facing,
holding in r. cross,
in 1. globus ; wears
crown, tunic, and
sash. Border of dots.
r?
H
Inscr. Cross planted
on wall (apparently
the city-wall of
Trebizond with its
battlements and
gateway). Border
of dots.
[OA?] | [€VP]
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 2]
xli.ll
xli. 12
xli. 13
1 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 332, PL 69. 25, attributed to Manuel III and Alexius IV,
is an asper of John II and Alexius : see p. 276, supra.
2 Cp. Introduction, supra, §9, Miscellaneous reverse types. A similar rev. occurs on
coins of Alexius III, supra, p. 299, No. 23.
MANUEL III— BRONZE
305
No.
14
15
16
17
Weight
12-3
Metal and
Size
Obverse
M -6
H ?
H
• b
' K
13-6
13-9
11-7
M -55
M -6
^E .6
Reverse
Similar to No. 13 ;
legend obscure.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Type 2
Inscr. Manuel III,
standing facing,
holding- in r. cross,
in 1. globus ; wears
crown, tunic, and
sash. Border of dots.
O
Inscr. Cross pattee,
ornamented with pel-
lets. Border of dots. '
M
O
e
r
H
K
[Purchased,
4-8-23]
1864,
W
.
K
1 r
[Purchased,
" 4-8-23]
H
1864,
o
e
m
n
•
[Purchased,
1864,
I 4-8-23
]
Plate
xli. 14
A
Type 3
If the reading of Koelme (Revue beige de
num., 1881, p. 350, PL XVI. 18) is correct,
there is a small bronze coin of Manuel III with
obv. Emperor standing ; rev. Double-headed
eagle. (The double-headed eagle is also found,
supra, on coins of Alexius III, No. 32, p. 301.)
Type 4
Sabatier, ii, p. 331, No. 6, PL 69. 23,
publishes a small bronze coin with obv. Em-
peror Manuel III facing (. ); rev. Eagle
facing, head r.
xli. 15
xli. 16
xli. 17
1 Cp. Sabatier, ii, p. 331, Nos. 3 and 4, and rev. type of Alexius III, No. 24, p. 299,
supra.
r r
306
ALEXIUS IV
a.d. 1417-1446
No.
Weight
27-5
Metal and
Size
M -75
13-5
{pierced)
20-3
M -75
Ai -7
Obverse
Reverse
Half Aspers
(or Aspers)
(Pellets)
Inscr. Alexius IV,
bearded, seated fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; in r. , sceptre with
three-barred cross
(i) ; 1- on bridle ;
wears crown and
tunic (with ;). Bor-
der of dots.
K
m
Inscr. St. Eugenius,
bearded, seated fac-
ing on horse walking
r. ; wears nimbus and
tunic (with 0) ; in
r., long cross ; 1, on
bridle. Border of
dots.
A
[N?]
(double-struck)
[de Salis, 1862]
(Star and plant or flower)
A
A
W
[B?]
beneath horse, [* . ?]
and ¥:
A
m
B
beneath horse, K and #
(two bars on cross)
®
er
i/i
[B?]
beneath horse, J . and
Y
[de Salis, 1862]
®
l/l
B
beneath horse, K and Y
[H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1053]
Plate
xlii. 1
xlii. 2
ALEXIUS IV— SILVER
307
No.
Weight
20-3
Metal and
Size
M .65
21-
21-
M 6
M -65
Obverse
-A
ke
B
beneath horse, K and >K
(k carelessly formed)
"A
B
beneath horse, K and >|c
(k as on No. 4)
-A
kz
VH
m
beneath horse, K and >K
(ib( as on No. 4)
Reverse
®
€
[N?]
B
beneath horse, K and Y
[Rollin sale, London,
July, 1853, lot 588]
®
H
[B]
beneath horse, KandY
[de Salis, 1862]
®
V\
beneath horse, K and Y
|~H. P. Borrell sale,
1852, lot 1053]
For the silver coins that M. Retowski has
attributed to Alexius IV see his Munzen d.
Komnenen, pp. 179 f.
Bronze
No coins can with certainty be attributed
to this reign (cp. Retowski, loc. cit), though
some of the ' Uncertain ' pieces described infra,
pp. 309 f., may belong to it.
Plate
xlii. 3
xlii. 4
308
JOHN IV (Kalojoannes)
a.:). 1446-1458
Retowski (Komn,, p. 184, Nos. 1-7, PL XV) lias for the first time
attributed to John IV some rare aspers (or half aspers ?) in the Hermitage
Museum and in his own collection. They bear types resembling those of
Alexius IV, the preceding emperor, and are inscribed IUJ O H, UU H, &c.
DAVID
a.d. 1458-1461
No coins can with certainty be attributed to this emperor. The asper
assigned to him by Sabatier (ii, p. 336, No. 1, PL 70. 6) is the identical
specimen first published, from a private French collection, by Victor Langlois
{Revue archeol., vi, 1849, p. 115). The first letters of the legend of this coin,
AB, have been interpreted as the name of 'David', but the types (standing
figures of the Emperor and St. Eugenius), the symbol (large star), the large
flan, and the form of inscription point to a much earlier period of the
Trebizond coinage. Moreover, A may be intended for A, and the coin is
probably a blundered asper of the period of John II. (Retowski, in his recent
Milnzen d. Komn., pp. 119, 186, takes a similar view of this coin and considers
it to be a Georgian imitation of the aspers of John II.)
309
UNCERTAIN BRONZE COINS OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
15-8
Metal and
Size
M -55
M -55
Obverse
Reverse
The following coins have a fair claim to be
considered money of Trebizond, but they do
not bear the name of their issuers. Judging
from style and fabric they are not earlier than
the reign of Alexius III, and may, perhaps, be
best regarded as coins of Alexius IV (a.d.
1417-1446) or, possibly, of his two successors.
(Scyphate)
Eagle r., with wings
spread ; on head,
cross. Border of dots.
Eagle r., with wings
spread ; on head, cross.
Border of dots.
See Sabatier, ii, p. 324,
No. 9, PL 69. 1.
Cross planted on city-
wall. Border of dots.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 >]
B • B Border of dots.
Plate
xlii. 5
1 This is the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 324, No. 11, PI. 69. 3,
who has assigned it on insufficient grounds (cp. supra, p. 287) to Basil. (Retowski,
p. 178, No. 30, gives it to Manuel III.) The rev. type, cross on city-wall, is found on
bronze of Alexius III and of Manuel III. The fabric would suit Alexius III, but the
bronze coins of Alexius III (and of Manuel III) have as obv. a figure of the emperor.
The obv., Eagle with cross on head, is found conjoined (see the next coin described)
with EB as. rev., and it would therefore seem that our coin should be grouped with the
coins, described infra, that have B or BB as one of their types.
310
IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
No.
Weight
13-5
14-
10-8
13-
20-5
Metal and
Size
M -6
M -7
M -6
M -bh
M -65
Obverse
Eagle facing, with
wings spread, head 1.
Border of dots.
%*>•% Border of dots.
Similar to No. 3.
Similar to No. 3.
Cross potent (flat
fabric).
Reverse
B^B1 Border of dots.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 2]
Cross with letter in
each angle. Border
of dots.
e I n
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 3]
Similar to No. 3.
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23]
Similar to No. 3.
[de Salis, 1862]
Cross potent (flat
fabric).
[Purchased, 1864,
4-8-23 4]
Plate
xlii. 6
xlii. 7
xlii. 8
xlii. 9
1 These letters are probably best explained as having a religious significance.
BB, BBBB, or B occur on some Byzantine imperial coins of the fourteenth century
(B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 627, 49, p. 629, 1) and on many coins that more or
less show traces of Byzantine influence (e. g. the coins of Rhodes, Schlumberger, Num. de
V Orient lat., Plates VIII and IX), and their meaning has been discussed at length by
Svoronos in his Journ. intermit. cCarch. num., ii, pp. 363 ff. Svoronos (p. 388) would
interpret the two letters on our No. 2 as BaaiXev (Xpiare) $ol\6ti. The single B on No. 3
may be read in connexion with the name of St. Eugenius on the rev. — Bojj&i (t<»
Pcurthei). Svoronos's suggestion (p. 388) that g is a monogram composed of B and P,
signifying BaaiKea pvaai, is less acceptable, because B is, at this period, a common form
of B and there is no necessity to regard it as monogrammatic. Cp. pp. 286, 287, supra.
2 Cp. Sabatier, ii, PI. 68. 23, ' Basil.'
3 The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 323, No. 3, PL 68. 18, 'Basil.'
* ResembleB the specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 339, No. 9, PI. 70. 15, who has
classed it among the ' Uncertain Byzantine coins ', at the same time remarking : —
' Plusieurs exemplaires du cuivre precedent se trouvant meles parmi les monnaies de
Trebizonde qui formaient une grande partie des deux trouvailles que j'ai eues en main,
je suis autorise a croire que ces cuivres ont 6te frappes dans cet empire.'
INDEXES
In the following Indexes the Arabic numerals refer to the pages in the
Text, and the Roman numerals to pages in the Introduction.
I. Kings, Emperors, etc.
II. Geographical (Mints, etc.).
III. General Index (Including Types).
IV. Remarkable Inscriptions.
CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS
I. Vandal Kings.
II. Ostrogothic Kings.
III. Lombard Kings.
IV. Dukes and Princes of Beneventum.
V. Emperors of Thessalonica.
VI. Emperors of Nicaea.
VII. Despots of Epirus.
VIII. Dukes and Sebastocrators of Neopatras.
IX. Emperors of Trebizond.
TABLES of Sizes and Weights.
INDEX I
KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC.
(See also in Index III)
C
Adalwald, 130 ; lvi.
Adelchis, 183-6 ; lxviii.
Agilulf, 128 ; lvi.
Aio, 187.
Aistulf, 147, 148 ; lviii.
Almoin, 123 ; lvi.
Alexius I Comnenus, Treb. , 230 ;
lxxvii lxxviii.
Alexius II, Treb!, 278-83, 294 n, 297 ;
lxxx, lxxxi.
Alexius HI, Treb., 278, 279, 283, 293-
301, 304 n, 305, 309 n- lxxxii,
lxxxviii, xcii.
Alexius IV, Treb., 297, 298 n, 299 n,
. 304 n, 306, 307, 309 ; lxxxii.
Alexius, son of John II, Treb., 276.
Amalasuntha, 71, 75 n ; xxxiii.
Anastasius I, 10, 11, 32, 33, 46, 47, 49-
51, 55-9, 83-90, 95-7; xvi, xix, xx,
xxii n, xxiii, xlvi, xlviii, 1— Mi.
Andronicus I, Treb., 231 ; lxxviii.
Andronicus II, Treb., 258 ; lxxix.
Andronicus II, Byz. Emperor, lxxxi.
Andronicus III, Treb., 284.
Angilberga, 185.
Anna, Treb., 288.
Ansprand, 142.
Arichis II, 167-9 ; lxv, lxvi.
Aripert I, 133, 141 n ; lvi.
Aripert II, 141.
Ariwald, 130 ; lvi.
Atenolf, 188.
Athalaric, 60-70, 102-5, 107 ; xxxiii,
xxxvii, liii.
Audelais, 158.
Authari, 128 ; lvi.
B
Baduila, 83-94 ; xxxvii, xxxviii.
Basil, Treb., 285-7 ; lxxxi.
Basiliscus, xlv, xlvi.
Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, 198.
Charlemagne, 133 n, 147 n, 150 n,
152, 170, 171 ; lxv-lxvii.
Charles the Great, see Charlemagne.
Cleph, 123 ; lvi.
Constans II, 133, 144, 189 ; lvi, lvii,
lxiii.
Constantine HI, see Constans II.
Constantine IV, 190, 191 ; lxiii.
Constantine Angelus, Neopatras, 229.
Cunincpert, 138, 139 ; lvii, lviii.
D
David, Treb., 308 ; lxxxiii.
Demetrius, Thessalonica, 202, 203 ;
lxix.
Desiderius, 149, 150 n, 152.
E
Eraric, 82 ; xxxvii.
Gaideris, 187.
Gaiseric, lnt, 17, 19 n, 23 n, 24, 30 n;
xv-xvii, xx-xxiv, xxvi.
Gelimer, 15, 16, 28 n, 29 n, 37 n ; xvii,
xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii.
Genseric, see Gaiseric.
George, Treb., 258 ; lxxix.
George VIII of Georgia, 273 n.
Gisulf I, 155, 190.
GisulfH, 162, 163,191,192.
Godepert, 133 ; lvi.
Gottschalk, 161.
Gregorius, Beneventan Duke, 159-61.
Gregorius the Patrician, 160.
Grimoald I, 155, 189.
Grimoald II, 155, 190.
Grimoald III, 170-3 ; lxvi, lxvii.
Grimoald IV, 174, 175 ; lxvii.
Grimwald, 133 ; lvi.
Gunthamund, 8, 9, 21 n ; xvi-xviii, xx,
xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii.
s s
314
INDEX I
H
Heraclius, 130-2, 154, 189 ; lvi.
Hildeprand, 145.
Hilderic, 13, 14, 28 n, 33 n, 34 n, 37 n ;
xvii, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxvii,
xxviii.
Honorius, 2, 5, 17, 18 ; xvi, xix, xx.
Huneric, 5-7, 19 n ; xvi-xviii, xx,
xxii-xxiv, xxvi, xxvii.
I
' Ififo Dux ', 141.
Ildibad, 82 ; xxxvii.
Irene Palaeologina, Treb., 288.
Isaac II Angelus, 203.
J
Jolm Angelus, Thessal., 200-3, 227 n ;
lxix.
John I Angelus Comnenus, Neopa-
tras, 200, 227, 228 ; lxxiv.
John I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, Nic,
210-19; 228 m; Ixxl, lxxii.
John I Axuchos, Treb., 232-5, 276 n ;
lxxviii.
John n, Treb., 259-76, 308 ; lxxix.
John II and Alexius, Treb., 276.
John II Angelus Comnenus, Neo-
patras, 229 ; lxxiv.
John II Comnenus, Byzantine Em-
peror, 213-15.
John II ('IV') Lascaris, Nic, 224;
lxxiii.
John IE, Treb., 289, 290 ; lxxxi.
John IV, Treb., 272 n, 308; lxxxiii.
John Vm, Pope, 186.
Justin 1, 13, 48, 50-3, 60, 63, 65 ; xvi,
xvii, xxii «, xxviii, xlix, lii.
Justin n, 13, 120, 121, 125 n, 126 ;
xlix, li, lii, lvi, lx.
Justinian I, 28, 29, 33-5, 37, 60-7,
72-4, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 108-19,
124, 125 ; xvii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxviii,
xxxviii, xxxix n, xl n, xlvii-1, liii—
lvi, lx.
Justinian II, 155-7, 161-7, 191 ; lxii,
lxv, lxvi.
L
Leo I, Emperor, 26 n, 31, 100 n ; xix,
li.
Liutpert, 140.
Liutprand, Beneventan Duke, 143 m,
164-6, 191.
Liutprand, Lombard King, 137 n ;
142-4, 152, 164 n, 192 ; lviii.
Louis II, Emperor, 185 ; Ixviii.
M
Mankaphas, Theodore, 196, 208 n.
Manuel Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
Thessal., 197-9, 257 n ; lxix.
Manuel I, Treb., 236-57 ; lxxviii.
Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Em-
1 peror, 199 n, 206 n.
Manuel II, Byzantine Emperor, 284,
301ti.
Manuel II, Treb., 284.
Manuel HI, Treb., 301 n, 302-5, 309 n ;
lxxxii.
Marcian, 30, 31 ; xix.
Masuna, 19 m, 39, 40 n ; xx, xxi, xxvii.
Matasuntha, 80, 81 ; xxxvi, xxxvii.
Maurice Tiberius, 122, 127 n, 128, 129,
154 ; lvi. lvii.
Michael, Treb., 291, 292 ; lxxxi,
lxxxii.
Michael I Angelus Comnenus Du-
cas, Epirus, 226 ; lxxiii.
Michael Vni Palaeologus, 201, 214,
224-6; lxxiii.
0
Odoacer, nee Odovacar.
Odovacar, 43-5, 100, 101 ; xxix-xxxi,
xlvi.
P
Perctarit, 133-7 ; lvi— lviii.
Peter, Bishop, Benev., 188.
R
Radelchis I, 181, 182 ; lxvii, Ixviii.
Radelchis II, 187, 188.
Radelgarius, 183.
Raginpert, 140.
Ratchis, 146.
Rodwald, 133 ; lvi.
Romoald I, 155, 190.
Romoald H, 155-7 ; lxii, lxiii, lxv.
Rothari, 130 ; lvi.
Scauniperga, 164.
Sicardus, 179, 180 ; lxvii.
Sico, 176-8 ; lxvii.
Siconulf, Ixviii.
T
Theia, 95-7 ; xxxviii.
Thelane, 97 n.
Theodahad, 72-6 ; xxxiii-xxxv.
Theodora, Treb., 274 n, 275 n, 277 ;
lxxx.
KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC.
315
Theodore Angelus Comnenus, Epirus,
lxxiii.
Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
Thessal., 193-6, 223 n ; lxix.
Theodore I Lascaris, Nic, 197 w,
204-9, "221 ; lxxi.
Theodore II ('III') Ducas Lascaris,
Nic, 193 n, 194 n, 195 n, 196, 197 n,
205, 206 n, 220-3 ; lxxii.
Theodoric, 46-59, 101-6 ; xxvii, xxxi-
xxxiii, 1.
Theodosius I, 24 ; xix.
Theodosius II, 22, 29, 30, 38, 39; xix.
Tiberius, son of Constans II, 189.
Tiberias II Constantine, 122, 127.
Totila, see Baduila.
Toto, Duke, 153.
Trasamund, 10-12, 21 n; xvi-xviii,
xx, xxii, xxiii w, xxiv, xxvii.
Valentinian III, 1, 2, 18, 22-5, 27, 40 ;
xvi, xix, xx.
W
Witigis, 77-9 ; xxxv, xxxvi, 1.
Z
Zeno, 32, 43-5, 100, 101 ; xix, xx,
xxv, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xlv, xlvi, 1L
316
INDEX II
GEOGRAPHICAL (MINTS, ETC.)
(See also Index IV for Mint-names)
Africa, Vandal Kings of, 1-42 ; xv-
xxix : see also Mauretania.
Algeria, coins found in, 7 n, 14 n.
Arta, lxxiii.
Astytzion, lxxii n.
B
Bagdad, lxxx.
Benevento hoard, 191.
Beneventum, Dachy and Principality
of, 155-92 ; lxi-lxviii.
Bergamo, 152.
Biefia (Piedmont) hoard, 137 n.
Brusa, find of coins at, Nic, 205, 214.
C
Capua, 188; lxviii.
Carthage, 3-6, 7 n, 19 n, 28 «, 34 n ;
xv-xvii, xix n, xxv-xxviii, ]ii n,
liv n, lv n.
Castel Seprio, 149 n, 152 n; lxi.
Cherson, lxxv, xci n.
Constantinople, xxxvi.
Cyprus, find of coins in, Nic, 208 n.
E
Epirus, Despotat of, 226 ; lxxiii, lxxiv.
F
Florence, lxxxiii.
Forum Julii, lxi, lxii.
Friuli, see Forum Julii.
G
Gaul, Vandals in, xv.
Genoa, see Index HI.
Georgia, Treh., 243, 246, 247, 250, 254,
256, 272, 273, 308 ; lxxix n, xci n.
I
Iberia, Treb., 272; lxxviii: see also
Georgia.
Ilanz hoard, 149 w, 150, 152.
Italy, Lombard Kings of, 123-54 ; lv-
lxi; Ostrogothic Kings of, 46-97;
xxix-liv : see also Beneventum.
K
Kerasunt, xc.
Leontokastron, lxxx, lxxxii, xc.
Limnia, xc.
Lipari, xix n.
Lucca, 146, 148, 150-2 ; lxi.
M
Magnesia, lxxii.
Mauretania, coins struck bv the
Mauri (?) in, 17, 20, 38 », 39,"40 n ;
xix, xx, xxvii.
Mediolanum, see Milan.
Milan, 49 n, 59, 139, 140, 149 n, 152;
xliv-xlvi, lxi.
Monte Roduni hoard, 7 n, 16 n. 31 n,
33 n, 34, 37 «, 113 n ; xix n, li. hv.
N
Naples, 83 n ; xxxii n.
Neopatras, Duchv of, 227, 228 ; lxxiv.
Nepi, 153.
Nicaea, Empire of, 204-25; lxx-
Ixxiii.
Nymphaion, lxxii.
Pavia, 149 n, 152 ; lx, lxi : see also
Ticinum.
Persia, coins of, xxi.
Pisa, 150 n.
Placentia, 149.
GEOGRAPHICAL (MINTS, ETC.)
317
R
Ravenna, 2, 43-53, 60-8, 72-5, 77-80,
98-100, 106, 107, 113-22, 131 n,
132 n, 148 n ; xxx-xxxii, xxxix,
xliv, xlvi-xlviii, 1, lii, liii, lv, lvi n.
Rhodes, 310 n.
Rome, 45, 54-9, 69, 70, 75, 76, 93, 94,
98-105, 108-13, 122, 189-91 ; xxxy,
xxxvii, xl, xliii, xliv, xlvi, liii, liv.
Salerno, 183 n ; lxv, lxviii.
Seprio, see Castel Seprio.
Sicily, xix, xxvii.
Smyrna, find of coins near, Nic, 214,
220.
Spain, Vandals in, xv.
Spoletium, lxi, lxii.
T
Thessalonica, city, 196 n, 198, 202,
203 ; lxix, lxx.
Thessalonica, Empire of, 193-201.
Ticinum, 80, 81, 83-92, 95-7, 149 n ;
xxxvi, xxxviii, xliv, lx, lxi.
Trebizond, Empire of, 230-310; lxxiv-
xciii.
Treviso, 149 n ; lxi.
Tridentum, lxi, lxii.
Venice, see Index III.
Vercelli, 149 n ; lxi.
Verona, lx n.
Vicenza, 149 n ; lxi.
Vlakia, Great, see Neopatras.
318
INDEX III
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
Accent, Greek, on Trebizond coins, xc.
Adalwald, imitative coins of, Lomb.,
lvi.
Adelchis, coins of, Bene v., lxviii.
Africa, coins found in, Vand., xix.
Agilulf, imitative coins of, Lomb., lvi.
Aistulf, Lomb. , lviii ; bust of ( ?), 148 n.
Alboin, imitative coins of, lvi.
Alexius and John II, standing-, Treb.,
276.
Alexius I, reign and coinage of, Treb.,
lxxvii, lxxviii ; coins attributed to,
230 ; lxxviii n.
Alexius II, reign and coinage of, Treb.,
lxxx, lxxxi, lxxxii «, lxxxvii ; at-
tribution of coins to, 278, 279; re-
presented riding, 279-83.
Alexius III, reign and coinage of,
Treb., lxxxii, lxxxvii, lxxxviii n ;
attribution of coins to, 278, 279 ;
bronze coins of, 297-301 ; repre-
sented riding, 293-6 ; standing,
297-301.
Alexius IT, reign of, Treb., lxxxii,
lxxxiii ; riding, 306, 307.
Algeria, coins found in, 7 w, 14 n.
Altar, Ostrog., 101.
Amalasuntha, Ostrog., 71, 75 n ; ac-
count of, xxxiii, xxxiv.
Anastasius I, bust or head of, Vand.,
10, 32, 33 ; Ostrog., 46, 47, 49-51,
55-9, 83-90, 95-7 ; xlvi-xlyiii ;
bronze currency reform of, xxiii.
Andronicus I, reign of, Treb., lxxviii.
Andronicus II, reign of, Treb., lxxix.
Andronicus III, coins of, Treb., 284.
Angel, wing of (?), Neopatras, 227,
228.
Anna, Empress, Treb., 288.
Annulet, Treb., 270 n, 273, 274.
Arichis II, bust of, Benev., 168, 169 ;
coins of, 183 «; reign and coinage
of, lxv, lxvi.
Aripert I, imitative coins of, Lomb.,
lvi.
Aripert II, bust of, 141.
Ariwald, imitative coins of, Lomb.,
lvi.
Arta, castle of (?), Epirus, 226.
Asper-coinage, Treb., 285 n; lxxiv-
lxxvi, lxxviii-lxxxv ; origin of the,
lxxxv ; of John II without symbols,
Treb., 260, 274, 275.
Athalaric, coins of, Ostrog., 60-70,
102-5, 107 ; represented standing,
69, 70 ; monogram of, 63, 64, 66-8 ;
bronze coins of period of, 99, 100;
liii ; imitative gold coins of, xlvii ;
account of, xxxiii.
Authari, imitative coins of, Lomb., lvi.
B
Baduila, Ostrog., coins of, 83-94 ;
reign of, xxxvii, xxxviii ; bust
of, 88, 91-4; standing, 93, 94;
i monogram of, 86, 87, 89, 92 ; imi-
tative gold coins of, xlvii ; heavy
and light bronze coins of, 90 w, 91 ?<,
94 n ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ;
I portrait of, 88 n, 91, 93 n ; xxxviii ;
mints of, xxxviii ; in Rome, xxxvii.
! Bands, four, interlaced, Nic, 219 n.
; Baptist, the : see St. John.
' Basil, Treb., bronze coins of, 286, 287;
riding, 285 ; standing, 286 ; reign
of, lxxxi.
i Basiliscus, gold coins of, xlv, xlvi.
Benevento hoard, Benev., 191.
1 Beneventum, coinage of, lxi-lxviii;
earliest coins of, lxii, lxiii; imi-
tative coins of, lxii, lxiii ; silver
coins of, lxiii; uncertain coins of,
188-92 ; denominations and weights
of coins of, lxiv ; portraiture on coins
of, lxvi ; alloy of gold coins of, lxiv.
BieUa hoard, Lomb., 137 n.
Bird, head of, Treb., 295, 304.
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
319
Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, seal
of, Thessal., 198 n.
Branch, VancL, 29; Ostrog-., 106; of
' palm, Vand., 7, 41 ; Ostrog-., 106.
Branches, two, and star, Vand., 5.
Bronze coins, quasi-autonomous, of
Rome and Ravenna, Ostrog-., 98.
Brusa, find of coins at, Nic, 205, 214.
Bust, uncertain, Lomb., 153, 154.
Carthage, xvi, xvii, xxvi ; female per-
sonification of, Vand. , 6 n ; xxv, xxvii,
xxviii ; standing-, holding ears of
corn, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14 ; horse as em-
blem of, 3 ; Vandalic mint of, 19 n,
28 «, 34 ii ; coins found at, xix n :
see also Index II, ' Carthage.'
Castle, Neopatras, 229 ; of Arta ?,
Epirus, 226.
Charlemagne, Bene v., lxv, lxvi ; bust
of, 152 ; monogram of, Bene v., 171 :
see also Index I, ' Charlemagne.'
Cherson, Treb., xci n.
Christ, bust of, beardless, Thessal.,
194, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203 ; bust
of, bearded, Thessal., 197 ; seated,
Thessal., 193, 195 n, 197 n ; Nic,
204, 206, 210-13, 215, 216, 220, 223 ;
standing-, within oval frame, 301 n ;
standing (?), Nic, 223 ; of Chalce,
standing, Nic, 217 ; of Chalce,
crowning- John I Vatatzes, Nic,
216, 217; crowning- Theodore II,
Nic, 221, 222 ; standing, with John
Ang-elus, Thessal., 200; Infant, and
the Virgin, Treb., 236, 237.
Christian emblems on Vandal coins,
xxv, xxviii.
Chrysokephalos, Panagia, Treb., 236,
237 ; lxxxvii.
Cleph, imitative coins of, Lomb., lvi.
' Comnenians ', coins called, Treb.,
lxxxv.
Constans II, bust of, Lomb., 133, 144 ;
Benev., 189.
Constantine Angelus, Neopatras,
lxxiv.
Constantine III, see Constans II.
Constantine IV, bust of, Benev., 190,
191.
Constantine, St., see St. Constantine.
Corn, ear of and ivy-leaves, Benev.,
174, 175, 182, 185.
Countermarks, Vand., 3 ; xviii ; Os-
trog-., 51.
Crescent (?), Ostrog., 51.
Crescent and pellet as head-dress, Os-
trog-., 87, 95-7, 114-18, 120, 121,
124.
Cross, Vand., 15, 19-21, 30, 31, 35,
41 ; Odovac, 44, 45 ; Ostrog., 50-2,
57-9, 64, 84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 96,
107-10, 112, 116, 120; Lomb., 125,
128-33, 143 n ; Benev., 177-9, 183,
184, 189, 190; Thessal., 193, 194,
197-9; Nic, 206, 216,223, 225,227,
228 ; Neopatras, 229 ; Treb., 243-7,
253, 261, 262, 277, 280, 294, 309 ;
long-, Treb., 232-5, 237-53, 258-75,
277, 279-83, 285, 286, 289-98, 302-
4, 306, 307; crosslet, Thessal., 195,
196 ; Treb., 258 ; fourchee on base,
Treb., 298 ; nimbate, Epirus, 226 ;
patriarchal, Benev., 185 ; Nic, 207,
208, 215 ; Treb., 230 ; pattee, Vand.,
41; Lomb., 126; Benev., 184, 185;
Treb., 305 ; pattee and radiate,
Benev., 174, 175, 182 ; pattee with-
in star, Treb., 300, 301; potent,
Vand., 14, 38-41 ; Lomb., 127, 130-
5, 141 n, 148-54; Benev., 155-60,
162-73, 176-9, 181, 184, 185, 187,
189-91 ; Treb., 310 ; potent on
globus, 131 n ; radiate, Benev., 183 ;
voided, Treb., 299, 300; within
cross voided, Treb., 299, 300 ; with
wreath attached, Treb., 298, 299 ;
with letters in angles, Treb., 310;
on throne of Christ, Nic, 210 ; with-
in wreath, Vand., 12 ; Odovac, 44 ;
Treb., 300 ; on city-wall, Treb., 299,
304, 305, 309 ; fragment of, lxxxix n.
Crown, worn by Theodahad, Ostrog-.,
75, 76 ; worn by Baduila, Ostrog-.,
91-4.
Cunincpert, bust of, Lomb., 138;
coins of, lvii, lviii.
Cyprus find, Nic, 208 it.
D
David, Emperor, Treb., 308 ; lxxxiii.
Demetrius, Thessal., 202 ; lxix.
Demetrius, St., see St. Demetrius.
Denarius of Beneventum, lxiv.
Duchies, the Lombard, lxi, lxii.
E
Eagle, Odovac, 44 ; Ostrog., 102, 103 ;
Treb., 301 n, 305, 309, 310;
lxxxviii ; head of, Treb., 304 ; xcii ;
with cross on head, Treb., 309 ;
320
INDEX m
between two stars, Ostrog., 106 ;
double-headed, Treb., 301, 305;
lxxxvii, lxxxviii ; as emblem of the
Comneni, Treb., lxxxviii.
Eagles, two, Ostrog., 103, 104.
Ear of corn and ivv-leaves, Benev.,
174, 175, 182, 185."
Eclipse of sun, Treb., xcii, xciii.
Emmanuel, bust of, Thessal., 195.
Emperor, bust of an, Lomb., 134, 135;
Benev., 159 ; standing, Vand., 24,
25 ; dragging captive, Vand., 26.
Emperor or king, bust or head of,
Vand., 19-28, 35-8, 40, 41.
Emperors, two, standing, Vand., 25.
Epirus, coinage of the despots of,
lxxiii.
Eraric, Ostrog., 82 ; xxxvii.
Eugenius, St., see St. Eugenius.
Faustulus,the shepherd, Ostrog., 104 n.
Fiats ruminalis, Ostrog., 104 n.
Fig-tree and eagles, Ostrog., 103, 104.
Finds of coins, in Algeria, 7 n, 14 n ;
at Brusa, 205, 214 ; near Smyrna,
214, 220; in Cyprus, 208 n; at
Ilanz, 149 n, 150-2; in Italy, 7 n,
16 n, 31 n, 33 n, 37 n, 113 w, 137 n.
'Flavia', the epithet, Lomb., lix.
Fleur de lis, see Lis.
Flower (or plant), Treb., 281-3, 285 n,
294, 295, 303, 304, 306,-307.
Flower (or star), Lomb., 148-50, 152 ;
Benev., 174 n.
Forgeries of coins, ancient, Ostrog.,
59, 76 n; Lomb., 139 n; Benev.,
165 n; Ma, 211; Treb., 268 n;
modern, Ostrog., 76 n, 80 n.
Forum Julii, duchy of, lxii.
Fostlus, Sextus Pompeius, coin of,
Ostrog., 104 n.
G
Gabalas of Rhodes, coin of, 230.
Gaiseric, coins of, Vand., \-i ; stand-
ing, 3, 4 ; reign of, xxvi.
Gate of city, Vand., 27, 28 ; Treb.,
299, 304, 305.
Gelimer, coins of, Vand., 15, 16 ; bust
or head of, 15, 16 ; name of, 15 n ;
coins attributed to, 29 n ; reign of,
xxviii.
Genoa, merchants of, Treb., lxxx-
lxxxiii.
George the Emperor, standing, hold-
ing cross or labarum, Treb., 258 ;
standing with St. Eugenius, 258;
reign and coins of, lxxix.
George, St., see St. George.
Georgia, coins of, Treb., 243, 247, 250,
254, 256, 272, 273, 308; lxxviii,
lxxix, xci n.
Gisulf II, coins of, Benev., lxv.
Globus, Ostrog., 84 n ; Victory stand-
ing on, Ostrog, 47 n; cruciger,
Treb., 254, 255, 257-75, 277, 299 n.
Godepert, Lomb., lvi.
Gottschalk, coins attributed to, Benev.
161.
Graffiti, Nic, 212.
Great Vlakia, lxxiv.
Gregorius, Beneventan Duke, coins
of, discussed, 160.
Gregorius, the Patrician, coins of, 160.
Gregory, see Gregorius.
Grimoald HI, bast of, Benev., 170-3 ;
reign of, lxvi, lxvii.
Grimoald IV, coins of, discussed,
Benev., 174 n ; lxvii.
Grimwald, imitative coins of, Lomb.,
lvi.
Gunthamund, coins of, Vand., 8, 9;
bust of, 8, 9 ; coins attributed to,
21 n ; reign of, xxvii.
H
Half-asper, Treb., lxxxiv.
Hand, Lomb., 138 «, 139 n ; Benev.,
167 n, 191, 192.
Heraclius, bust of, Lomb., 130-2.
Heraclius and Tiberius, sons of Con-
stans H, standing, Benev., 189.
Hilderic, coins of, Vand., 13, 14 ; bust
of, 13, 14 ; coins attributed to, 28,
33 n, 34 w, 37 n ; reign of, xxvii,
xxviii.
Hoards of coins, see Finds.
Honorius, bust or head of, Vand., "2,
5, 17, 18; Vandal imitations of
coins of, xvi.
Horse, head of, Vand., 3, 4.
Horseman, Treb., 277 ; lxxxi n.
Huneric, coins of, Vand., 5-7 ; dates
on coins of, 5 ; bust of, 7 ; reign of,
xxvi, xxvii.
I
Iberia, coins of, Treb., 272 n ; lxxviii.
Hanz hoard, 149 n, 150, 152.
Ildibad, Ostrog., 82 ; xxxvii.
Imperial coins, of Justinian I, struck
at Rome and Ravenna, 108-19 ;
of Justin II, struck at Ravenna, 120,
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
321
121 ; of Tiberius II, struck at
Rome and Ravenna, 122 ; of Maurice
Tiberius, struck at Rome and Ra-
venna, 122.
Irene Palaeologina, Treb., 288.
Italy, coinages of central and south,
discussed, lxiii.
Ivy-leaves and ears of corn, Benev.,
174, 175, 182, 185.
John the Baptist, see St. John the
Baptist.
John Angelus, standing, Thessal.,
200; standing, with Christ, Thessal.,
200 ; reign of, lxix.
John I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, Nic,
seated, 218 ; standing, holding laba-
rum and globus, 218, 219 ; stand-
ing, holding labarum and sword,
217, 219 ; crowned by the Christ
of Chalce, 216, 217 ; crowned by
the Virgin, 210-13; gold coinage
of, discussed, 213-15 ; seal of, 215,
228 n ; lxxii ; treasuries of, lxxii ;
reign of, lxxi, lxxii : see also St.
Constantine.
John I, Neopatras, standing, 227 ;
seated, 228 ; lxxiv.
John I, Treb., standing, holding cross
and roll, 232-5 ; bronze coins attri-
buted to, 235 ; reign of, lxxviii.
John II, Treb., standing, holding la-
barum and globus, 259-76 ; aspers
of, without symbol, 260, 274, 275 ;
standing, with Alexius, 276 ; reign
of, lxxix, lxxx.
John II (TV"') Lascaris, Nic, lxxii,
lxxiii.
John II, Neopatras, lxxiv.
John III, Treb., 289, 290 ; lxxxi.
John IV, Treb., coins of, 308 ; reign
of, lxxxiii.
Joinville, quoted, Treb., lxxxix.
Justin I, bust or head of, Vand., 13 ;
Ostrog., 48-53, 57 n, 60, 63, 65;
xlvii.
Justin II, bust of, Ostrog., 120, 121 ;
Lomb., 123, 124, 126; Imperial
coins of, struck at Ravenna, 120,
121 ; xlvii n ; Imperial silver coins
of, xlix.
Justinian I, bust or head of, Vand.,
28, 29, 33-5, 37; Ostrog., 60-7,
72-4, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 108-19;
Lomb., 124, 125.; Imperial coins
of, struck at Rome and Ravenna,
108-19 ; head of, facing, liv n, lv n;
African coinage of, xxviii, xxix ;
bronze coins of, of Carthage, lii w,
liv n, lv n ; Imperial gold coinage
of, xlvii, xlviii ; Imperial silver
coins of, xlix, 1 ; bronze coins of,
struck at Rome, liii, liv ; weights
of Ravenna coins of, xxxix.
Justinian II, bust of, Benev., 155-67,
191 ; coins of, imitated at Bene-
ventum, lxii, lxiii ; Central and
South Italian coins of, lxiii.
' Justinus ', silver coins inscribed with
name of, Ostrog., xlix ; bronze coins
inscribed with name of, lii.
K
King or Emperor, bust or head of,
Vand., 19-28, 35-8, 40, 41.
' Kirmaneoul ', Treb., 256 ; lxxviii.
Labarum, Thessal, 195, 200; Nic,
204, 207, 208, 210-13, 216-20, 222 ;
Neopatras, 227 ; Treb., 236-55, 257-
76.
Laurel-wreath, see Wreath.
Leaf (?), Ostrog., 116 n.
Leaf-like incision, Lomb., 123.
Leo I, Emperor, head of, Vand., 31 ;
coins of, imitated, Vand., 26 ; sup-
posed coins of, Ostrog., 100 n.
"Letters on aspers, Treb., 233-5, 237-
43, 263-5, 279, 280 ; on Lombard
coins, lx, lxi.
Lily, see Lis.
Lion, advancing, Ostrog., 94; 113;
standing, Vand., 26.
Lipari, coins found in, Vand., xix.
Lis, 195 n; Nic, 222, 223 n ; Treb.,
232, 233, 262, 263, 293, 294.
Liutpert(P), bust of, Lomb., 140.
Liutprand, Beneventan Duke, seal of,
143 n, 164 ; lxv.
Liutprand, Lombard King, bust of,
143, 144 ; coins of, lviii ; seal of,
143 n, 164.
Lombard regal coinage, 123-54; lv-
lxi ; anonymous coins, lv ; coins,
weights, and metals, lix, lx; coinage
and civilization, lvii, lviii ; inscrip-
tions on coins, lviii, lix ; mints, lx ;
coins of uncertain attribution, 153,
154 ; duchies, lxi, lxii.
Tt
322 INDEX III
Louis II, Emperor, Benev., lxviii.
Lucca, Lomb., lix, lxi.
Lupercalia, Ostrog., 105 n.
M
Mankaphas, coins of, 208 n.
Manuel Angelus, Thessal., standing,
holding cross and globus, 198,
199 ; standing, crowned by St.
Michael (?), 199 n ■ crowned by the
Virgin, 197 ; standing, with St.
Demetrius, 199 ; seated, with St. De-
metrius, 198 ; reign of, lxix.
Manuel I, Treb., standing, holding
labarum and roll, 236-53 ; hold-
ing labarum and globus, 254, 255,
257 ; standing, 257 n ; reign of,
lxxviii, lxxix.
Manuel II, Treb., coins attributed to,
284.
Manuel HI, Treb., riding, 302-4;
standing, 304, 305 ; reign of, lxxxii,
lxxxiii; possesses fragment of the
Cross, lxxxix.
Manus Dei, Nic, 222, 227, 228 : Treb.,
232-55, 257, 259-75, 277 ; lxxxviii.
Mappa, held by Emperor, Benev.,
162 n ; cp. 168 n.
Marcian, head of, Vand., 30, 31.
Masuna, Vand., 19 n, 39, 40 n ; xx,
xxvii.
Matasuntha, coins of, Ostrog., 80, 81 ;
monogram of, 80, 81 ; account of,
xxxvi, xxxvii.
Mauri, coins attributable to the, Vand.,
17, 20, 38 n, 39, 40 n ; xviii-xxi.
Maurice Tiberius, bust of, Ostrog.,
122; Lomb., 128, 129; coins of,
Lomb., lvi, lvii ; Imperial coins
of, struck at Rome and Ravenna,
122.
Michael I Angelus Comnenus, bust
of, Epirus, 226 ; standing, with St.
Demetrius, 226 ; lxxiii.
Michael, Treb., riding, 291; standing,
291, 292; half-length figure of,
292 ; reign of, lxxxi, lxxxii.
Michael VIII Palaeologus, coins of,
discussed, 224 ; lxxiii ; standing,
crowned by the Virgin, Nic, 225.
Michael, St., see St. Michael.
Milan, 49 n ; lxi : see also Index II.
Mint-marks, Lomb., 138 ?i, 141 n,
143 n ; lxi.
Monogrammatic types, xxviii, xxxi,
lviii.
Monstrance (?), Benev., 173 n, 185.
Monte Roduni hoard, 7 n, 16 n, 31 n :
see also Index II.
Naples, 83 n.
Narses, xlviii.
Neopatras, coinage of the Duchy of,
lxxiv.
Nicaea, coinage of, lxx-lxxiii.
Nike, see Victory.
Nummus, the, and its multiples, xl-
xlii.
O
Odoacer, see Odovacar.
Odovacar, coins of, 43-5, 100, 101;
bust of, 44, 45 ; monogram of, 44,
45 ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ;
imitative gold and silver coins of,
xlvi, xlviii ; portrait of, xxx ; ac-
count of, xxix-xxxi.
Officina-marks, Ostrog., 101, 102 n,
108 n.
Orsini family, Epirus, lxxiii.
Ostrogothic coinage, 43-119 ; xxix-
liv ; inscriptions and types of, xlii-
xliv ; denominations and weights
of, xxxix-xlii ; portraiture on, xliii,
xliv ; mint-places of, xliv ; of small
bronze, li ; with Imperial names,
xlv-xlviii ; modern writers on, xxix.
Palm-branch, Vand., 7, 41, 54
Palm-tree, Vand., 26, 27.
Panagia Chrysokephalos, Treb., 236,
237 ; lxxxvii.
Pavia, see Index II.
Pax standing, Vand., 23.
Pellet or pellets, Vand., 19, 37, 39,
41 ; Ostrog., 50, 68-70, 87, 88, 93,
95-7, 111, 114-18, 120,121 ; Lomb.,
129, 132 ; Benev., 173, 176-8, 180;
Nic, 211, 213 ; Treb.., 232-55, 257,
259-64, 266-73, 282, 283, 285, 291-
6, 304, 306 ; xci, xcii.
Pellet and crescent head-dress, see
Crescent and pellet.
Pellets representing letters, Vand.,
21, 38.
Pentagram, Vand., 42.
Perctarit, bust of, Lomb., 136, 137 ;
coins of, lvii, lviii ; imitative coins
of, with Godepert, lvi.
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
323
Plant or flower, Trek, 281-3, 285 n,
294, 295, 303, 304, 306, 307 ; xcii,
xciii.
Plated coin, Ostrog., 110 n.
' Porphyrogenitus ', title, discussed,
Nic, 215, 220, 221.
Portraiture on Barbarian coins, xxi n ;
on Vandal coins, xxvi.
Procopius on gold coins of the Bar-
barians, xxi.
Prow, Victory standing Jon, Ostrog.,
75, 101.
Q
Quarter-asper, Trek, 296 ; lxxxiv.
Quatrefoil ornament, Treb., 280.
R
Radelchis I, bust of, Benev., 181 ;
coins of, lxvii, lxviii.
Ratchis, bust of, Lomb., 146.
Ravenna, bust of, Ostrog., 68, 106,
107; monogram of, Ostrog-., 107;
issue of quasi-autonomous coins at,
Ostrog., 100 ; under Justinian I,
xlviii ; coinage of Justinian at, 1 :
see also Index II.
Rhodes, coins of, Treb., 310 n.
Ring with tremissis of Justinian I,
Ostrog., 62 n.
Rodwald, imitative coins of, Lomb.,
lvi.
Roma, bust of, Ostrog., 67-70, 74, 75,
79, 101-5, 107 ; supposed mono-
gram of, Ostrog., Ill n ■ seated,
Vand., 2, 23.
Rome, under Justinian, xlviii, liii, liv ;
quasi-autonomous coinage of, xxxii :
see also Index II.
Romoald II, Benev., lxii, lxiii, lxv.
Romulus and Remus, Ostrog., 104,
105.
Rosette or rosettes, Benev., 183, 186.
Rothari, supposed coin of, Lomb.,
130 n ; laws of, 130 «, 139 n ; imi-
tative coins of, lvi.
St. Constantine and John I Vatatzes,
standing, holding cross, Nic, 215,
216 ; lxxii.
St. Demetrius, bust of, 200 ; bust of,
and bust of Theodore Angelus,
Thessal. , 1 95, 196 ; standing, Thessal. ,
200; Nic, 218; standing, with
Theodore Angelus holding long
cross, Thessal., 193, 194; stand-
ing, with Manuel Angelus holding
globus (?), Thessal., 199 ; standing,
with Michael I Angelus Comnenus
holding cross, Epirus, 226 ; seated,
with Theodore Angelus, Thessal.,
196 n ; seated, with Manuel An-
gelus, Thessal., 198 ; patron-saint
of Thessalonica, 194 n, 196 ; lxx.
St. Eugenius, Treb., bust of, 257,
276 w, 283 ; standing, 230, 232-5,
237-55, 257 n, 258-77, 286, 289-92,
297, 298, 308 ; riding, 279-83, 285,
291, 293-6, 302-4, 306, 307 ; stand-
ing, with an Emperor holding cross,
230 ; patron of Trebizond, 256 ;
lxxxii, lxxxix ; account of, lxxxvi,
lxxxvii ; in art, lxxxi.
St. George, bust of, Nic, 219; Treb.,
276 n ; lxxxvii.
St. John the Baptist, bust of, Treb.,
275, 276 ; lxxxvii.
St. Michael, bust of, Neopatras, 228 ;
standing, Lomb., 140; Thessal.,
196 n, 198, 199 n, 200, 202, 203 ;
Epirus, 226 ; standing, holding
castle (?), Epirus, 226; standing,
holding cross and globus, Benev.,
176 ; standing, holding shield and
cross, Lomb., 138, 141, 143, 144,
146, 147 ; lviii ; standing, with
Theodore Angelus, Thessal., 195 n;
type of, Benev., 174 n ; lxvii.
St. Theodore, standing, Nic, 207 n
(seal) ; standing, holding cross, 206-
9 ; lxxi.
St. Tryphon, 194 n ; standing, Nic. ,
222, 223 w, 225 ; lxxii, lxxiii.
Salerno, contracts of, 183 n ; lxv,
lxviii.
Scauniperga, Benev., lxv.
Scepsis, bronze coin of, 104 w.
Sceptres, varying forms of, Treb., 278,
279, 294 n ; lxxxviii.
Scroll-ornament, 116.
Scyphate coins, Lomb., 136, 137.
Seprio, Lomb., lxi.
Seraph, head of, Nic, 218, 219.
'Shield', Nic, 218 n.
Sicardus, bust of, Benev., 179 ; coins
of, 183 n ; lxvii.
Sico, bust of, Benev., 176-8 ; lxvii.
Siconulf, Benev., lxviii.
Siliqua and divisions, Vand., xxii ;
Ostrog., xxxix, xliv.
Six-foil enclosure, Treb., 297, 298.
324
INDEX III
Smyrna hoard, Nic, 214, 220.
Solidi of Vandals, xxi.
Spoletium, Duchy of, lxi, lxii.
Star (or stars), Vand., 10, 27, 30;
Odovacar, 43, 44; Ostrog., 46-51, 53,
56-64, 84, 85, 92, 95, 96, 105, 106,
109, 111, 113-16, 122 ; Lomb., 123,
129, 135, 139, 140, 146; Benev.,
159, 178 ; Thessal., 193, 194 ; Trek,
230, 233, 234, 250-3, 265-73, 281,
289, 291, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310 ;
xcii.
Star (or flower ?), Lomb., 148-50, 152,
174 n.
Star (or sun), Treb., 294, 295.
Star between two branches, Vand., 5.
Star enclosing cross, Treb., 300, 301.
Star-like object with stem, Benev.,
173, 185.
Sun, Treb., 294, 295 ; xcii ; eclipse of,
commemorated, xcii, xciii.
T
Temple, Vand., 28 ; Benev., 184.
Theia, coins of, Ostrog., 95-7 ; various
forms of name of, 96 n ; account of,
xxxviii ; imitative gold coins of,
xlvii.
Thelane, supposed coins of, Ostrog.,
97 n.
Theodahad, coins of, Ostrog., 72-6 ;
bust of, 75, 76 ; portrait of, xxxiv ;
monogram of, 72, 74 ; imitative gold
coins of, xlvii ; bronze coins of time
of, 99 ; liii ; account of, xxxiii-
xxxv.
Theodora, Treb., standing, holding
globus, 277 ; coins doubtfully attri-
buted to, 277 ; lxxx.
Theodore Angelus, Epirus, lxxiii.
Theodore Angelus, Thessal., stand-
ing, holding labarum and globus,
195 ; bust of, with bust of St. De-
metrius, 195, 196 ; standing, with
St. Demetrius, holding long cross,
193, 194 ; standing, with St. De-
metrius, holding sword, 194 ; stand-
ing, with St. Michael, 195 n ; seated,
with St. Demetrius, 196 n ; reign
of, lxix.
Theodore I, Nic, standing, crowned
by the Virgin, 204 ; standing, with
St. Theodore, holding long cross,
206-9 ; gold coinage of, discussed,
205 ; seal of, 207 n ; lxxi ; account
of, lxxi.
Theodore II, Nic, standing, holding
cross and volumen, 195 to ; holding
labarum and globus, 222 ; crowned
by Christ, 221, 222 ; crowned by
the Virgin, 220, 223 ; lxxii.
Theodore, St., see St. Theodore.
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, coins of, 46-
59, 101, 102-6 ; bust of, 54 ; por-
trait of, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv n ;
statues of, xxxii ; monogram of,
46, 50, 51, 55, 57-9, 78, 87 ; xxxi,
1, li n ; triple solidus of, 54 ; xxxi ;
imitative gold coins of, xlvi, xlvii ;
imitative silver coins of, xlviii ;
bronze coins of time of, 99, 100; Hi;
visit of, to Rome, xxxii ; dominions
of, in Provence, xxxii n ; reign and
coinage of, xxxi-xxxiii.
Theodosius I, head of, Vand., 24 ;
standing, Vand., 24.
Theodosius II, head of, Vand., 22, 29,
30, 38, 39.
Thessalonica, representations of, Thes-
sal., 198m; Empire of, lxix-lxx;
metals and types of the coins of,
lxx.
Tiberius and Heraclius, standing,
Benev., 189.
Tiberius II Constantine,bust of, Lomb.,
127 ; Imperial coins of, struck at
Rome and. Ravenna, 122.
Ticinum, see Index II.
Ticinus, bust of, Ostrog., 91.
Totila, see Baduila.
Toto (?), bust of Duke, Lomb., 153.
Trasamund, Vandals, coins of, 10-12 ;
bust of, 11, 12 ; name of, 10 n ;
coin attributed to, 21 n ; seal of,
12 n ; account of, xxvii.
Trebizond, coinage and history of,
lxxiv-xciii ; city-wall of, Treb., 299,
304, 305, 309 ; lxxxvii ; attribution
of coins of, lxxvi, lxxvii ; represen-
tations of the Emperors of, lxxxviii ;
titles of Emperors of, lxxxix ; in-
scriptions and forms of letters on
coins of, lxxxix, xc ; symbols and
letters on coins of, xc-xciii ; mint-
places of, xc, xci; metals and
weights of coins of, lxxxiii-lxxxyi ;
weights of silver coins of, lxxxiii,
lxxxiv ; aspers of, see Asper-coinage ;
size of bronze coins of, lxxxvi ;
bronze coinage of, lxxvii ; uncertain
bronze coins of, 309; uncertain
bronze nomisma of, lxxviii ; com-
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
merce and transit-trade of, lxxviii «,
lxxix, lxxx, lxxxiii n, lxxxv 11 ;
writers on the coinage and history
of, lxxiv-lxxvii.
Tremisses, of Vandals, xxi.
Treviso, Lomb., lxi.
Tridentuni, Duchy of, lxii.
Tryphon, St., see St. Tryphon.
U
Uncertain Lombardic coins, 153, 1 54.
V
Valentinian III, bust or head of, Vand. ,
1, 2, 18, 22-5, 27, 40; standing-,
Vand., 1, 24, 25.
Vandals, coins of the, 1-42 ; xv-xxviii ;
earliest coins of, xv ; gold coin-
age of, xxi ; silver coins of, xxii ;
bronze coins of, xxii-xxiv ; small
bronze coins of, 17-42 ; xviii-xxi,
li ; weights of the larger bronze
coins, xxiii, xxiv ; anonymous coin-
ages of, xvi-xxi ; king or soldier of
the, standing, 3, 4 ; xxvi ; por-
traiture on coins of, xxvi ; marks
of value on coins of, xvii ; counter-
marks of the, xviii ; civilization of
the, xxiv-xxvi ; Roman influence
on the, xxiv, xxv ; era of the, xvi.
Venice, merchants of, Treb., lxxx,
lxxxv n, lxxxvi n ; influence of
coinage of, Treb., lxxxv.
Vercelli, Lomb., lxi.
Verona, Lomb., lx n.
Vicenza, Lomb., lxi.
Victory, seated, inscribing shield,
114 ; standing, holding broad cross,
Vand., 10; Odovac.,43, 44; Ostrog.,
46, 48, 55, 59-61, 83 ; standing,
holding globus, 141 n ; standing,
holding cross and globus, 111,
113-14 ; standing or advancing,
holding wreath and globus, Ostrog.,
47-9, 56, 61-3, 84, 85, 95, 96, 111,
114, 122; Lomb., 123, 124, 128,
129 ; standing or advancing, hold-
ing wreath and palm-branch, Vand. ,
10, 11, 17-20; Ostrog., 54, 56, 106 ;
advancing, holding wreath and
trophy, Ostrog., 57, 100, 101 ; stand-
ing, holding wreath, Vand., 21, 22 ;
advancing, holding wreaths, Vand.,
22 ; standing, facing, Vand., 22 ;
standing on prow, Ostrog., 75, 76,
101 ; on globus held by Theodoric,
Ostrog. , 54 ; dragging captive,
Vand., 22, 23 ; types of, profile
and fronting, Ostrog. , 56 n; type
of, on quasi-autonomous bronze
coins, Ostrog., 99.
'Vine-leaf, Nic, 218 n.
Virgin, bust of the, Thessal., 199, 201 ;
Neopatras, 227 ; seated, holding in-
fant Christ, Nic, 207-9, 216, 217,
221, 222 ; Treb., 236, 237 ; stand-
ing, crowning John I Ducas Va-
tatzes, Nic, 210-13 ; crowning
Manuel Angelus, Thessal., 197;
crowning Michael VIII, Nic, 225 ;
crowning Theodore I, Nic, 204 ;
crowning Theodore II, Nic, 220,
223 ; Chrysokephalos, Treb., 236,
237; lxxxvii.
Visigothic coin, 111 n.
Vlakia, see Great Vlakia.
W
Wall of Trebizond, Treb., 299, 304,
305, 309 ; lxxxvii.
Wing of angel, Neopatras, 227, 228.
Witigis, coins of, Ostrog., 77-9 ; imi-
tative gold coins of, xlvii ; imita-
tive silver coins of, 1, li ; account
of XXXV XXXV]
Wolf and Twins, Ostrog., 104, 105.
Wreath, Vand., 6-9, 11, 12, 14-16,
22, 28-33, 35-41 ; Odovacar, 44, 45 ;
Ostrog., 49-53, 63-8, 72-5, 77-81,
86-92, 94, 96, 97, 107-10, 112, 113,
115-21; Lomb., 124-6, 127, 129;
Benev., 173 ; with loops, Treb., 300 ;
encircling cross, Vand., 2 ; with
pellet in centre, 131 n.
Zeno, bust or head of, Vand., 32 ;
Odovacar, 43-5 ; Ostrog., 100, 101 ;
bronze coins of, struck at Rome,
Ostrog., 98, 99 ; gold coins of, xxx,
xlv, xlvi, xlviii.
326
INDEX III
DN, Vand., 8, 9, 11, 12.
DN, Vand., 8, 11 n; xxii.
DN_L(?), Vand., 9n.
D.N, Vand., 12, 15; xxii.
XXV' ^an<l:> 9 ; cp. 12 n ; xxii, xxv.
NX-LM, Vand., 6.
NXXI, Vand., 6.
NXll, Vand., 7.
N Mil, Vand., 7; xxiii, xxiv.
LXXXIII, 3 ; xviii (countermarli).
X|M. Vand., 3 ; xvii w, xviii, xxii-xxv.
XL", 3 ; xviii {countermarli).
XL or .XL., Ostrog., 98-101, 104 ; xl.
j = XL, Ostrog., 102.
J = XL, Ostrog., 101-3.
XXV, Vand., 14.
XXI, Vand., 4 ; xvii n, xxii-xxiv.
XX, .XX., or .X.X., Ostrog., 103-5 ;
113 ; liv.
MARKS OF VALUE
XII, Vand., 4 ; xxiii, xxiv.
X, Ostrog., 65, 66, 67 n, 69, 70, 90 «,
91 n, 92 n, 94 n, 107 n ; xl-xlii.
\/, Ostrog., 52, 53, 65, 66, 68, 73, 74;
xl, xli, lii, liii.
CN, O.N, &c. (250), 115, 116, 120;
xxxix n, xlix ; Lomb., 124, 129; lv,
lx.
PK€ (125), 116, 121; xxxix n, xlix;
Lomb., 129 ; lx.
P.K or PK., Ostrog., 116, 117 ; xxxixra.
M (40), Ostrog., 98 ; 108, 109, 112 ;
xl w., liii, liv.
K (20), Ostrog., 81 n- 109, 110; liii.
I (10), 110, 112; cp. 119 n- liv.
(5), Ostrog., 52 ; xl, lii, liii.
A
, Vand., 34, 37.
MONOGRAMS, ETC.
VP^. (Geilamir), Vand., 16.
1^1 (Theodosius II), Vand., 29, 30.
lAl (Theodosius II), Vand., 30.
I^^L (Marcian), Vand., 30.
l|^| (Marcian), Vand., 30, 31.
et
(Marcian), Vand., 31.
(Leo I), Vand., 31.
K*4l. (Leo x)> Vand-> 31-
v[^_ (Zeno), Vand., 32.
P^ (Zeno), Vand., 32.
l/^l (Zeno), Vand., 32.
R^t. (Anastasius I), Vand., 32, 33.
r^r
(Anastasius I), Vand., 33.
(Justinian I), Vand., 33.
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
327
[5\ (Justinian I), Vand., 33.
l\/ (Odovacar), 44, 45.
(f^ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 46.
foX/ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 50.
"RrD
loVl/ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 50, 51.
IoH/ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 50.
|cT^/ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 57-9.
yjsjj (Theodoric), Ostrog., 78.
|^/ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 78; 1, li.
f^n|2 (Theodoric), Ostrog., 87.
(J-R (Theodoric), Ostrog., 55.
D0iN (Athalaric)> Ostrog., 63.
D^SJN (Athalaric), Ostrog., 64, 68.
D|C^N (Athalaric)> Ostrog., 64.
^^J (Athalaric), Ostrog., 66, 67.
F^S£/ (Theodahad), Ostrog., 72.
Ys\2 (Theodahad), Ostrog., U-.
JtfQ) (Matasuntha), Ostrog., 80,81.
T5vh
JkH/ (Matasuntha), Ostrog., 81.
LaAL: (Baduila), Ostrog., 86, 87,
89, 92.
l^^P (Liutprand rex), Lomb., 144.
CR.X (in monogram = Christianus
rex?), Lomb., 147.
.50
(Lucca), Lomb., 151.
(Lucca), Lomb., 151.
O
£+ R. (Gregorius), Bene v., 159.
€
[JP (Liutprand]dux), Benev., 165.
Q/^ (Liutprand dux), Benev., 166.
^£, Benev., 166 n.
~ jfc (Carolus rex), Benev., 171.
l^fl (Grimoaldus), Benev., 171.
|V»L (Grimoaldus), Benev., 173.
C
SJI (Sico),|Benev., 177, 178.
Sg* (Sicard), Benev., 180.
" ' J^' (Sancta Maria), Benev., 184.
[™f (Adelchis), .Benev., 185.
>$S 148 n.
/\ , Vand., 35.
328
H, Treb, 239; xc.
|4h, Treb, 252, 253; xc.
Cg, Treb., 251; xc.
■&, Treb., 277 ; xc.
XX (Heraclius), Lomb., 132.
C^ (Grimoald), Benev, 171 n.
jf(St. George), Nic, 219.
IVD (Mediolanum), Ostrog, 59.
Sfi -9V, Treb., 236, 237.
INDEX in
K
(?), Vand, 36.
(7p (TrpdSpo/xos), Treb., 276.
(Ravenna), Ostrog, 107.
(Ravenna), Ostrog., 107.
M (Rome), Ostrog., 55 ; xliii.
R/ (Ravenna), Ostrog., 46 ; xliii.
Be (rex), Lomb., 136, 138, 141-3, 146,
149.
T>, Treb., 255 ; xc».
& Nic, 222.
IX (Dux), Bene v., 170.
8 (Dux ?), Benev., 162, 163.
g(Dux?), Benev., 162 n.
T5, Treb., 254; xc n.
a, Treb., 254; xc n.
A
|>, Vand., 35.
AY
N
, Vand., 35.
, Vand., 34, 37.
B, Treb., 286, 287,^290, 296, 302, 303,
306, 307, 309 ; xc.
BB, Treb., 286, 287, 309, 310.
BBBB, Treb., 310 n.
D
Vand., 35.
t r, Lomb., 136.
, Vand., 36.
T, 7 (=H), Treb, 241 ; xc.
§" J-, Lomb, 137.
• • •
*€ fr, Lomb, 136.
€ |^, Lomb, 137.
I 6 " H-, Lomb, 136.
• E Iv (Perctarit rex), Lomb, 136.
• • •
• [J p", Lomb, 136.
I , Vand, 36.
•J4, 117 ; Lomb, 125.
T, 121 ; Lomb, 125.
£ 114-
►P, Vand, 36.
*R, 121.
$.,118; Lomb, 124-6.
s£, Vand, 37 ; Ostrog, 49, 105.
$, Vand, 37.
& 117.
aJo) , lv n.
oJa, liv n.
#, 119.
*, Ostrog, 49, 84, 90, 94; 109, 110,
112, 118, 120, 121 ; Thessal, 195 ;
Treb, 250, 252, 253, 265, 266, 281,
291, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310.
*, 108-10 ; Treb, 251, 253, 302, 303,
306.
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES)
S, 109, 110.
329
$fc, Vand., 37, 38 ; Trek, 266, 289
'$, Treb., 267-73.
"7|\, Treb., 294.
, Treb., 295 ; xcii, xciii.
■&,
, Treb., 295 ; xcii, xciii.
#,Treb., 251, 252.
#, Treb., 252.
■&, Treb., 252.
f>, Treb., 262-4.
•
Q, Treb., 273, 274.
-$•, Treb., 262, 263, 293, 294.
®, Treb., 280.
A, Benev., 170, 176-9, 181.
V, Treb., 281.
Y, Treb., 303.
% Treb., 281.
i>, Treb., 294, 295 ; xcii.
V, Treb., 285 n.
Y, Treb., 303, 304, 306, 307.
^, Treb., 282.
:Y\ Treb., 282 ; xcii.
&(?), Treb., 283.
<£, Treb., 283.
u u
330
INDEX IV
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS
(The forms of the letters are in some cases, for convenience, given
conventionally.
For marks of value and various monograms, Sec, see at end of Index III.)
(a) LATIN LEGENDS
A (Audelais), Benev., 1 58 ; (ArichisII),
Benev., 167-9.
AAA A, Lomb., 135.
ADELCHIS PRJN, Benev., 184.
ADELgSI PRJNCE, Benev., 184; cp.
186.
ADELHIS PRINCE, Benev., 183; cp.
185.
P
A D L (Adelchis), Benev., 184 ; cp.185.
R.
AMAND . . . PFAV, Benev., 173 n.
AMENITAS DEI, 73 n.
AMO.9, w ROMA.
AWAH, Lomb., 134.
ANNO Mil, Vand., 5.
ANNO V, Vand., 5 n.
ANCANCELVS MICNACL, Benev.,
177.
ANGELVS SAB.C (John II Angelus),
Neopatras, 229.
A/THI, Lomb., 146.
AR.CHANC61 niCHA€L, Benev.,
182.
ARCHANC6LV niCHA£L, Benev.,
180; cp. 181.
AR.CHANG6LVS MICHAEL, Benev.,
174-8 ; lxvii, lxviii.
ARHANCELVS fllHA, Benev., 184.
AR.IP6R. XC6L R.€X, Lomb., 141 n.
BENEBENTV, Benev., 173,185 ; lxvii.
CAR., lii n.
CAKTAGINE PP, Vand., 19.
CCCC (imitating inscription), Vand.,
42.
C M (Caput Mundi?), Ostrog., 58.
COMOB, Vand., 1, 2 ; Ostrog., 45-8,
54-6, 60-2, 83, 84 ; xlvi.
[CJONCO, Vand., 22.
CONO, Ostrog., 95, 96 ; Benev., 176.
COHO, Ostrog., 96 ; Benev., 190.
CO NOB, Vand., 10 ; Ostrog., 43, 44,
46, 47, 56, 59, 61 n, 62, 84 ; 111,
113, 122; Lomb., 123, 131, 133 ; lx ;
Benev., 155, 159, 162-4, 167-9, 189-
91 ; lxvii n.
CONOa, Benev., 173, 179.
CO HOB, Ostrog., 62.
CONOH, 113.
CONOP, 114.
CONOR, Ostrog., 85, 114; Lomb.,
128, 141.
CONS ('Constantinople'), Ostrog.,
49.
CR.X (in monogram = Christianus
rex?), Lomb., 147.
CVAR. (=CAR), Benev., 171.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— LATIN LEGENDS
331
DELA PATRIA, Neopatras, 229.
DC (Gottschalk, dux), Benev., 161.
X)IIOOAIT-linOPIir, Benev., 191.
Dll COITANTI, Lomb., 144.
D»N (denarii), Vand., 8 n.
DN (Dominus noster),Ya,n&., 8m, 19m;
Ostrog., 97 «.
DN AISTVLF REX, Lomb., 147, 148.
DN ANASTASIVS AVG, Ostrog-., 49,
50.
DN ANASTASIVS P AVG, Ostrog-.,
57, 58, 86.
DN ANASTASIVS P F AVG, Ostrog-.,
46, 49, 55, 56, 83.
DN ANASTASIVS PP AVG, Vand.,
10 ; Ostrog., 47, 59, 84, 85, 95, 96.
DN ARIPe &, Lomb., 141.
DH ARIPERT R€X, Lomb., 141 m.
DN ATALARICVS, Ostrog., 69.
DN ATHALARICVS, Ostrog., 63.
DN ATHALARICVS REX (or RIX),
Ostrog., 64, 65, 67-9.
DNA VC, Ostrog., 51.
DN BAD VELA, Ostrog., 94.
DN BAD VELA REX, Ostrog., 91-3.
DN BADVILA REX, Ostrog., 85-9, 91.
DN BADVILA RIX, Ostrog., 87, 88.
DN CARVLVS REX, Lomb., 152.
"ON CO VS PPy (Constantine IV),
Benev., 190.
DN CVNINCPE R-, Lomb., 138.
DN D6SID6R/VS % Lomb., 149.
DN D6SID6I*, Lomb., 149.
DN DeSIDeR- R€X, Lomb., 149.
DN H6PACLIVS PP AVCCC, Lomb.,
131.
DN HILDIRIX R6X, Vand., 13.
DN HONORI, &c, Vand., 17, 18.
DN HONORIVS P F AVG, Vand., 2.
DNI INVS PP (Justinian II), Benev.,
162, 165, 191, 192.
DNI IVS PP (Justinian II), Benev.,
191.
DN INVS PP (Justinian II), Benev.,
159, 192.
DNIV IVS PP (Justinian II), Benev.,
163.
DN IVN PP (Justinian II), Benev.,
164, 165, 167, 192 ; lxvi.
DN IVSTINIAN AVC, Ostrog., 64,
65, 72, 73, 78, 117, 118.
DN lUSTINIANUS, Benev., 157.
DN IVSTINIANVS AVC, Ostrog., 117.
DN IVSTINIANVS P AVC, Ostrog.,
64.
DN IVSTINIANVS P F AVC, Ostrog.,
60-2.
DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVC, Ostrog.,
62, 63, 65, 66, 73, 74, 108, 111, 113-
16, 118, 119; cp. Lomb., 124, 125.
DN HJSTI N I AN VS PP€ A,Benev.,156.
DN IVSTINVS AVC, Ostrog., 50, 51.
DN IVSTINVS P AVC, Ostrog., 63.
DN IVSTINVS P F AVC, Ostrog.,
48, 49.
DN IVSTINVS PP AVC (or abbrev.),
Vand., 13; Ostrog., 52, 53; 120, 121.
DN IVSTINVS PP AVI, Lomb., 123,
126.
DN LIVTPRAN &(?), Lomb., 143 ;
cp. 144.
DN LVTVDHVX, Lomb., 140.
DN MARCIANVS, Vand.,30.
DN fDAVRC Tib PP VI, Lomb.,
128.
DN fTIAVRC Tl P A, Lomb., 129.
DN PLA VALENTINIANVS P F
AVC, Vand., 1 ; cp. 2.
DN RATCHIS, Lomb., 146.
DN RC, &c, Vand., 21.
DN REX B, Ostrog., 90.
DN REX CEILAMIR, Vand., 15.
DN REX CVNTHAMVNDV, Vand.,
8.
DN RC THRASAMVDS, Vand., 11.
DN RC THSAMVNDS, Vand., 12.
DN TEIA REX, Ostrog., 96 m, 97 m.
DN THEIA REX, Ostrog., 96, 97.
DN THELA REX, Ostrog., 96 m, 97 m.
DN THEODAHATHVS REX (or
RIX), Ostrog., 73-5.
332
INDEX IV
DN THEODAHATVS REX, Ostrog.,
75, 76.
DN THEODOSIVS P F AC (Theodo-
sius I), Vand., 24.
DN THILA REX, Ostrog., 96, 97 n.
DN Tlbe fDAVRIC PP AVI, 122.
DN Tlb€R (DAVRIC, Lonib., 129.
DH VALENTIN I, &c, Vand., 18.
DN VN PP (Justinian II), Bene v.,
165, 167.
DN VVITICES REX, Ostrog., 77-9.
DN VVITICIS REX, Ostrog., 78, 79.
DN ZENO PERP F AVC, Ostrog.,
43-5.
DNS VICTORIA, Benev., 168, 169;
lxvi.
DOMINO NOSTRO, Vand., 19, 24,
28 ; xxii n.
DOMNOI (Domino?), Ostrog., 87 n.
DOMNVS (Dominies), Ostrog., 87 n.
DOMNV3 THEIA P REX, Ostrog.,
96.
DOMS CAR R-, Benev., 170, 171; lxvi.
DVX, Benev., lxvi.
FELIX CARTA, Vand., 13 ; xxv,
xxviii.
FELIX KART£, Vand., 13.
FELIX RAVENNA, Ostrog., 99, 106,
107.
FELIX TICINVS, Ostrog., 91; xxxviii.
FLA EAC6NTIAG, Lonib., 149.
FLAVI A LVCA, Lomb., 148, 150, 152 ;
lix.
FL ODOVAC, 44 ; cp. 45 ; xxx.
FLOREAS (or FLVREAS) SEMPER,
Ostrog., 93, 94.
C (Gregorius), Benev., 159; (Gott-
schalk), Benev., 161.
CLO(ria), &c, Vand., 25.
5 R (Grimoald III), Benev., 170-2.
CRIMOALD FILIVS ERMENRIH,
Benev., 174, 175.
CRIMOALD FILVS ERMENRIHI,
Benev., 175.
CRIMVALD, Benev., 171, 172.
CRIMVAL X (Grimoald III, Dux),
Benev., 170.
CRINOALD, Benev., 174.
C 8 (Gisulf II, Dux), Benev., 162, 163.
H
HA, Lomb., 132.
H6RACLVS PP AVC, Lomb., 131.
HIL.,&c, Vand., 14.
HONORIVS PVS ACT, Vand., 5.
I
I CO NT. <TOIN AV, Benev., 190.
ICTORIA AVSTOS, Lomb., 133.
IFFO CLORIVSO DVX, Lomb., 141.
MOI(?), Ostrog., 101.
IMD (Mediolanum), Ostrog., 59.
IMP ZENO FELICISSIMO SEN
AVC, Ostrog., 100, 101.
IMPZENO SEMPER AVC(?),Ostrog.,
101.
IMVICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 58,100-
5 ; xxx.
IMVITA ROMA, Ostrog., 102.
INBICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 69.
INVICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 57, 58,
67-70, 74, 75, 79, 98, 99, 101-3,
106 n, 107 ; xxxiii.
IN VITA ROMA, Ostrog., 58.
INVNV VIONVI, Lomb., 135.
IOHOO (= CONOB), Lomb., 130.
IOUIOT, Lomb., 154.
IO±0, Benev., 191.
IVIIV VI HVI, Lomb., 134.
IVSTINIANVS, 113.
IVSTINVS, xlix, Hi.
I VST Nl (Justinian I), Ostrog., 67.
K
K (Karthago), Vand., 5.
KARTHA^O, Vand., 3, 4 ; xvii.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— LATIN LEGENDS
333
L (Liutprand), Benev., 164.
LVDOVICVS IMPE, Benev., 185.
M
MH (Michael), Benev., 185.
MIHAEL, Benev., 177, 185.
fDNA2MA (Masuna?), Vand., 39.
N
N CON TlJVATINO VAT (Con-
stans II), Benev., 189/
NEOPATRIE, Neopatras, 229.
O
OIIO, Ostrog., 58.
ON HIRACL P€RP AVI, Lomb.,
130.
Ol/IO, Lomb., 154.
ONO, Benev., 176.
ON OB, Benev., 163, 168.
OHO±, Lomb., 153.
OTO?, Lomb., 153.
0±0±?, Lomb., 153.
P
P ( = pius ?), Ostrog., 96, No. 12.
PAX AVC, Vand., 23.
P£RP, Lomb., 130.
PIVS, Ostrog., 54.
PP6 A (perpetuus Augustus), Benev.,
156.
PRINCE, Benev., 172.
PRINCES BENEBENTI, Benev., 177,
178 ; cp. 180 ; lxvi, lxvii.
PRI HCES BEN EBEH MIT, Benev., 178.
PRJNC. I. S, Ostrog., 54.
R
R (Romoald II), Benev., 155-7.
RADELCHIS, Benev., 181.
RADELCHIS PRNIC€PS,Benev.,182.
RADELCIHS PR>NCEPS, Benev., 182.
REX, Ostrog., xlii, xliii.
REX THEODERICVS PIVS PRINCIS,
Ostrog., 54.
REX THEODERICVS VICTOR CEN
TIVM, Ostrog., 54.
R£ (= regis), Vand., 12 n.
RIX, Ostrog., xlii, xliii.
RM (Rome), Vand., 1, 17, 18.
R/l (Rome), Ostrog., 55.
ROM, Ostrog., 109; liv.
ROMA, Vand., 2; Ostrog, 108-10,
112; see also INVICTA ROMA.
ROMOB, 111; liv.
RV (Ravenna), Ostrog., 43, 44, 106 ;
xlvi, xlviii n.
R/ (Ravenna), Ostrog., 46.
RV PS (Ravenna mint), Vand., 2.
R- (rex), Lomb., 136, 138, 141-3, 146,
149 ; Benev., 170.
S (abbreviation mark?), Vand., 12 n.
SAB. C (Sebastocrator, Comnenus),
Neopatras, 229.
SALVS PVBLICE, Vand., 18.
SANCTA MARIA, Benev., 184.
S C (=Senatus consulto), Ostrog., 57,
75, 93 n, 99, 100 ; xxxii n, xxxvii ;
(= Sico), Benev., 176, 177.
SCA MAR (Sancta Maria), Benev.,
188.
SCA MARIA, Benev., 184, 187.
SCA MR (Sancta Maria), Benev., 186.
SCS AH I LL (St. Michael), Lomb., 140.
SCS III ML (St. Michael), Lomb., 146,
147.
SCS MIHAHIL, Lomb., 138, 141.
SEN (— semper), Ostrog., 100.
S L (Scauniperga and Liutprand),
Benev., 164.
S I (Sicardus), Benev., 179.
SICARDV, Benev., 179.
SICO PRINCES, Benev., 176, 177.
T
[T]HEODSIVS P F (Theodosius II),
Vand., 38.
TOV
XVX
Vand., 28.
V
VATNI- T "1 VATUr, Benev., 189.
VAVA, &c, Lomb., 151.
VAV VI I. IV, Lomb., 135.
334
INDEX IV
VIATOIH, &c, Lomb., 154.
VIC (= Victoria), Benev., 170, 171.
VICAO V£TV, Benev., 163.
VICOr VJTV, Benev., 163.
VICTIRV V£VSTI, Benev., 167,
168.
VICTIRV PRINPI, Benev., 169 ;lxvi,
lxviii n.
VICTOR(», &c, Vand., 17-19.
VICTOR. A^VSTO, Benev., 162.
VICTOR. V^VSTO, Benev., 191.
VICTOR. I A ACVSTORVM, Vand..
10.
VICTORIA AVCCC, Vand., 1, 10;
Ostrog., 43, 44, 46, 48, 55, 59-61
111, 113, 114.
VICTORIA AVCVSORON, Ostrog.
47.
VICTORIA AVCVST, Ostrog., 75 n
Benev., lxvi.
VICTORIA AVCVSTORVM, Ostrog.
47-9, 56, 61-3, 84, 85, 95 ; 111, 114
115, 122.
VICTORIA AVCVSTORVM, Lomb.
131 ; lviii.
VICTORIA AVCVSTORVN, Lomb.
123.
VICTORIA AVCVSTORVN, 131 n.
VICTORIA AVIVITORVN, Lomb.
128.
VICTORIA PRINCIPVM, Ostrog.
75, 76 ; xxxiv.
n H (= Michael), Benev., 185.
niOHVAVHOI, Lomb., 134.
I, Ostrog., 105.
II, Ostrog., 101.
• II., Ostrog., 103, 104.
• III., Ostrog., 104.
VICTORI AV^US., Benev., 156.
VICTORV V^VSTV, Benev., 164.
VICTORV PRINCI, Benev., 179.
VICTORV PRINCIP, Benev., 172.
VICTRA VNATO, Benev., 190.
VICTRV V^VSTV, Benev., 162.
VICT V^TO, Benev., 163, 191.
VICTIM, Benev., 159.
V-lllll TOTO, Lomb., 153.
VlirOAl, &c, Benev., 191.
VIITOIII, &c, Benev., 190.
VIHI 1 1, &c.,Lomb., 154.
VITIIOI, &c, Lomb., 153.
VITIRV PRINPI, Benev., 169.
VITORV V^VSTI, Benev., 165.
VITRV VCVTV, Benev., 165.
VITVRV VCVTV, Benev., 168.
VIVIVIVI, &c, Lomb., 150, 151.
VOIAIAVOA, Lomb., 135.
VOT
XJ|, , Vand., 28, 29.
VOT 0Q
xmi,Vand.,29.
VRBS ROMA, Vand., 2.
VTRA ACVT, Benev., 164.
VTRV V<;VT, Benev., 167.
ZENO ET LEO CAES (?), Ostrog.,
100 n.
.1111., Ostrog., 105.
.11111., Ostrog., 105.
1 1 1 1 1 (representing inscription), Vand.,
25.
.V., Ostrog., 105.
A" (officina mark), 108.
•A«, Ostrog., 102.
(A), see under O.
08) GREEK LEGENDS
AA, Nic, 221.
Ar (=«Syios?), Treb., 264; xcn, xci.
AriOD, Treb., 248.
AflOC AIMI,Thessal., 196.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— GREEK LEGENDS
335
A AH (St. Demetrius), Epirus, 226.
A6-X/ O KOIYIN, Alexius II, Treb.,
281.
AX/e, Alexius III, Treb., 295.
A/ye, Alexius III, Treb., 299.
AX/e KOIYIN, Alexius H, Treb., 280.
AX/€ KOIYNN, Alexius III, Treb.,
295.
AA€ IYI, Alexius II, Treb., 279, 280.
AX/e IYI, Alexius HI, Treb., 293, 295.
AA/€ IYI, Alexius IV, Treb., 306.
AX/e H, Alexius II, Treb., 279.
A7\€ H, Alexius HI, Treb., 300, 301.
A/ye HN, Alexius HI, Treb., 296.
A^e HH, Alexius P7, Treb., 306, 307.
AX/e NO, Alexius III, Treb., 294.
A'X/e O K, Alexius H, Treb., 281.
^ ^ Nl^, Alexius II, Treb., 283.
A/ye O [H?], Alexius DZ, Treb., 298.
A/y€ O MN, Alexius II, Treb., 282.
A/y€ O hN ?, Alexius HI, Treb., 296.
A M (St. Michael), Neopatras, 228.
/? TM1=APX M'X' Thessa1' 198-
X X=APX MIX, Thessal., 202, 203.
A M
A UJ (Alpha and Omega), Bene v.,
173, 187.
B, Treb., 283, 286, 287, 290, 296, 299,
30§, 303, 306-7, 309, 310.
BA M, Basil, Treb., 285, 286.
BB or BE, Nic, 223 ; Treb., 286, 287,
309, 310.
BBBB, 310 w.
.r«, Ostrog., 103.
T T, Nic, 204, 221.
JT(St. George), Nic, 219.
r^T AI"IT, Emperor George, Treb.,
258.
f P, Nic, 221.
•A«, Ostrog., 103.
AB, Treb., 308.
AeCTTO, Nic, 206.
AecnOTH, Nic, 210, 212 ; lxxi, lxxii.
AeCnOTHC, Neopatras, 227.
AH (St. Demetrius), Epirus, 226.
AHIYIIfia (St. Demetrius), Nic, 218.
A5 (Ducas), Nic, 218, 219.
ASKAC, John I, Nic, 217-19; Theo-
dore II, Nic, 222.
AriT (= AeCnOTHC), Treb., 258.
•€., Ostrog., 103.
•3., Ostrog., 103.
eri/l, Treb., 302, 303.
eri/IO, Treb., 303, 304.
eMMANSHA, Thessal., 195 ; cp. 194.
en, Treb., 302.
€Ni, Treb., 296.
€V, Treb., 292.
€Vr, Treb., 290, 296.
evrCN, Treb., 281.
eVreisH, Treb., 238, 253.
'W
€VNH , Treb., 238, 253 ; cp. 252.
€VreNHO, Treb., 244, 245, 247.
eVreWOC, Treb., 253.
evreNHOC, Treb., 274.
evreNI, Treb., 286, 298, 299.
CVreNIO, Treb., 239, 241-52, 261,
268.
eVC^NIO, Treb., 251.
€VreNI Of, Treb., 259-61, 263, 265,
268, 277.
eVreNIOC, Treb., 230, 261-75.
€Vr€NIOC, Treb., 270.
eVr/CNIOC, Treb., 266, 267.
evr€NIOC, Treb., 266, 269.
eVreNIOC O ^An[C?], Treb., 255.
eVrCNIBV, John II, Treb., 272.
eVrCND, Manuel I, Treb., 248.
€VrN (Eugenius), Treb., 279, 280,
293, 300.
336
INDEX IV
€Vri/l, Trek, 306.
evrNN-l, Trek, 296.
eVnsH, Trek, 282, 283, 294.
€VrNI,Trek, 282, 295.
€VN, Trek, 285, 291, 293, 295, 300,
307.
eVN-l, Trek, 295.
eVI/ll, Trek, 294, 295.
eVNIf, Trek, 283.
6VJ, Treb., 299.
e<
AO
, Treb., 300.
H
H M ( = M M), Manuel III, Trek, 304.
H Xl/l KN, Treb., 243.
eeO^PA H KOhNHN, Theodora,
Treb., 277.
GeOAUJPOC, Thessal., 194.
06OAUUPO5 (St. Theodore), Nic,
207.
eeOAUUPOC A6C, Thessal, 196.
eeoAuu[P]oc [A]€C[no]T[Hc ?]
[KOMNHNOC O ASKAC],
Thessal., 195.
eeoauupoc AecnoTHC o aov-
KAC, Thessal., 195, 196.
eeoAUjpoc AecnoTic o a.kp
(Theodore II Ducas Lascaris), Nic,
220 ; cp. 205, 214, 221.
ee.anP.c [Aec]n[0]Tic o a..k
[P ?] (Theodore II Ducas Lascaris),
Nic, 223.
eeoAuuPOc Aecn a> n*[Y]Pore
(Theodore I Lascaris 'Porphyro-
genitus'), Nic:, 204.
660AUJPOC AS KAC (Theodore An-
gelus Conmenus Ducas), Thessal.,
194 ; cp. 195 n.
eeoAW[PO]c askac o a.ck.p.c
(Theodore II), Nic, 222.
e€OAUUPC ASKAC (Theodore II),
Nic, 222.
9€C[C]AA0NIKI, Thessal., 198.
■eV_(9€0V), Treb., 236 : see also ftp
ev.
O = (A) ; see under O
imiT (Demetrius?), 201.
K A K Thessal., 193, 194 ; cp. 221.
IC XC Thessal., 193-5, 197-200,
202, 203 ; Nic, 204, 206, 210-13,
215-17, 220-2.
fW (graffito), Nic, 212.
IW/JtsHC, John I, Treb., 233.
Iw/JNIC, John I, Treb., 232, 233.
IUU/SNIC, John I, Trek, 233, 234.
IWANNHC A€CnOTHC, Thessal.,
200.
IUI B, John III, Treb., 290.
IUJ A€C, Thessal, 200.
IUJ A€C O AS, JohnIVatatzes,Nic,
218.
lOD A€CnO, John I, Neopatras, 228.
IUJ AECn O ASKA[C], John I Va-
tatzes, Nic, 218.
IUD A€CnO O ASKAC, John I Va-
tatzes, Nic, 219.
|D0 A€[C]nOT[H ?], JolmlVatatzes,
Nic, 216.
IUU A€CnOTHI, John I Vatatzes,
Nic, 217. «
lOD AecnOTHC, John I, Neopatras,
227.
iGD A€CnOTH (L nP(t>, John I Va-
tatzes, Nic, 210.
IUJ O KhrNNO, John II, Treb., 259.
IUJ O KhNNOJ, John II, Trek, 260,
276.
I GO O KOM, John HI, Treb., 289.
IUJ O KOhNiNOC, John II, Treb.,
270-2.
IUJ O KOhrNN, John II, Trek, 273.
Id) O KOHNNM, John II, Trek, 271.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS -GREEK LEGENDS
337
IUU O KOHNNO[, John II, Treb.,
260, 261.
IQD O KOhMNOC, John II, Treb.,
262-70, 273-5.
I CD O H, John IV, Treb., 308.
[I]CD O fa (John the Baptist), Treb,
276.
K
K, Treb., 303-7.
KWN, Treb, lxxxix.
KOMNHNOC, Treb., lxxxix.
KWTANTIN (St. Constantine), Nic,
216.
A
A[A]KP (Lascaris), Nic, 220.
A[A]CK[A]P[I]C, Theodore II, Nic,
222.
AN (St. Eugenius), Treb., 298.
M
M H, Treb., 305.
MANSHA A€Cn, Thessal., 197, 199.
[MANSHA AECnOTHC O AriOC
AH MHTPIOC], Thessal., 198; cp.
199.
MANVHA A, Thessal., 199.
HA O hi, Manuel III, Treb, 303,304.
nFp' (or M) 6V (or -G?V), Thessal.,
197, 199; Nic, 204, 207-13, 216,
217, 220, 221, 222 (MP), 223; cp.
_ 225 ; Neopatras, 227.
<M eV, Treb., 236, 237.
M I (Michael ?), 201.
X M, Emperor Michael, Treb., 291,
Ml 292
HN, Treb., lxxxix.
HNHA, Manuel I, Treb., 254, 255.
MUHA O KIYIH, Manuel I, Treb.,
236.
HNIA O KHN, Manuel I, Treb.,
238, 239, 242-53 ; cp. 257.
HUA O K, Manuel I, Treb., 237, 238.
JJ H, Manuel III, Treb., 302.
H O, Manuel III, Treb., 302.
MX (St. Michael), Thessal., 200.
X
. ., Michael I, Epirus, 226.
M' ' 1
* O nAA€OAOrC, Michael VIII
Palaeolog-us, Nic, 225.
N
NTO(C ?) NO, Treb., 268.
Niy, Treb., 283.
N
Treb., 289.
0 = ®, Treb., 273, 302.
® (or ®> ®, ®) = O AriOC,
Nic, 218, 219; Treb., 254, 255,
259-65, 267, 276, 279-83, 285, 286,
289, 291, 293-6, 298-300, 302-7.
r
®, Nic, 225.
®ri, Treb., 286.
® I, Treb., 285.
@ N, Treb., 282.
® V, Treb., 296.
O A H, Treb., 253.
O ArHOC AHMHTPIOC,Thess.,200.
O A[rHOC?] AH MHTPO, Thessal,
194.
O AriO, Treb., 239, 241-52, 257, 261,
265-7.
O ATIO EVreNIO, Treb., 232, 233.
O AriOC, Treb., 265, 266, 277.
O AriOC €Vr€NIO, Treb.,234,249;
lxxxix.
O An D, Treb., 238,248.
O Ar XM HA (?), Epirus, 226.
O A €Vr, Treb., 290.
O A EVreNI, Treb., 298, 299.
° Jj, Treb, 301.
° H, Treb, 305.
O KH, Treb, 232.
O KHN, Treb, 233, 235.
O K N , Manuel I, Treb. , 240, 241, 244,
250, 252.
338
INDEX IV
C/ KUUTANTIN (St. Constantine),
Nic, 216.
O H £ = 6 /Ae'yas Ko/x.V)jvds, Treb. , lxxvn,
lxxxix.
O Tl^rUTia, Treb., 254, 255.
O 'BAne^TIO (6 Tpairc£owrios), Treb.,
254 ; lxxxix n.
n
nOA[IC] e€C[C]AAON I Kl, Thessal.,
198 ; cp. 196 «, and 198 n ; lxx.
nPVPOr, Nic, 212.
nPV*, Nic, 211.
nP*, Nic, 210.
nP*V, Nic, 211.
n«Pr, Nic, 211, 212.
n<t>vpr, Nic, 212.
n<D[Y]POre, Nic, 204 ; lxxi, lxxii.
z
C0>PAriC C£BACTOV
Nic, lxxii.
IUUANNS,
A/ O
Treb., 247.
A K'
ftp (TrpdSpo^os), Treb., 276.
TOnC€A, Thessal., 196.
TP (in monogram) V $ (St. Tryplion),
Nic, 222.
TPV<t>U)N (St. Tryphon), Nic, 225.
CD = ™, Nic, 210-13.
Y
VOftOCH, Thessal., 196.
X (graffito), Nic, 212.
XAAKITHC (Christ of Chalce), Nic,
216 ; cp. 217.
n
UU KOhN, John II, Treb., 273.
W KO>NNO, John II, Treb., 272.
00 H, John IV, Treb., 308.
ID O KHNNO, John II, Treb., 272.
CD O (yp (John the Baptist), Treb.,
276.
f or J (= H), Treb., 241 ; xc.
C, Treb., 283.
CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS
I. VANDAL KINGS
(See L. Schmidt, Gesch. der Wandalen, p. 203 ; cp. Hodgkin, Italy and her
Invaders, ii, p. 290.)
1. Gaiseeic, 428 (429 in Africa)— 25
Jan. a. d. 477
2. Hunbeic, son of Gaiseric, 26 Jan.
477—23 Dec. 484.
3. Gunthamund, nephew of Huneric,
24 Dec. 484—3 Sept. 496.
4. Teasamund, nephew of Huneric and
brother of Gunthamund, 3 Sept.
496—6 May 523.
5. Hildeeic, son of Huneric by Eu-
docia, 6 May 523—19 May 530 (d.
533).
6. Gelimeb, nephew of Gunthamund,
19 Mav 530— Dec. 533.
II. OSTROGOTHIC KINGS
(Odovacae, 23 Aug. 476 — 15 March
493.)
Theodoeic, March 493—30 Aug. 526.
Athalabic, 31 Aug. 526—2 Oct. 534.
Amalasuntha, regent, 31 Aug. 526 —
2 Oct. 534 ; queen, 534—30 Apr.
535.
Theodahad, 3 Oct. 534— (Noy. ?) 536.
Witigis, (Nov. ?) 536 — (spring) 540
(deposition) ; d. 542.
Matasuntha, (Dec. ?) 536 — (spring ?)
540.
Ildibad, (spring ?) 540— (May ?) 541.
Eeaeic, (May ?) 541— (Sept. ?) 541.
Baduila (Totila), (Sept. ?) 541—
July or Aug. 552.
Theia, July or Aug. 552 — 553.
IH. LOMBARD KINGS
Alboin, 568-572 (reign in Italy).
Cleph, 572-574.
Inteebegnum, 574-584.
Authaei, son of Cleph (married Theu-
delinda), (April?) 584—5 Sept. 590.
Agilulf (married Theudelinda), Nov.
590—615.
Adalwald, son of Agilulf and Theu-
delinda, 615-624 ? (reigns jointly
with Theudelinda, who dies 628).
Aeiwald, 624-636.
Rothaei, 636-652.
Rodwald, son of Rothari, 652 (about
5 months).
Aeipeet I, nephew of Theudelinda,
653-661.
Peectaeit and Godepeet, sons of Ari-
pert I (joint rulers), 661-662.
Geimwald, 662-671.
Peectaeit (second reign), 672-688
(with his son Cunincpert from 680).
Cunincpebt (sole reign), 688-700.
Liutpert, son of Cunincpert, 700 (8
months).
Ragimpebt, son of Godepert, 700.
Aeipeet II, son of Raginpert, 701-
712.
Anspeand, 712 (3 months) ; ob. 13
June 712.
Liutpeand, son of Ansprand, 712 —
Jan. 744.
Hildepeand, nephew of Liutprand
(with Liutprand), 735 — Jan. 744;
alone from Jan. 744 (about 6 months).
Ratchis (first reign), Sept. 744 — 749.
Aistulf, brother of Ratchis, July
749— (Dec. ?) 756.
Ratchis (second reign), (Dec. ?) 756 —
March 757.
Desiderius, 757 — June 774 (with his
son Adelchis, Aug. 759—773),
340
CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS
IV. DUKES AND PRINCES OF BENEVENTUM
(i) Dukes
Zotto, 571 P-591.
Aeichis I, 591-641.
Aio, 641-642.
Radoald, 642-647.
Grimoald I, 647-662 ; King of the
Lombards, 662-671.
Romoald I, 662-671 (with his father
Grimoald as Duke ; 671-687 alone).
Grimoald II, 687-689.
Gisulf I, 689-706.
Romoald II, 706-731.
Audblais, 731-732.
Gregobius, 732-739.
Gottschalk, 739-742.
Gisule II, 742-751. (Married Scauni"
perga.)
Liutprand, 751-758.
Arichis II, 758-774. (See also as
Prince.)
Aeichis II, 774-787.
Grimoald III, 788-806.
Grimoald IV, 806-817.
Sico, 817-832.
Sicardus, 832-839.
Radelchis I, 839-851.
Radelgarius, 851-853.
(ii) Princes
Adelchis, 853-878.
Gaideeis, 878-881.
Radelchis II, 881-884 (first reign).
Aio, 884-890.
Interbegnum, 890-897 (Bp. Peter
governor, 897).
Radelchis II, 897-899.
V. EMPERORS OF THESSALONICA
Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
1222-1230.
Manuel Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
1230-1232.
John Angelus (as Emperor), 1232-
1243 ; (as Despot of Thessalonica,
1244).
Demeteius (Despot of Thessalonica),
1244-1246.
VI. EMPERORS OF NICAEA
Theodore I Lascaris, 1204-1222
(crowned 1206).
John I (' III') Ducas Vatatzes, 1222—
30 Oct. 1254.
Theodore II Ducas Lascaris, 1254 —
Aug. 1258.
John II ('IV') Lascaris, 1258-1259.
Michael VIII Palaeologus, Jan. 1260 —
Auff. 1261.
VII. DESPOTS OF EPIRUS
Michael I Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
1205-1214.
Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas,
1214-1230(EmperorofThessalonica,
1222-1230).
Manuel, 1230-1237.
Michael II, 1237-1271.
Nicephokus I, 1271-1296.
Thomas Angelus, 1296-1310.
(Succeeded by rulers of the House
of Orsini.)
CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS
341
VIII. DUKES AND SEBASTOCRATOKS OF NEOPATRAS (GREAT
VLAKIA)
John I Ang-elus Comnenus, 1271-1296.
Constantine Ang-elus, 1296-1303.
John II Angelus Comnenus, 1303-
1318.
IX. EMPERORS OF TREBIZOND
Alexius I Comnenus, 1204-1222.
Andeonicus I Gidos, 1222-1235.
John I Axuchos, 1235-1238.
Manuel I, 1238-1263.
Andeonicus II, 1263-1266.
Geobge, 1266-1280.
John II, 1280-1297.
Theodora, circ. 1285.
Alexius II, 1297-1330.
Andeonicus III, 1330— Jan. 1332.
Manuel II, Jan. — Sept. 1332.
Basil, Sept. 1332— April 1340.
Ieene Palaeologina, April 1340 — July
1341.
Anna, July 1341— Sept. 1342.
John III, 4 Sept. 1342—3 May 1344.
Michael, May 1344—13 Dec. 1349.
Alexius III, 13 Dec. 1349—20 March
1390.
Manuel III, 1390-1417.
Alexius IV, 1417-1446.
John IV (Kalojoannes), 1446-1458.
David, 1458-1461.
TABLE
FOE
CONVERTING ENGLISH INCHES INTO MILLIMETRES
AND THE
MEASURES OF MIONNET'S SCALE
English Inches
French
100.
Millimetres
9-5
t
3-
2-5
2-
1-5
1-
•9
•8
•7
•6
•5
-4
■3
•2
•1
05
90
85
80
75
70
65
CO
55
SO
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
S
(Iionnet's Scale
14 .
Jo
n
3D
9
5
2
— 1
343
TABLE
OF
THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS
AND FRENCH GRAMMES
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
1
•064
41
2-656
81
5-248
121
7-840
2
■129
42
2-720
82
5-312
122
7-905
3
■194
43
2-785
83
5-378
123
7-970
4
•259
44
2-850
84
5-442
124
8035
5
■324
45
2-915
85
5-508
125
8-100
6
•388
46
2-980
86
5-572
126
8164
7
•453
47
3045
87
5-637
127
8-229
8
■518
48
3110
88
5-702
128
8-294
9
•583
49
3175
89
5-767
129
8-359
10
•648
50
3-240
90
5-832
130
8-424
1L
•712
51
3-304
91
5-896
131
8-488
12
■777
52
3-368
92
5-961
132
8-553
13
•842
53
3-434
93
6026
133
8-618
14
•907
54
3-498
94
6091
134
8-682
15
•972
55
3-564
95
6156
135
8-747
16
1036
56
3-628
96
6-220
136
8-812
17
1-101
57
3-693
97
6-285
137
8-877
18
1166
58
3-758
98
6-350
138
8-942
19
1-231
59
3-823
99
6-415
139
9-007
20
1-296
60
3-888
100
6-480
140
9-072
21
1-360
61
3-952
101
6-544
141
9136
22
1-425
62
4017
102
6-609
142
9-200
23
1-490
63
4-082
103
6-674
143
9-265
24
1-555
64
4146
104
6-739
144
9-330
I 25
1-620
65
4-211
105
6-804
145
9-395
26
1-684
66
4-276
106
6-868
146
9-460
i 27
1-749
67
4-341
107
6-933
147
9-525
! 28
1-814
68
4-406
108
6-998
148
9-590
29
1-879
69
4-471
109
7063
149
9-655
! 30
1-944
70
4-536
110
7-128
150
9-720
31
2-008
71
4-600
111
7192
151
9-784
32
2073
72
4-665
112
7-257
152
9-848
33
2138
73
4-729
113
7-322
153
9-914
34
2-202
74
4-794
114
7-387
154
9-978
35
2-267
75
4-859
115
7-452
155
10044
36
2-332
76
4-924
116
7-516
156
10-108
37
2-397
77
4-989
117
7-581
157
10173
38
2-462
78
5054
118
7-646
158
10-238
39
2-527
79
5119
119
7-711
159
10-303
40
2-592
80
5-184
120
7-776
160
10-368
344
TABLE
OF
THE EELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS
AND FRENCH GRAMMES
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
161
10-432
201
13-024
241
15-616
290
18-79
162
10-497
202
13089
242
15-680
300
19-44
163
10-562
203
13154
243
15-745
310
2008
164
10-626
204
13-219
244
15-810
320
20-73
165
10-691
205
13-284
245
15-875
330
21-38
166
10-756
206
13-348
246
15-940
340
2202
167
10-821
207
13-413
247
16005
350
22-67
168
10-886
208
13.478
248
16-070
360
23-32
169
10-951
209
13-543
249
16135
370
23-97
170
11016
210
13-608
250
16-200
380
24-62
171
11-080
211
13-672
251
16-264
390
25-27
172
11145
212
13-737
252
16-328
400
25-92
173
11-209
213
13-802
253
16-394
410
26-56
174
11-274
214
13-867
254
16-458
420
27-20
175
11-339
215
13-932
255
16-524
430
27-85
176
11-404
216
13-996
256
16-588
440
28-50
177
11-469
217
14061
257
16-653
450
2915
178
11-534
218
14126
258
16-718
460
29-80
179
11-599
219
14191
259
16-783
470
30-45
180
11-664
220
14-256
260
16-848
480
3110
181
11-728
221
14-320
261
16-912
490
31-75
182
11-792
222
14-385
262
16-977
500
32-40
183
11-858
223
14-450
263
17042
510
3304
184
11-922
224
14-515
264
17106
520
33-68
185
11-988
225
14-580
265
17171
530
34-34
186
12-052
226
14-644
266
17-236
540
34-98
187
12117
227
14-709
267
17-301
550
35-64
188
12182
228
14-774
268
17-366
560
36-28
189
12-247
229
14-839
269
17-431
570
36-93
190
12-312
230
14-904
270
17-496
580
37-58
191
12-376
231
14-968
271
17-560
590
38-23
192
12-441
232
15033
272
17-625
600
38-88
193
12-506
233
15098
273
17-689
700
45-36
194
12-571
234
15162
274
17-754
800
51-84
195
12-636
235
15-227
275
17-819
900
58-32
196
12-700
236
15-292
276
17-884
1000
64-80
197
12-765
237
15-357
277
17-949
2000
129-60
198
12-830
238
15-422
278
18014
3000
194-40
199
12-895
239
15-487
279
18079
4000
259-20
200
12-960
240
15-552
280
18144
5000
32400
PI. I.
VANDALS:-GAISERIC (1-11). HUNERIC (12-181.
PI. II.
, v
1 M
4 M
5 /R
20 /E
20 /E
21 /E
VANDALS :— GUNTHAMUND 1-5). TRASAMUND (6-11).
HILDERIC (12-18;. GELIMER (19-21).
PI.
QIC
fet:
o
8
10
11 12
13
14 15
16
1? ^.r^i
O
21
19
20
W
22
i .
26
" - i, "
f-o ..- v
23
27
V L «?
^^ 24
28
25
29
31
32 33 34
& t
b>
t: .A^ ». -i
2^
36
35
37
38
40
41
42
43
39
44
SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC PERIOD.
PI. IV.
2^-3 4>"fl^ 5
5j
(JO. -."1
9 10
■ -if y/s .
11
12
*W-3h
14
15
16
17 1
13
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*£&<£&«& ^awm > > ■
*j
19
20
21
24 25 26
v '
22
27
23
(£■&
28
^ mz **
29
30 31
© % o
r-'^"'
oG
^
33
34
35
,
37
38
39
*. 1 I I
40
L*.S
41
42
-1%
43
44
45
46
SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC PERIOD.
PI. V.
5 N
6 /R
10 fiJ
11 N
12 A/
13 A/
14 A/
"Id
19 A/
21 A/
OSTROGOTHS:— ODOVACAR (.1-13). THEODORIC (RAVENNA, 14-21).
PI. VI.
2 N
3 A/
1 N
8 /R
10 /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /E 15 /E
bi is ^ rf)
23 /E
V ^
24 /C
OSTROGOTHS:— THE0D0RIC (RAVENNA; ROME).
PI. VII.
15 N
21 N
22 N
23 N
OSTROGOTHS:— THEODORIC ROME, &c, 1-15).
ATHALARIC ^RAVENNA, 16-23).
PI. VIII.
10 M
'%% fi&\ ®\ &± ^
X| Hf w w w
11 /t
13 /<E
14 £ 15 /E 16 /E
19 /E
17 /E 18 /E 20 /E
It
w^
ti ^ fe
OSTROGOTHS :-ATHALARIC (RAVENNA; ROME).
PI. IX
mm
OSTROGOTHS; -THEODAHAD (RAVENNA; ROME).
PI. X.
OSTROGOTHS i-WITIGIS (1-10). MATASUNTHA (11-15).
BADUILA iTICINUM, 16-26).
PL. XI.
22 /E
23 /E
24 /E
25 /E
28 /E
Berlin
30 /E
OSTROGOTHS:— BADUILA (TICINUM, 1-27; ROME, 28-30).
PI. XII.
1 /E
*>v
4 /E
2 /E
•
5 /E
3 /E
y>
6 /E
F^t^ j P«?j fSSSfe fevHtjfti f?T^a, fc^^'j K'5^
\g^?y Va-#W \|ES^ V"*/ VRiE:y \$&p x£^
14 A/ 15 /R 16 /R 17
M 18 /R 19
/R
^ -U, r
OSTROGOTHS:— BADUILA (ROME, 1-6). THEIA (7-19). QUASI-AUTONOMOUS
BRONZE OF ROME (20-23).
PI. XII
1J
10
OSTROGOTHS :-QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME.
PI. XIV.
OSTROGOTHS.'-QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME AND RAVENNA.
PI. XV.
*
ST •
— "v J
vok
*M*
— uv
a Hi
Jit"*"" "^^tai
■* <& ,afi?*#
fife- ^\i*"\
>x
N
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I (ROME, BRONZE).
PI. XVI.
9 /E
10 /E
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I (ROME; RAVENNA).
PI. XVII.
®@@®#@
' p ;
15 /R 16 /R 17 /R 18 /R
Ik 5
x->
^^
19 /R 20 /R
21 /R
22 /R
23 M
24 /E
25 /R 26 /R 27 /R 28 /<R 29 /R
reesv^
32 /R
30 /R
— -
31 M
m
34 A/
33 /R
IMPERIAL COINS:-JUSTINIAN I (RAVENNA, 1-24), JUSTIN II (.RAVENNA, 25-33),
MAURICE TIBERIUS (No. 34).
PI. XVIII.
14 /R 15 /R 16 /R 17 /R 18 /R 19 /R 20 /R 21 /R
25 A/
27 /R
#)###i
26 /R
28 /R
22 A/
23 N
1Ar N
29 A/
30 N
31 A/
L0MBARDS:-ALB0IN — INTERREGNUM (1-21). AUTHARI -AGILULF (22-28).
ADALWALD-ROTHARI -29-31).
PI. XIX.
22 A'
23 _ N 24 A/ 25 N 26 _ M 27 M 28M
29 M
30 /R
31 /R
32 M
LOMBARDS:-ADALWALD-ROTHARI (1-8). RODWALD— GRI MWALD (9-13).
PERCTARIT (14-32).
PI. XX.
->x.--
11 EL
12 EL
Paris
LOMBARDSi-CUNINCPERT (1, 2). ARIPERT II (No. 3). LIUTPRAND (4-8).
AISTULF (No. 9), DESI DERI US (10-12). COINS OF LUCCA (13-16).
CHARLEMAGNE (No. 17).
Pf. XXI.
14 N 15 N
17 M
18 >R
16 A/
LOMBARD, UNCERTAIN (1-4). BENEVENTUM :-ROMOALD II (5-15).
GREGORIUS 16-18). GISULFII (19-22).
PI. XXII,
V^Ss^ xko'tiittV \v^^-*V \^Ci~0y
4 /E
{§£§& '&#c~\ &)f^ %
A/
16
BENEVENTUM ;-LIUTPRAND 1-6). ARICHIS II (7-17).
PI. XXIII.
> S-iSv
>u-K,
I
13 /<R
16 /R
BENEVENTUM: - GRIMOALD III (1-13). GRIMOALDIV 14-17).
PI. XXIV.
A/
«* i a
MS Pi ^
9 /R
3%
*0 EL
y. J ^ ! — n
:*,
1 EL
12 EL
13 /R
14 /R
BENEVENTUM: -SICO (1-9). SICARDUS (10-14).
PI. XXV.
1 EL
6 /R
11 A/
12 A/
11 A/
BENEVENTUMi-RADELCHIS I (1-3. ADELCHI3 (4-6).
UNCERTAIN (7-12),
PI. XXVI.
THESSALONICA.-THEODORE ANGELUS (1-5). MANUEL ANGELUS (6-IOY
PI. XXVII.
1 /E
/E
.-..--V.
■-■■,
4 /E
®
/E
COINAGE OF THESSALONICA (?),
PI. XXVIII.
Billon
Oman Coll.
Billon
«srr
,f V*
if?
V
>
y
NICAEA:— THEODORE I LASCARIS.
PI. XXIX.
6 N
7 N
8 N
\.v1^
NICAEA:— THEODORE I LASCARIS (1,2). JOHN I VATATZES (3-8).
PI. XXX.
v
1 i
\
" 8r ' '-
:? y
/R
I -
i
r
M
NICAEA:-JOHN I VATATZES
PI. XXXI.
S
4 /E
5 /E
' %!
lO /E
^&ai*B
NICAEA:-JOHN I VATATZES (1-5). THEODORE II (6-11).
NEOPATRAS:-JOHN I No. 12).
PI. XXXII.
11 /R
10 /R
11 /R
12 /R
13 M
TREBIZOND:-JOHN I (1-5), MANUEL I (6-13),
PI. XXXIII.
'3
12
■
mm
14
TREBIZOND:~MANUEL I. SILVER.
PI. XXXIV.
mm im^
K-
10
!«Vji
12
TREBIZOND:— MANUEL I (SILVER).
PI. XXXV.
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TREBIZOND:— MANUEL I ? /R (1-4.. MANUEL I /E (5). GEORGE (6).
JOHN II (7 11).
PI. XXXVI.
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TREBIZOND:-JOHN II. SILVER.
PI. XXXVII.
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TREBIZOND:-JOHN II (1-16, SILVER; 17, BRONZE).
PI. XXXVIII.
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TREBIZONDi-THEODORA (I). ALEXIUS II (2-14 /R). BASIL (15-17 /R).
PI. XXXIX.
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TREBIZOND:-JOHN III (1—4). MICHAEL (5-11). ALEXIUS III (12-15).
PI. XL.
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TREBIZOND:— ALEXIUS III (1-8 M ; 9-19 /E)
PI. XLI.
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TREBIZOND:— ALEXIUS III (,1-5 /E). MANUEL III (6-12 /R j 13-17 /E).
PI. XLII.
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